Sugaprabha Prasath

Aquatic biome is the largest of all other biomes (about 75% of the earth’s surface) and a region of the biotic community that refers to the water resources- Aqua meaning Water

Here is the list of few Aquatic Biome Examples

• Freshwater aquatic biome examples- STREAM
• Freshwater aquatic biome examples- RIVER
• Freshwater aquatic biome examples- POND
• Freshwater aquatic biome examples- LAKE
• Freshwater aquatic biome examples- FRESHWATER WETLANDS
• Marine aquatic Biome examples – SALT MARSHES 
• Freshwater aquatic biome examples- ESTUARY
• Marine aquatic Biome examples – MANGROVE SWAMP
• Marine aquatic Biome examples – INTERTIDAL ZONES
• Marine aquatic Biome examples  -CORAL REEFS

In general water biome or the aquatic biome is of two types only which are

• Aquatic Biome examples- Freshwater biome
• Aquatic Biome examples- Marine water biome

Based on the salinity these two have been categorized.

Aquatic Biome examples- Freshwater biome:

• The water that has less salinity or salt content or to be known for the best free of salt content, this type of the water resource is called the freshwater biome, which is generally utilized for drinking purposes.

Whereas,

Aquatic Biome examples- Marine water biome:

• The water that has more salt content or salinity falls under the marine biome category, which we already know the sea water is the best example for the marine biome.

With respect to the components that are present in the freshwater as well as the marine water almost the components present are similar in the water that is present in the earth that is in both freshwater and marine water.

But yes, there is a difference in the concentration of the components present.

Though both have the same components, the concentration of components such as sodium, magnesium, calcium, potassium, chloride, sulfur and some other ingredients are found to be higher in marine water and in less amount in freshwater.

Approximately, the freshwater has less than 1% salt content in them.

Now we will detailly look into the aquatic biome example.

We already saw that, in general water biomes or the aquatic biome is of two types ( Freshwater biome, Marine water biome) but they subdivided into many, this article is completely on the subdivision of the aquatic biome example.

Freshwater aquatic biome examples- STREAM:

• Streams are the water resources that are often misunderstood as rivers.
• Streams are under freshwater biomes.
• Rivers are called the larger streams.
• Streams are usually shallow rivers yet aggressive.
• Streams are the ideal water resources for drinking water, crop irrigation and also the wash away waste due to the shallow nature and also the water in the stream aids in generating the electricity which is called the hydropower
• Hydro- water; power- electric current.
• Streams are also called the lotic system.
• The plants present in the streams are Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata), cattail (Typa latifolia), bladderwort (Utricularia macrorhiza), Dwarf spikerush (Eleocharis parvula), Common waterweed (Egeria densa), Pond weed (Potamogeton crispus L), Eel-grass (Zostera L.), Hornwort (Ceratophyllum demersumis), Vallisneria.
• The animals present in the streams are freshwater mussels, crayfish, larval insects, snakes, lizards, salamanders, and frogs.

Freshwater aquatic biome examples- RIVER:

• Rivers are the largest streams.
• River is under freshwater biomes.
• Their features are quite similar to the streams.
• The plants present in the streams are Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata), cattail (Typa latifolia), bladderwort (Utricularia macrorhiza), Dwarf spikerush (Eleocharis parvula), Common waterweed (Egeria densa), Pond weed (Potamogeton crispus L), Eel-grass (Zostera L.), Hornwort (Ceratophyllum demersumis), Vallisneria.
• The animals present in the rivers are American Alligators, Blue Crabs, Amazon River Dolphins, American Eels, Diving Bell Spiders, Red-Eared Slider Turtles, Belted Crayfish, River Otters, Brazos Water Snakes, Chain Pickerel, Blue Catfish, River Frogs, Eurasian Beavers, Diving Ducks, River Dragonflies.

