Cypress Assertion helps us to assert a particular Assertions are validation steps that ensures whether the expected result is equal to the actual result. In test automation, we assert a statement to verify that the test is generating the expected result. If the assertion fails, then the test case fails ensuring that there is a bug. In this article, we will discuss about Cypress Assertion with Handson implementation and examples.

Table of Content

• What is Cypress Assertion?
• Cypress Assert Text
• Cypress Common Assertion
• Cypress Retry Assertion
• Cypress Assertion Examples
• Implicit Assertion in Cypress
• Explicit Assertion in Cypress
• Negative Cypress Assertion
• Cypress Custom Assertion Message
• Cypress Assertion Best Practices

What is Cypress Assertion?

Cypress uses and wraps Chai assertion library and extensions like Sinon and JQuery. Cypress automatically waits and retries until the assertion is resolved. Assertions can be used to describe how the application should look like. We can use Cypress assertions with combination of waits, retry, block until it reaches the desired state.

Cypress Assert Text

In general English, we would describe an assertion something like, I would expect the button to have login text. The same assertion can be written in Cypress as

cy.get('button').should('have.value', 'login')

The above assertion will pass if the button has ‘login’ value.

Cypress Common Assertions

There are a set of common Cypress assertion that we use in our test cases. We will be using them with .should() . Let us look into the use case and examples.

Some of the common Cypress assertion are listed below

1. Length
2. Value
3. Text Context
4. Class
5. Existence
6. CSS
7. Visibility
8. State
9. Disabled Property

Cypress Length Assertion

length() will check if the particular element has length

cy.get('dropdown').should('have.length', 5)

Cypress Value Assertion

The Cypress value will assert if the particular element has the expected value

cy.get('textfield').should('have.value', 'first name')

Cypress Text Context Assertion

Text context will assert if the element has the particular text

cy.get('#user-name').should('have.text', 'John Doe')

Cypress Class Assertion

Asserts whether the class is present or the particular element should have the class

cy.get('form').find('input').should('have.class', 'disabled')

Cypress Existence Assertion

Existence command checks whether the particular element is present or exist in the DOM or not

cy.get('#button').should('exist')

Cypress CSS Assertion

CSS Assertion checks whether the particular elements has a particular property

cy.get('.completed').should('have.css', 'text-decoration', 'line-through')

Cypress Visibility Assertion

Cypress Visibility Assertion asserts whether the DOM element is visible in the UI

cy.get('#form-submit').should('be.visible')

Cypress State Assertion

Asserts the state of the DOM element

cy.get(':radio').should('be.checked')

Cypress Disabled Property Assertion

Cypress Disabled property assertion asserts whether the element is disabled

cy.get('#example-input').should('be.disabled')

Cypress Retry Assertion

A single command followed with an assertion will execute in order. Initially, the command executes and then the assertion will get executed. A single command followed by multiple assertions will also execute in order – first and second assertion respectively. So when the first assertion passes, the first and the second assertion will be executed along with the commands again.

For example, the below command contains both .should() and .and() assertion commands, where .and() is otherwise known as .should()

cy.get('.todo-list li') // command
  .should('have.length', 2) // assertion
  .and(($li) => {
    // 2 more assertions
    expect($li.get(0).textContent, 'first item').to.equal('todo A')
    expect($li.get(1).textContent, 'second item').to.equal('todo B')
  })

Cypress Assertion Examples

In this section, we will discuss on the different types of assertions in Cypress such as

• Implicit Assertion
• Explicit Assertion

We will look into detail on both the types with examples

Implicit Assertion in Cypress

In implicit assertion, we use .should() or .and() commands. These assertion commands apply to the currently yielded subject in the chain of commands. They are dependant on the previously yielded subject.

We will look into an example on how to use .should() or .and() commands

cy.get('button').should('have.class', 'enabled')

With .and() which is an alias of .should() ,we can chain multiple assertions. These commands are more readable.

cy.get('#title')
  .should('have.class', 'active')
  .and('have.attr', 'href', '/post')

The above example is chained with .should() stating it should have the class “active”, followed by .and() is executed against the same command. This is very helpful when we want to assert multiple commands.

Explicit Assertion in Cypress

Passing explicit subject in the assertions falls under the explicit type of Cypress assertion. Here, we will use expect and assert commands as assertion. Explicit assertions are used when we want to use multiple assertions for the same subject. We also use explicit assertion in Cypress when we want to do custom logic prior making the assertion.

We will look into the example for explicit Cypress assertion

expect(true).to.be.true //checks for a boolean

expect(object).to.equal(object)

Negative Cypress Assertion

Similar to positive assertions, there are negative assertion in Cypress. We will be using “not” keyword added to the prefix of the assertion statement. Let us see an example of negative assertion

cy.get('#loading').should('not.be.visible')

Negative assertion is recommended only in cases to verify that a particular condition is no longer available after a specific action is performed by the application.

For example, let us consider that a toggle is checked and verify that it has been removed

// at first the item is marked completed
cy.contains('li.todo', 'Write tests')
  .should('have.class', 'completed')
  .find('.toggle')
  .click()

// the CSS class has been removed
cy.contains('li.todo', 'Write tests').should('not.have.class', 'completed')

Cypress Custom Assertion Message

With Cypress, we can provide additional information or custom message for assertions by using a library of matchers. Matchers comprises of small functions that differentiate values and will throw detailed error message. Chai assertion library will help our code look more readable and test failure very useful

const expect = require('chai').expect

it('checks a number', () => {
  const value = 10
  const expected = 3
  expect(value).to.equal(expected)
})

Cypress Assertion Best Practices

We can write multiple assertions in a single block by using a chain of commands. It is not necessary to write single assertion like in unit tests. Many write assertions like below. It is okay to write in that manner, but it increases the line of code and redundancy.

describe('my form', () => {
  before(() => {
    cy.visit('/users/new')
    cy.get('#first').type('ashok')
  })

  it('has validation attribute', () => {
    cy.get('#first').should('have.attr', 'data-validation', 'required') // asserting whether the #first has required field
  })

  it('has active class', () => {
    cy.get('#first').should('have.class', 'active') // asserting whether the #first has active class
  })

  it('has formatted first name', () => {
    cy.get('#first').should('have.value', 'Ashok') // asserting whether the #first has capitalized first letter
  })
})

As you see above, the same selector and assertion type is getting repeated. Instead, we can chain these commands in one single assertion which performs all the checks in a linear fashion.

describe('my form', () => {
  before(() => {
    cy.visit('/users/new')
  })

  it('validates and formats first name', () => {
    cy.get('#first')
      .type('ashok')
      .should('have.attr', 'data-validation', 'required')
      .and('have.class', 'active')
      .and('have.value', 'Ashok')
  })
})

As mentioned above, we can chain the single selector with multiple assertions! This is one of the recommended best practices of writing assertion in Cypress.

To understand about the Page Object Model in Cypress, click here.

• Cypress Assertion: Handson Implementation, Example
• Cypress Fixtures: Hands-on Implementation,Example
• Cypress Commands and Cypress Custom Commands:HandsOn
• Step By Step Page Object Model in Cypress with Examples
• Cypress Promise and Cypress Asynchronous: Hands-On Implementation, Example
• What is Cypress Json: Example, Schema, Detailed Hands On Analysis

One of the best practices in test automation is separating the test data from the test files. This aspect is one of the primary requirement while designing test framework. Cypress helps us the abilities to separate the test data with Cypress Fixtures. In this topic, we will be discussing about Cypress fixtures with hands-on implementation and real time examples

Table of Contents

• What is a fixture in Cypress?
• How to use Cypress fixtures in tests?
• How to read data from fixtures in Cypress?
• Accessing the values from the fixture file to the test file
• Cypress Multiple fixtures

What is a fixture in Cypress?

Cypress Fixtures can be used source data from external files. Fixtures in Cypress help you to read from or write into files. One of the popular framework in test automation is Data-driven framework where we separate data from the test files. We usually keep the data in external file like Excel and read them using external libraries. Cypress provides us the same feature to read data from files.

Cypress provides us a folder called fixtures, where we can create JSON files and read data from it where we can read those files in multiple test files. We will store the data as key-value pair and access them.

How to use Cypress Fixtures in Tests?

We can access Cypress fixtures via the following syntax given below

cy.fixture(filePath)
cy.fixture(filePath, encoding)
cy.fixture(filePath, options)
cy.fixture(filePath, encoding, options)

We will understand the parameters that can be passed in fixtures

filepath – the path to where you have stored your test data

encoding – The encoding that are used while using a file. Some of the encodings are ascii, base64,hex,binary etc

options – In options, we can pass the timeout response. It is to specify the timeout to resolve cy.fixture()

How to read data from Fixtures in Cypress?

We will be defining the test data in a file under the fixture folder. We will be accessing the test data from the JSON file in the test script using Cypress fixtures.

Now, let us undertand an example for Cypress fixtures. We will be logging in the url using the username and password. So let us store the username and password values in a file.

Let us create a file named credentials.json under the fixture folder. We will be defining the variables in JSON format.

{
    "username" : "admin@yourstore.com",
    "password" : "admin",
    "adminUrl" : "https://admin-demo.nopcommerce.com/admin/"
}

Accessing the values from the Fixture file to the test file

Since we have defined our JSON values in the credentials.json file, we will see how we can access them in our test file using Cypress fixtures.

We will access the fixture data using the this keyword in the before hook

describe("Cypress Fixtures Example", function () {

    before(function () {
        cy.fixture('credentials').then(function (testdata) {
            this.testdata = testdata
        })
    })
})

In the above example, we are accessing our JSON file via cy.fixture(‘credentials’). Since our JSON file name is credentials.json, we are passing the file name in cy.fixture(). Now we are using alias concept and defining our data as testdata. With the variable testdata, we can use the values of username and password in our test file

describe("Cypress Fixtures Example", function () {

    before(function () {
        cy.fixture('credentials').then(function (testdata) {
            this.testdata = testdata
        })
    })
    it("Login with valid credentials", function () {
        cy.visit(this.testdata.adminUrl)
        cy.get('[id=Email]').clear()
        cy.get('[id=Email]').type(this.testdata.username)
        cy.get('[id=Password]').clear()
        cy.get('[id=Password]').type(this.testdata.password)
        cy.get('[type=submit]').click();

        cy.url().should('be.equal', this.testdata.adminUrl)
    });
});

As you can see above, in .type() we are passing the value from our credentials.json file as this.testdata.username. Similarly, for password we are accessing the value using this.testdata.password. For the url, we are using the same way as username and password.