Freshwater aquatic biome examples- POND:

• A Pond is a region which is filled with standing or stagnant water and vegetation takes place here. 
• Pond loses water during the evaporation process.
• Due to the evaporation process, most of the time it remains dry.
• The plants in the ponds are Water Poppies, Dwarf Cattails, Corkscrew Rush, Moneywort, Yellow Iris, Thalia, Water Hyacinth, Water Lettuce, Water Lillies, Lotus, Cabomba.
• The animals in the ponds are  3-Spined Stickleback, American Toad, Beavers, Blackbirds, Caddisflies, Canada Geese, Catfish, Dragonflies, Earthworms, Frogs, Herons, Kingfishers, Koi Fish, Largemouth Bass, Leech, Mallard Duck, Mayflies, Minnows, Moles, Muskrats, Newt, Otters, Yellow Perch, Pond Skaters (aka Water Striders), Pond snail, Salamanders, Sculpin, Snapping Turtle, Ramshorn Snail, Tadpoles, Water Beetles, Water Scorpion, Water Shrew.

Freshwater aquatic biome examples- LAKE:

• Lake is a small depression in which it is water filled and not linked to an ocean.
• Lake is under freshwater biomes.
• Lakes are categories on the basis of nutrients and sediment accumulation. They are Oligotrophic, Eutrophic, Mesotrophic.
• Few plants present in the lake aquatic biome are Duckweed, Watermeal, Water Hyacinth, Water Lettuce, Milfoil, Hydrillia, Curly-Leaf Pondweed.

Freshwater aquatic biome examples- FRESHWATER WETLANDS:

• Freshwater wetlands develop in a region or a spot where there is standing water and the fertility of the soil is relatively low.
• There are usually 4 types of freshwater wetlands, they are Ponds, Marshes, Swamps, and Peat bogs.
• A Pond is a region which is filled with standing or stagnant water and vegetation takes place here. 
• A Marsh is usually located near a river biome.
• Swamps can support well defined trees, tall shrubs, herbs and mosses.
• A Peat bog is a not well drained area that is covered by moss.

Marine aquatic Biome examples – SALT MARSHES:

• Salt Marsh is similar to the freshwater marsh but here the water that is situated in this location is salt water not freshwater.
• The plants that grow in the salt marsh are Saltgrass, Saltmarsh Bulrush, Saltwort, Woody Glasswort, Beach Tea.
• The animals that dwell in salt marshes are Blue Crab, Stone Crab, Hermit Crab, Mud Crab, Fiddler Crab, Horn Shell, Mussel, Grass Shrimp, American Eel, Gulf Killifish, Mosquitofish.

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Freshwater aquatic biome examples- ESTUARY:

• Estuary is a junction that is situated in the mouth of the river and it remains the spot where it gets connected to the ocean or the sea.
• The plants that are present in the estuary are Douglas Aster, Eelgrass, Fathen Saltbrush, Gumweed, Pickleweed, Red Algae, Saltgrass, Sea Lettuce.
• Other creatures present in the estuary are American Coot, American Wigeon, Black-bellied Plover, Black Brant,, Bald Eagle, Canada Goose ,Caspian Tern, Common Goldeneye, Dunlin, Great-blue Heron, Greater Yellowlegs, Lesser, Yellowlegs, Peregrine Falcon, Red-breasted Merganser, Western Gull, Western Sandpiper, Harbor Seal, River Otter, Bent-nosed Clam, Blood Star, Brooding Sea Anemone, Bubble Shell, Dungeness Crab, Hermit Crab, Hooded Nudibranch, Lugworm, Mud Shrimp, Native Littleneck Clam, Opalescent Nudibranch, Orange Striped, Jellyfish, Purple Shore Crab, Scallop, Skeleton Shrimp, Stalked Jellyfish, Sunflower Star, Bay Pipefish, Chinook Salmon, Chum Salmon, Cutthroat Trout, Pacific Sculpin, Shiner Perch, Starry Flounder, Damsel Fly, Green Darner.