When we run the test case, you can see the value getting printed in the dashboard. This way, we have executed our test case using Cypress Fixtures

Cypress Multiple Fixtures

In this section, we will understand how to use Cypress Fixtures with multiple fixture files.

If we want to use different fixture data for the same test file, for example, there are two set of credentials we need to verify for the login page, how can we access the files?

One way is to write multiple it blocks which will replicate the same code again and again. The other way, we can use Cypress fixtures to access different test data in the spec file. Let us see how we can achieve that using Cypress fixtures

We already have a fixture file called credentials.json.

{
    "username" : "admin@yourstore.com",
    "password" : "admin",
    "adminUrl" : "https://admin-demo.nopcommerce.com/admin/"
}

Now let us create another fixture file named userData.json where we will use different invalid username and password.

{
    "username" : "user@yourstore.com",
    "password" : "user",
    "adminUrl" : "https://admin-demo.nopcommerce.com/admin/"
}

Now let us see how we can access the two different data in our test file.

We will refactor the same test file using the condition of using two different fixture files.

const testValueFixtures = [
    {
        "name": "credentials",
        "context": "1"
    },
    {
        "name": "userData",
        "context": "2"
    }
]

describe('Automation Test Suite - Fixtures', function () {
    //looping through both the fixtues 
    testValueFixtures.forEach((fixtureData) => {
        describe(fixtureData.context, () => {
            // accessing the test data from the fixture file
            before(function () {
                cy.fixture(fixtureData.name).then(function (testData) {
                    this.testData = testData;
                })
            })
            it("login", function () {
                cy.visit('https://admin-demo.nopcommerce.com/admin/')
                cy.get('[id=Email]').clear()
                cy.get('[id=Email]').type(this.testData.username)
                cy.get('[id=Password]').clear()
                cy.get('[id=Password]').type(this.testData.password)
                cy.get('[type=submit]').click();

                cy.url().should('be.equal', this.testData.adminUrl)

            })
        })
    })
})

Initially, we are creating a variable called testValueFixtures as an array where we are creating the context of two fixture files. In the first context, we are passing the name as ‘credentials‘ and the second as ‘userData‘ , as they represent our JSON file names where we have our value defined.

Secondly, we are looping through the both the fixture variables in describe block. And as we discussed previously, we are accessing the data in before block using .this()

The rest of the code is the same, where we are passing the data in the cy.get()

When we execute our test, it will run in two sets where the first case passes with valid credentials and the second fails due to invalid credentials

As you can see above in the snapshot, the first test case has passed and it has entered the value from the first fixture file credentials.json

As you can see in the above screenshot, the test has failed and the values passed are from the second fixture file userData.json

You can also view how to write Cypress fixtures using the Page Object Model here

• Cypress Assertion: Handson Implementation, Example
• Cypress Fixtures: Hands-on Implementation,Example
• Cypress Commands and Cypress Custom Commands:HandsOn
• Step By Step Page Object Model in Cypress with Examples
• Cypress Promise and Cypress Asynchronous: Hands-On Implementation, Example
• What is Cypress Json: Example, Schema, Detailed Hands On Analysis

Table of Contents

• What is Cypress Commands?
• UI Interaction commands provided by Cypress
• Cypress Right Click Command
• Cypress Double Click Command
• Cypress Click Command
• Cypress Trigger Command
• Cypress Type Command
• Cypress Select Command
• Cypress Check Command
• Cypress Clear Command
• Are Cypress Commands asynchronous?
• Cypress Custom Commands
• Chaining Assertion commands in Cypress
• Overwriting existing Cypress commands
• Cypress Chainable Commands
• Parent Custom Command in Cypress
• Child Custom Command in Cypress
• Dual Custom Command in Cypress
• Cypress Custom Commands with Example
• Cypress Import Commands
• Cypress Custom Command IntelliSense

What is Cypress Commands?

Cypress provides us API’s and methods to interact with the UI of the application. They are known as Cypress Commands and helps with the interaction of the web application. All the commands that are available have in-built methods and we will only invoke the methods in our test cases. The Cypress commands will simulate a similar action to an user trying to perform operations on the application.

UI Interaction Commands provided by Cypress

There are different commands provided by Cypress that interact with the UI. We will look into the list of all the commands in detail.

• .click()
• .dblclick()
• .rightclick()
• .type()
• .clear()
• .check()
• .uncheck()
• .select()
• .trigger()

Cypress Click Command

.click() – This command is to click any element on the DOM.

The following are the syntaxes for click command

.click() 

.click(options) 

.click(position) 

.click(position, options) 

.click(xCoordinate, yCoordinate) 

.click(xCoordinate, yCoordinate, options) 

As you can see above, the click accepts parameters like options, position, and coordinates.

Options

The possible options that can be passed to click are

Positions

The different types of positions that can be passed to .click() are

• center (default)
• left
• right
• top
• topLeft
• topRight
• bottom
• bottomLeft
• bottomRight

Example

cy.get('btn').click()  //clicking the button 

cy.get('btn').click({ force: true })  //clicking the button by passing the option 'force' as true

cy.get('btn').click('bottomRight') // clicking the button at the botton right position

cy.get('btn').click(10, 70, { force: true }) // clicking the button with position value and force true

Cypress Double Click Command

Double click can be achieved by using dblclick() syntax in Cypress.

Syntax

.dblclick()
.dblclick(position)
.dblclick(x, y)
.dblclick(options)
.dblclick(position, options)
.dblclick(x, y, options)

Options

.dblclick() accepts all the options that are accepted by .click(). You can find the options in the above section.

Positions

All the possible positions that are specified in .click() are also available for dblclick(). The list of the positions can be found in the above section.

Example

cy.get('button').dblclick() // Double click on button

cy.focused().dblclick() // Double click on element with focus

cy.contains('Home').dblclick() // Double click on first element containing 'Home'

cy.get('button').dblclick('top') // Double click on the button on top position

cy.get('button').dblclick(30, 10) // Double click on the coordinates of 30 and 10

Cypress Right Click Command

This Cypress command, right clicks the DOM element .rightclick() command will not open context menus of the browser.rightclick() is used to test handling of right click related events in the application such as contextmenu.

Syntax

.rightclick()
.rightclick(position)
.rightclick(options)
.rightclick(position, options)
.rightclick(x, y)
.rightclick(x, y, options)

Options

As we saw above, all the options that are accepted by .click() command can be configured with .rightclick() command too.

Positions

All the possible positions that can be passed to the .rightclick() is same as the .click() mentioned above.

Example

cy.get('.welcome').rightclick() // Right click on .welcome

cy.focused().rightclick() // Right click on element with focus

cy.contains('January').rightclick() // Right click on first element containing 'January'

cy.get('button').dblclick('topRight') // Double click on the button on top right position

cy.get('button').dblclick(80, 20) // Double click on the coordinates of 80 and 20

Cypress Type Command

.type() command enters value into a DOM element.

Syntax

.type(text)
.type(text, options)

Arguments

.type() accepts string as an argument. Values passed to .type() can include any of the special character sequences given below.

Options

We can pass in the objects as options to modify the default behaviour of .type()

Example

Let us see examples for .type() command

cy.get('textarea').type('Hey there') // enter value in the text area

cy.get('body').type('{shift}') //enables the shift key

cy.get('body').type('{rightarrow}') //type event right arrow 

Cypress Clear Command

Clear command will clear the values in input area or the text field.

Syntax

The syntax for clear command is a follows.

.clear()
.clear(options)

Options

We will look into the options that can be passed to the .clear() command.

Example

Let us look into the examples for clear command

cy.get('[type="text"]').clear() // Clear input of type text

cy.get('textarea').type('Welcome!').clear() // Clear textarea 

cy.focused().clear() // Clear focused input/textarea

Cypress Check Command

The check command will check or in simpler words, tick the checkboxes or radio buttons. You can uncheck the checkboxes or radio buttons by using the .uncheck() command.

Syntax

We will understand the syntax for check command in Cypress.

//Syntax for check command
.check()
.check(value)
.check(options)
.check(values, options)

//Syntax for uncheck command
.uncheck()
.uncheck(value)
.uncheck(options)
.uncheck(values, options)

Options

The possible options that can be passed to check/uncheck commands are the options same as the clear command listed above

Example

We will look into the example of how we can use check and uncheck commands.

cy.get('[type="checkbox"]').check() // Check checkbox element

cy.get('[type="radio"]').first().check() // Check first radio element

cy.get('[type="radio"]').check('Male') //Check the radio element which has Male

cy.get('[type="checkbox"]').uncheck() //Uncheck checkbox element

cy.get('[type="radio"]').uncheck()  //Uncheck the first radio element

cy.get('[type="checkbox"]').uncheck('Breakfast') // Uncheck the breakfast element

Cypress Select Command

The select Cypress command allows you to select elements within a <select> tag.

Syntax

The following are the syntax for select command

.select(value)
.select(values)
.select(value, options)
.select(values, options)

Options

We can pass in the options to modify the default behaviour of select command.

Example

Let us look into examples for the select command

cy.get('select').select('butterfly') // Select the 'butterfly' option

cy.get('select').select(0) // selects the element with 0 index

cy.get('select').select(['parrot', 'peacock']) //selects the parrot and peacock option

Cypress Trigger Command

Trigger command helps to trigger any event on the element.

Syntax

We will look into the syntax for accessing the trigger command

.trigger(eventName)
.trigger(eventName, position)
.trigger(eventName, x, y)
.trigger(eventName, position, options)
.trigger(eventName, options)
.trigger(eventName, x, y, options)

Option

Trigger command accepts all the options that are mentioned for .clear() command. Additionally, there are few options we can configure that are listed below.