Marine aquatic Biome examples – MANGROVE SWAMP:

• Mangroves are a salty region which is situated in the tropical and subtropical region.
• The living creatures in mangroves are Barnacles, oysters, mussels, sponges, worms, snails and small fish, crabs, jellyfish and juvenile snappers, jacks, red drums, sea trout, tarpon, sea bass, snook, sea bass.

Marine aquatic Biome examples – INTERTIDAL ZONES:

• Intertidal zone is an interesting region in the ocean where the high tide and low tide meet.
• The plants in this region are seaweed, sea lettuce, sea palms, and green algae.
• The animals in this region are anemones, barnacles, chitons, crabs, green algae, isopods, limpets, mussels, sea lettuce, sea palms, sea stars, snails, sponges, and whelks.

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Marine aquatic Biome examples  -CORAL REEFS:

• A calcium carbonate rich region in the underwater ocean which has a lot of corals.
• Plants in the coral reef region are zooxanthellae, algae and seagrasses
• The animals in this region are Fish, corals, lobsters, clams, seahorses, sponges, and sea turtles

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Biome is a specific naturally occurring area in the earth in which the animal and plants dwell in. A Biome is a region which is also called the major life zone.

The biome examples or types of biome are

• Aquatic Biome examples
• Grassland Biome examples
• Forest Biome examples
• Desert Biome examples
• Tundra Biome examples

There can be many examples with respect to biomes, but the major biome examples are these 5 which are mentioned in this article briefly.

Aquatic Biome Examples:

• Aqua or Aquatic means water or related to water.

In Aquatic biome, there are 2 types based on their salinity.

• Freshwater Biome
• Marine Water Biome

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Freshwater Biome:

• Freshwater biome is a region in which the water resource is less saline or the salt content in the water is very low or completely free of salt.

Examples of freshwater biome:

• The examples of the freshwater biomes are lakes, streams, rivers, creeks.
• Most of the aquatic plants and animals can survive only in the freshwater as it has less salt or is completely free of salt.
• In freshwater, there are 2 categories which are flowing water that is the rivers and streams and the stagnant or standing water which is the ponds and lakes.

Marine Water Biome:

• Marine water biome is the sea water or the ocean.
• The marine water biome is the water region in which the water salt content is very high.
• The five most important marine water biomes are Atlantic, Indian, Southern, Pacific, Arctic marine water biomes.

Grassland Biome Examples:

• The morphological structure of the grasslands are predominantly based on the grasses, it has a dry weather with moderate rain at times.
• The weather is dry as they struggle in supporting the growth of trees. 
• Classification or examples of the Grassland Biome are Temperate grasslands, Tropical grasslands, Steppe grasslands
• The grassland biome is present at mid-latitudes.

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Forest Biome Examples:

• Forest biome is the largest and most critical terrestrial biome
• Forest biome is the region dominated by trees and other woody vegetation
• Forest biome is one of the regions which is very beneficial for living beings as it has trees which produce a good amount of oxygen.
• But nowadays activities like deforestation for logging, agriculture, and human habitation in this region are getting destroyed.
• Forest biome habitats or examples are Temperate Forests, Tropical Forests, Boreal Forests.
• Examples of Animals in the Forest Biome are Pine Marten (Martes martes), Gray Wolf (Canis lupus), Brown Bear (Ursus arctos), Eastern Gorilla (Gorilla beringei), Black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus).

Taiga Biome:

• Taiga biome is also called the boreal forest.
• Taiga meaning forest in Russian language.
• Taiga biome can be explained Evergreen trees, Cold weather, Dry climate, Thin layer of soil.
• Animals in taiga biome include elk, roe deer, wood bison, the beaver, the North American porcupine, the snowshoe hare, the mountain hare, the Canada lynx, the Siberian weasel, the Siberian tiger, the brown bear, moose, caribou, and the Eurasian lynx.
• In case of plants– needleleaf, coniferous trees have been predominantly seen in taiga biome.

Desert Biome Examples:

• This region has very little rainfall
• Temperature variation takes place between day and night and the difference is more.
• Due to high temperature high evaporation rates can be witnessed
• The dry weather and coarse-textured soil can be spotted.
• In this region drought-resistant vegetation is seen
• The classification or examples of the desert biome is Arid deserts (very hot temperature)), Semi-arid deserts (not that hot temperature)), Coastal deserts (tropical region temperature)), Cold deserts (cold temperature)
• Animals of the Desert Biome may include: Desert kangaroo rat (Dipodomys deserti), Coyote (Canis latrans), Greater Roadrunner (Geococcyx californianus), Sonoran Desert Toad (Incilius alvarius), Meerkat, Pronghorn, Rattlesnake, Banded Gila Monster, Cactus wren, Javelina, Thorny devil.

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Tundra Biome Example:

• Tundra biomes have extremely cold climates.
• Due to very low and cold temperatures, comparatively Low biotic diversity is seen here.
• As the temperature is very low only simple vegetation structure is observed.
• The drainage system is limited in tundra biomes.
• A minimal season of growth and reproduction is seen as they dwell in cold weather.

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Incomplete dominance is a concept in which the produced offspring show partial expression of both the parents like red flower and white flower plant is cross bred and the resultant flowering plant show pink flowers.

Here are the list of Incomplete Dominance Example

• Incomplete Dominance Example in Plants- Four o’clock flowering plant
• Incomplete Dominance Example in Humans-Shape and texture of hair
• Incomplete Dominance Example in Humans-Pitch of the voice
• Incomplete Dominance Example in Humans- Color of the skin
• Incomplete Dominance Example in Animals- Fur texture
• Incomplete dominance examples in humans-Eye

Incomplete dominance can be easily understood as it is a blend of both the parental characteristics/ features/ traits.

Incomplete Dominance Example in Plants- Four o’clock flowering plant

• Four o’clock plant is one of the best examples for incomplete dominance.
• The scientific name of the Four o’clock flowering plant is Mirabilis jalapa.
• The Four o’clock flowering plant produces flowers in two colors.
• One is red and the other is white color.
• When these 2 color flowering plants are cross bred, it does not produce white or red color instead it produces pink color.
• The offspring showed a blend of both the parental characteristics.

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Incomplete Dominance Example in Humans-Shape and texture of hair

• Another best and lively example for incomplete dominance is the shape and texture of hair in humans.
• We know that incomplete dominance is the blend of both the parental features.
• Lets see a example here, Bob and Mary have a beautiful daughter called Alice
• Bob has curly thick hair and Mary has straight hair which is thin
• Alice has beautiful wavy hair that is straight from the roots and moderately curly from the mid to the ends.
• So this is called the incomplete dominance in case of the shape and texture of hair in humans.
• Alice has got the straight hair from her mom, Mary and the mid till end which is curly from her father.
• So both the parental traits are blended here and this is why it is called the incomplete dominance.

Incomplete Dominance Example in Humans-Pitch of the voice

• The pitch of the voice also matters here a lot, the same as hair shape and texture.
• There can be a blend of one parent’s shrill voice and one parent’s soft voice and the resultant child may have a perfect tone in the pitch of his/ her voice.

Incomplete Dominance Example in Humans- Color of the skin

• The Incomplete Dominance Example in Humans on the basis of the skin can be easily explained.
• Father is dark skinned and mother is fair skinned, when the child born is in lighter shade of brown or sandy color, this is one of the best examples of incomplete dominance based on skin color.

Incomplete Dominance Example in Animals- Fur texture

• The texture and color of the fur in cats dogs and horses specifically shows incomplete dominance frequently when compared to other animals.
• Incase of chicken and other birds, the shape and feathery features also exhibit incomplete dominance.
• In rabbits, when a long fur and short fur rabbit is bred the offspring will be a medium fur rabbit.
• In certain birds, when a black male organism and white female organism is bred the resultant offspring will be in blue tinted color feather, this is because of the dilution gene that dilutes the melanin pigment production and blends both the gene.