Example

Let us different ways of using .trigger() in the code.

cy.get('a').trigger('mouseover') // Trigger mouseover event on a link

cy.get('.target').trigger('mousedown', { button: 0 }) //mousedown triggered at button 0

cy.get('button').trigger('mouseup', topRight, { bubbles: false }) //mouseup triggered on topRight position with setting bubble as false

Are Cypress commands async?

All the Cypress commands are asynchronous. They are queued for execution at a later point in time and will not wait for the completion of the commands. Cypress command do not do anything at the time of their invoke,instead they save it for later for execution. You can understand the asynchronous behaviour of Cypress here

Cypress Chainable Commands

In Cypress, we can use a series of commands to interact with elements in DOM. It is imperative to understand how the chaining of commands work internally. If we are chaining commands in a particular line, then Cypress will handle a promise based on the command chain and will yield a command based on the subject to the next command, until the chain of commands end or an error has occurred.

Cypress allows us to click an element or type into elements using the .click() or .type() commands by getting the elements using cy.get() or cy.contains(). Let us see a simple example of chaining commands

cy.get('textarea').type('How are you?')

In the above example, cy.get() is one Cypress command and .type() is another command, where we are chaining the .type() command onto the cy.get() command, telling it to type to the subject that is yielded from the cy.get() element. Similarly, we can chain all the commands that we discussed above.

Chaining Assertion Commands in Cypress

Similar to chaining multiple commands using Cypress, we can also chain assertions with commands. Assertions are commands that let you to describe the expected state or behaviour of the application. Cypress will wait until the elements reach the expected state, and the test will fail if the assertions don’t pass. We will see how we can use chaining commands in asserting an element.

cy.get('button').should('be.disabled') //expect whether the button should be disabled

cy.get('form').should('have.class', 'form-vertical') //expect whether the form should have class as 'form-vertical'

cy.get('input').should('not.have.value', 'Name') // assert whether the input should not have the value 'Name'

As listed above, we are using the cy.get() command and chaining it with the .should() assertion command to expect the behaviour based on the result. This way, we can use chain assertion commands in Cypress.

Cypress Custom Commands

Cypress provides us API’s to create commands based on our requirements. Cypress custom command is similar to the default commands that are pre-existing, except it is user-defined. With custom commands, we can play around with the commands and chain them based on our use case. Cypress custom commands are useful in our workflow if you require reusing them over and over in the tests.

Let us see the syntax for creating a new custom command in Cypress.

Cypress.Commands.add(name, callbackFn)
Cypress.Commands.add(name, options, callbackFn)
Cypress.Commands.overwrite(name, callbackFn)

where the arguments are as follows

name – The name of the command in string that we want to add or overwrite

callbackFn – This function takes an argument passed to the command

options – Pass any options object to define the behaviour of the command

Note : options are supported only for the add commands and do not support for the overwrite commands

The options that prevSubject accepts are as follows

• false – ignore previous subjects (parent command)
• true – accept the previous subjects (child command)
• optional – pass in whether you want to start a new chain or use an existing chain (dual command)

Parent Custom Command in Cypress

We will see how to add a parent custom command in Cypress. Parent command will always begin a new chain of commands, eventhough you have chained off a previous command. The previously chained command will be ignored and a new command will be chained always. Some of the parent commands are cy.visit(), cy.get(), cy.request(),cy.exec(), cy.route()

Example

We will see an example of how to write a parent custom command in Cypress

Cypress.Commands.add('clickLink', (label) => {
  cy.get('a').contains(label).click()
})

//clicking the "Buy Now" link
cy.clickLink('Buy Now')

In the above example, ‘clickLink‘ is the name of our custom command. It will search for the label. In line 2, the command gets ‘a‘, and search for the link which contains label and click the element. cy.clickLink() will execute the action in the test file and clicks the “Buy Now” link.

Child Custom Command in Cypress

Child Custom commands in Cypress are chained off a parent command or another child command. The subject from the previous command will be yielded to the callback function.

Some of the Cypress commands that can be chained as a child command are .click(), .trigger(), .should(), .find(), .as()

Example

We will look into an example on how to chain a child custom command

Cypress.Commands.add('forceClick', {prevSubject: 'element'}, (subject, options) => {
  // wrap the existing subject and do something with it
  cy.wrap(subject).click({force:true})
})

//accessing the forceClick in the test file
cy.get("[data-test='panel-VALUES']").forceClick();

In the above example, we are naming our custom command as ‘forceClick‘. We are passing the prevSubject argument to the element and wrapping the existing subject. With cy.wrap(), we are force clicking the subject. Then in the test file, we are accessing the custom command, ‘forceClick‘ on a cy.get() command.

Dual Custom Commands in Cypress

Dual custom commands are hybrid between a parent and child command. You can begin a new chain of commands or chain off an existing command. Dual commands are helpful if we want our command to work in different ways with or without the existing subject.

Some of the commands that can be used for dual commands are cy.contains(), cy.screenshot(), cy.scrollTo(), cy.wait()

Example

Let us see an example of how to use dual custom commands

Cypress.Commands.add('getButton', {
  prevSubject: 'optional'
}, (subject) => {
  if (subject) {
   cy.get(subject).get('btn').its('button');
  } else {
    cy.get('btn').its('button');
  }
})

In some cases, we will require to get the button of the text using getButton which will acquire all the button of the element. Now we can use getButton to chain the with the parent element or chain the child element, where it can invoke the elements of the parent.