Incomplete dominance examples in humans-Eye

• A good example of incomplete dominance is color of eye
• Brown eye color is considered the most dominant eye color gene
• Blue eye color is considered the recessive eye color gene
• The presence of golden brown iris is considered to be incomplete dominance as it is a blend of two colors.
• The manufacturing of both eumelanin and pheomelanin results in this color here.

Incomplete dominance example punnett square

• Punnett square is a diagram which is square in shape and it is used to predict the possible traits of the offspring of different characteristic parents.
• Please have a look at this square diagram of Punnett square
• When a red flower is cross bred with white flowers, the resultant offspring plant has a blended characteristic of both parents.
• Red + White = White
• Red color flower is denoted as R R
• White color flower is denoted as r r
• R R + r r = Rr
• Where Rr is  White color flower

Incomplete dominance example blood group:

• Blood group shows codominance and not incomplete dominance.
• We know that incomplete dominance is the blend of characteristics that result in a unique trait or feature.
• In codominance is when the expression of both the alleles in a gene happen completely
• Eg: father is A positive, mother is B positive the result child may be (probability bases) AB positive.
• Here there is blending of AB but A is individually expressed B is individually expressed. There is no new group in which both have blended and formed a group. A and B are individually expressed
• This is why blood group fall under codominance and not in incomplete dominance

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Incomplete dominance ratio

• The ratio of incomplete dominance is 1:2:1

• In F2 generation the red, pink, white flowers ratio is 1:2:1

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Pleiotropy is a phenomenon in which one single gene shows or expresses multiple features or characteristics or traits.

Here are few Pleiotropy example

• Vestigial Gene and the Fruit Flies
• Sickle cell Anemia
• Phenylketonuria
• Frizzled feather trait
• Achondroplasia
• Acromegaly
• Albinism
• Austin syndrome
• Schizophrenia 
• Marfan syndrome
• Deafness and pigmentation in cats
• Frizzle traits in cats or the Feline frizzle trait
• Cystic Fibrosis

Now let’s see all these examples in detail

Vestigial Gene and the Fruit Flies

• Vestigial gene is a gene majorly responsible for the wing formation in fruit flies.
• The fruit fly with this vestigial gene defect will not be able to fly with its wings as they are really short.
• This defect is found in the second chromosome.
• The form of mutation is called the recessive mutation. 
• 2 genes are present in the second chromosome, if one gene is healthy and the other is defective, the healthy wings will develop.
• Only if both the genes are defective, they develop as defective wings.
• This is why it is known as recessive mutation.
• From the above description, we can say that one gene shows or expresses multiple traits or features and this is one of the best examples for Pleiotropy.

Sickle cell Anemia:

• Sickle cell anemia is a condition in which the RBC in human body are misshapen.
• Usually the RBCs are in the shape of disc, but due to this condition they shape is something like a sickle.
• The ultimate role of RBC is to carry the oxygen molecules throughout the body.
• The problem arises in the mutation of the beta-globin gene where the misshapen RBC starts emerging.
• As there is a difference in the shape, there will be a block in the flow in veins and the role of the RBC will not be able to perform due to the sickle shape RBC.
• This will eventually lead to blocking of the RBCs to the other parts of the body.

Phenylketonuria:

• This is a perfect example of Pleiotropy in which one single gene produces multiple traits.
• This is a genetic disorder in which a child is born with a defect, that is the child has a defective gene in which they are not able to produce an enzyme called phenylalanine hydroxylase.
• This enzyme breaks down an amino acid called  phenylalanine in the blood.
• When there is an issue in the secretion of this enzyme it leads to multiple defects in the central nervous system.

Frizzled feather trait:

• This Frizzled feather trait is seen in chickens.
• Usually the feather of a chicken is flat, but due to the defect in the gene responsible for feather formation, the feathers are outwardly curled.
• They also produce an accelerated metabolism and fattened organs which is life threatening.
• Due to this condition the chicken won’t be able to maintain the homeostasis.