Since the prevSubject is optional, we can either pass the subject as an argument or invoke the command without the subject in the test file as below

cy.getButton() // without the subject

cy.get('#loginBtn').getButton() // with the subject

Overwriting Existing Cypress Commands

We can overwrite the already existing Cypress commands and modify the behaviour in order to avoid creating another command that will try to use the original command at the end.

Some of the original Cypress command that can be overwritten are cy.visit(), cy.type(), cy.screenshot(), cy.contains()

Example

Let us see an example on how we can overwrite the existing Cypress command.

Cypress.Commands.overwrite('contains',
  (originalFn, subject, filter, text, options = {}) => {
    // determine if a filter argument was passed
    if (typeof text === 'object') {
      options = text
      text = filter
      filter = undefined
    }

    options.matchCase = false

    return originalFn(subject, filter, text, options)
  }
)

As we saw above, we are using the Cypress.Commands.overwrite to modify the existing Cypress command. We are naming our custom command as contains and we are passing arguments to determine whether the filter argument has passed.

Cypress Import Commands

In this section, we will understand how to import Cypress Commands.

We must create our Cypress custom commands in the cypress/support/commands.js file. We shall add the custom commands in the command.js file and import in our test case file to use it.

Cypress Custom Commands with Example

We will understand how to create a custom command and use it in our spec file with real-time example.

As we saw above, we have to add new custom commands under the commands.js file. In that file, let us add a custom command for a login function

Cypress.Commands.add("login", (username, password) => {
    //adding a new command named login
    cy.get('[id=Email]').clear();
    cy.get('[id=Email]').type(username);
    cy.get('[id=Password]').clear();
    cy.get('[id=Password]').type(password);
    cy.get('[type=submit]').click();
  });

In the above code, we are naming our custom command as login. Inside the custom command, we have added the steps of clearing the username field and entering value in the textfield. Similarly, we are clearing the field and adding the password in the password field. Later, we are clicking the submit button. This is a simple custom command that accepts two arguments : username and password. We will be passing the value for the username and password in our spec file.

Now let us create a spec file named customCommand.spec.js under integration folder. Our spec file will contain the following code

describe("Custom Commands Example", () => {
    it("should login using the custom commands", () => {
      cy.visit("https://admin-demo.nopcommerce.com/");
      cy.login("admin@yourstore.com", "admin");
      cy.url().should('be.equal', 'https://admin-demo.nopcommerce.com/admin/')
    });
  });

As we saw above, we are accessing our custom command as cy.login() ,where we are passing the values of username and password.

Cypress Custom Commands IntelliSense

IntelliSense provides intelligent code suggestions in the IDE or code editor directly while we are writing tests. It helps by showing a popup that displays the command definition, link to the documentation page and code examples. If we are using any modern code editor like Visual Studio Code or IntellJ, then IntelliSense will be very useful.

IntelliSense uses Typescript to understand and displays the syntax. If we write custom commands and provide TypeScript definitions for the custom commands, we can use the triple slashes to display IntelliSense, even if our project uses JavaScript only.

To configure IntelliSense, we need to describe the code in cypress/support/index.d.ts file.

// type definitions for Cypress object "cy"
/// <reference types="cypress" />

declare namespace Cypress {
    interface Chainable<Subject> {
      /**
       * Login with credentials
       * @example
       * cy.login(username,password)
       */
      login(username: String, password: String): Chainable<any>
    }
  }

Now, we should let our spec files know that there are some Typescript definitions in the index.d.ts file. So, at the beginning of our spec file, add the below code to let IntelliSense provide suggestions for us.

// type definitions for custom commands like "login"
// will resolve to "cypress/support/index.d.ts"
// <reference types="../support" />

As we saw above, IntelliSense provides us with the arguement we provided in our command.js file and helps in auto-completing.

• Cypress Assertion: Handson Implementation, Example
• Cypress Fixtures: Hands-on Implementation,Example
• Cypress Commands and Cypress Custom Commands:HandsOn
• Step By Step Page Object Model in Cypress with Examples
• Cypress Promise and Cypress Asynchronous: Hands-On Implementation, Example
• What is Cypress Json: Example, Schema, Detailed Hands On Analysis

Page Object Model, commonly known as POM, is a popular pattern in any automation framework. Page Object Model can be applied in Cypress too. Page Object Model has many advantages in creating a framework for test automation, such as reducing code duplication and increasing maintainability and readability. Cypress provides us the flexibility to incorporate Page Object Model in the test script. In this article, we will look at creating a Page Object Model in Cypress step by step with examples.

Table of Contents:

• What is Page Object Model?
• Page Object Model Framework Architecture
• Advantages of using Page Object Model in Cypress
• Step By Step Page Object Model Cypress with Example
• Accessing the Page Objects in the Spec file
• How to use Fixtures as a Test Data Source in Page Object Model in Cypress?
• Accessing the values from the JSON file in the test case file
• Frequently Asked Questions

What is Page Object Model?

Page Object Model is a design pattern where the page objects are separated from the automation test scripts. Automation testing gives us many leverages that benefit us in testing; however, there are some outcomes such as code duplication and an increase in the risk of maintainability as the project grows. Let us understand the significance of POM with an example.

Consider we have multiple pages in our application like Login Page, Registration Page, and Book Flights page.

• The Login page contains all the web elements of the login functionalities
• The Registration contains all the methods and web elements of the registration process
• The Book flights contain the web elements of the flight booking page

There are three test cases, namely TC1, TC2, and TC3.

• TC1 contains the login test cases.
• TC2 contains login and registration test cases
• TC3 contains login, registration, and flight booking test cases

Now, the login page interacts with TC1.

Registration page needs to interact with TC1 and TC2, and

The flight booking page needs to interact with TC1, TC2, and TC3

As you can see, there are common functionalities between all three test cases. Instead of writing the methods and locators of login in all the test case files, we can have them separately and access them across the files. This way, the code is not repeated, and it is easily readable.

One of the best practices in coding is a concept called DRY. It means Do Not Repeat Yourself. As the full form clearly says, we should not repeat the lines of code again and again. To overcome this, Page Object Model plays an important role in best coding practices.

Page Object Model Framework Architecture

The page object model framework architecture is a proven architecture that can customize with simple methods. Today, almost all companies follow agile methodologies, which involve continuous integration, development, and testing. The automation testers maintain the test framework to work alongside the development process with the Page Object Model. It is a significant design pattern in maintaining the automation test framework as the code grows with new features.

The page object is a design pattern that is an object-oriented class that interacts with the pages of the application we are testing. Page Object comprises of Page Class and Test cases. Page class consists of methods and locators to interact with the web elements. We create separate classes for every page in the application. We will be creating individual methods for each functionality and access them in our spec file.

Advantages of using Page Object Model in Cypress

1. The methods are reusable across the whole project and easy to maintain when the project grows. The lines of code become less readable and optimized.
2. Page Object Pattern suggests that we separate the operations and flow that we are performing in the UI from verification steps. When we follow the POM pattern, we tend to write clean and easily understandable code.
3. With the Page Object Model, objects and test cases are independent of each other. We can call the objects anywhere across the project. This way, if we are using different tools like TestNG/JUnit for functional testing or Cucumber for acceptance testing, then it is easily accessible.

Step By Step Page Object Model Cypress with Example

This section will understand how to create a Page Object Model in Cypress with real-time examples that we can implement in projects. We will understand from the basic setup and step-by-step process for creating a Page Object Model.

Let’s discuss the scenario on which we will write the functions in this example.

1. Navigate to https://admin-demo.nopcommerce.com/ website
2. Enter valid username and password
3. Click on the Login Button
4. Validate the URL whether it is appended with /admin after login

We will be creating two files – one PageObject file and one spec file for this example. Let us begin!

Step 1: Open our project in VS code. Create a folder called PageObject under the integration folder. Under this folder, you can create page object files for any modules.

Step 2: Create a file named LoginPage.js under the PageObject folder. In LoginPage.js, we will be writing the methods that involve the login functionalities.

Step 3: Let’s start writing our first test method in the LoginPage.js file. We have to first create a class that we will be exporting in our spec file. We will call our class as LoginPage

class LoginPage {

}

Based on our pseudocode, our first step is to navigate to the URL. We will call our method as navigate(). Inside our navigate method, we shall add the cy.visit() function from Cypress.

 navigate() {
        cy.visit('https://admin-demo.nopcommerce.com/')
    }

Step 4: Now, we will have to enter the username in our email field. We will name our method as enterEmail(). First, we should get the locator of the email field and access them via cy.get() command. Then we will clear the field using the clear() command and add the username using the type() command. In our method, we pass a parameter username to pass the value in the spec file. This way, we are keeping it generic to access this method if a different email id is required.

enterEmail(username) {
        cy.get('[id=Email]').clear()
        cy.get('[id=Email]').type(username);
        return this
    }

Instead of writing the cy.get() command twice in the above code, we can simply loop them with the dot operator.

  enterEmail(username) {
        cy.get('[id=Email]')
            .clear()
            .type(username);
        return this
    }

You might have noticed return this in line 9. this indicates that the enterEmail method belongs to the particular LoginPage class. Basically, this represents the class.

Step 5: We have to create a method for passwords similar to our enterEmail method. We will call our password method as enterPassword(). Initially, we will get the locator for the password, clear the field and type the input value. We will pass a parameter to our method called pswd and access in the type() command.

enterPassword(pswd) {
    cy.get('[id=Password]')
        .clear()
        .type(pswd)
    return this
}

Step 6: Our last method would be to click on the login button. We shall name our method as submit(). We will get the locator and click the button using the click() method from Cypress.

 submit() {
        cy.get('[type=submit]').click()
    }

Step 7: Now, we have to export this class to use it across our spec file. For this, we just add one line outside our class, and we can easily access it in our spec file.

export default LoginPage

Hurray! We have created a Page Object file for our project. It was pretty simple and easy!

Accessing the Page Objects in the Spec file

Now let us move on to our test case file. We have to create a spec file in our integration folder. We shall call our spec file POMDemo.spec.js.