Achondroplasia:

• Achondroplasia is a condition which is also called dwarfism.
• The dwarfism occurs when there is a mutation in the FGFR3 gene.
• FGFR3 gene is responsible for the maintenance and development of the bones and brain tissue.
• When the gene FGFR3 shows a different trait than the normal one it leads to dwarfism in the organism.

Acromegaly:

• Acromegaly is a condition in which the growth hormone is produced so much that leads to gigantism or in simple words excessive growth.
• It leads to enlargement of cartilages, bones, and other organs.
• Few studies showed that the GNAS gene is responsible for this somatic mutation and causes this condition.

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Albinism:

• Albinism is a condition that is due to the presence of the pleiotropic gene that has been produced by the genetic changes or the mutation in the TYR gene also called the tyrosinase gene.
• The primary role of the TYR gene is the production of melanin which is a pigment that is produced in the skin.
• Mutation in the TYR gene and the expression shows different traits than usual lead to the condition called Albinism.

Austin Syndrome:

• Austin syndrome is also called Multiple sulfatase deficiency or mucosulfatidosis.
• In this condition, mutation takes place in the gene responsible for the lysosomal storage due to the deficiency of various sulfatase  enzymes.

Schizophrenia:

• It is a mental disorder in which many genes are involved in developing this condition.
• Studies show that mutation in AKT1, COMT, YWHAE, chromosome 22, ABCA13, C4A, DGCR2, DGCR8, DRD2, MIR137, NOS1AP, NRXN1, OLIG2, RTN4R, SYN2, TOP3B, ZDHHC8 may cause Schizophrenia.

Marfan syndrome:

• Marfan syndrome is a condition that affects the connective tissues present all over the body.
• Mutation in the FBN1 gene leads to this condition. FBN1 gene role is to produce a specific protein called fibrillin-1 to produce the connective tissue.
• When the pleiotropic gene FBN1 shows various characteristics, marfan syndrome arises.

Deafness and pigmentation in cats:

• One specific gene is responsible for the pigmentation in cats.
• Due to the pleiotropic gene presence, it not only affects the pigmentation but also the hearing capacity in cats which leads to deafness and also abnormal pigmentation.
• MITF, PMEL, KIT, EDNRB, CDH23, TYR, and TRPM1 are the genes responsible for Deafness and pigmentation in cats.

Frizzle traits in cats or the Feline frizzle trait:

• The frizzle trait in cats is similar to the Frizzled feather trait in chicken.
• Due to mutation, the gene becomes a pleiotropic gene and curling of the cat fur happens leading to the frizzle trait in cats.

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Cystic Fibrosis:

• Cystic fibrosis is a condition in which excessive mucus which is thick and sticky are formed around the organs.
• The gene CFTR when mutated forms the condition- Cystic Fibrosis in which the blockage of chloride channels takes place and thus leading to accumulation of ions and water across the cell membranes.

Summary of the 12+ Pleiotropy Example:

• Vestigial Gene and the Fruit Flies- Mutation in the Vestigial gene
• Sickle cell Anemia- Mutation in the beta-globin gene
• Phenylketonuria- Mutation in the PAH gene
• Frizzled feather trait- Deletion in the KRT75L4 gene
• Achondroplasia- Mutation in FGFR3 gene 
• Acromegaly- Mutation in GNAS gene 
• Albinism- Mutation in the TYR gene
• Austin syndrome- Mutation in SUMF1 gene
• Schizophrenia- Mutation in AKT1, COMT, YWHAE, chromosome 22, ABCA13, C4A, DGCR2, DGCR8, DRD2, MIR137, NOS1AP, NRXN1, OLIG2, RTN4R, SYN2, TOP3B, ZDHHC8.
• Marfan syndrome – Mutation in FBN1 gene
• Deafness and pigmentation in cats- Mutation in MITF, PMEL, KIT, EDNRB, CDH23, TYR, and TRPM1.
• Frizzle traits in cats or the Feline frizzle trait- REX mutation
• Cystic Fibrosis- Mutation in CFTR gene

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