Step 1: To access our methods in the LoginPage.js file, we must import them into our spec file. We import by using the import statement. We should navigate to the LoginPage.js file by using ../

In our case, the path is ../integration/PageObject/LoginPage. So, the import statement will look something like the below.

import LoginPage from "../integration/PageObject/LoginPage"

Step 2: Since we use Mocha, we will write our test case inside describe() and it() block. describe() represents a test suite, and it() represents a test case. Both the blocks are a function and accept a string parameter that includes the description of the test.

describe("Cypress POM Test Suite", function () {
})

Inside the describe block, we will write our it() by adding the description as login with valid credentials.

it("Login with valid credentials", function () {
       
    })

Step 3: To access our methods from our Page object file, we should create an instance for our Login class. To create an instance for the login class, we must declare a variable and assign it to our class file using the new keyword. With the declared variable, we can easily access the methods from the Page object file.

                                               const login = new LoginPage();

Note: With the variable login, we can access the methods from the Page object class. When we start typing login. , the vscode will list the suggestions of all the methods available in the LoginPage.js file. This helps us to verify that we have exported and imported our class properly!

Step 4: Let us call our navigate() method to visit the URL. This is the first action in our test case.

/// <reference types="cypress" />

import LoginPage from "./PageObject/LoginPage"

describe("Cypress POM Test Suite", function () {
    it("Login with valid credentials", function () {
        const login = new LoginPage();
        login.navigate();
    });
});

Step 5: We should enter the username in the email field. We access the enterEmail() with the login object. enterEmail() method accepts a parameter username. So we should pass the value for the username as a string in our spec file

/// <reference types="cypress" />

import LoginPage from "./PageObject/LoginPage"

describe("Cypress POM Test Suite", function () {
    it("Login with valid credentials", function () {
        const login = new LoginPage();
        login.navigate();
        login.enterEmail('admin@yourstore.com');
    })
})

Step 6: Similar to step 5, we should call our enterPassword() method by passing the password as a parameter in the string.

/// <reference types="cypress" />

import LoginPage from "./PageObject/LoginPage"

describe("Cypress POM Test Suite", function () {
    it("Login with valid credentials", function () {
        const login = new LoginPage();
        login.navigate();
        login.enterEmail('admin@yourstore.com');
        login.enterPassword('admin');
    })
})

Step 7: Next, we have to click on the login button. We will call the method submit() from our page object file.

/// <reference types="cypress" />

import LoginPage from "./PageObject/LoginPage"

describe("Cypress POM Test Suite", function () {
    it("Login with valid credentials", function () {
        const login = new LoginPage();
        login.navigate();
        login.enterEmail('admin@yourstore.com');
        login.enterPassword('admin');
        login.submit();
    })
})

Step 8: After logging in, we have to assert the URL. We will verify whether the URL is equal to the URL after login. For assertion, we will use the Chai assertion library, which is inbuilt with Cypress.

/// <reference types="cypress" />

import LoginPage from "./PageObject/LoginPage"

describe("Cypress POM Test Suite", function () {
    it("Login with valid credentials", function () {
        const login = new LoginPage();
        login.navigate();
        login.enterEmail('admin@yourstore.com');
        login.enterPassword('admin');
        login.submit();
        cy.url().should('be.equal', 'https://admin-demo.nopcommerce.com/admin/')
    })
})

The above image represents the login test case. We were able to write a test case with a Page Object Model with very few simple steps. Now let us run the test case and see the result.

We shall open the Cypress test runner and click on the spec file and run our test case. Check this article on how to open Cypress test runner.

Hurray! We have successfully written a test case that uses Page Object Model in Cypress. We can incorporate this pattern in real-time projects. There are many ways that we can write the methods in a page object file. I have shown you an example that is standard and works for any project. You can also write only the return function in the page object file and then click and type directly in our spec file.

We will see another pattern that we can use in the project. This method will also work perfectly fine.

In this type, we will be returning only the locator function in our method and perform actions in the test file. We will write code for the same scenario we saw above.

Page Object – LoginPage.js

class LoginPage {
    navigate() {
        cy.visit('https://admin-demo.nopcommerce.com/')
    }

    enterEmail() {
        return cy.get('[id=Email]')
    }

    enterPassword() {
        return cy.get('[id=Password]')

    }

    submit() {
        return cy.get('[type=submit]')
    }
}
export default LoginPage

As we saw above, we are writing only the locator inside our function and returning them. The return represents that the particular method belongs to the class LoginPage.js. We are not adding any actions in our methods.

Spec File – POMDemo.spec.js

We will look into the example of accessing the methods in the spec file.

/// <reference types="cypress" />

import LoginPage from "./PageObject/LoginPage"

describe("Cypress POM Test Suite", function () {
    it("Login with valid credentials", function () {
        const login = new LoginPage();
        login.navigate();
        login.enterEmail().clear()
        login.enterEmail().type('admin@yourstore.com');
        login.enterPassword().clear()
        login.enterPassword().type('admin');
        login.submit().click();
        cy.url().should('be.equal', 'https://admin-demo.nopcommerce.com/admin/')
    });
});

Here, we call the method from the PageObject file and perform the test case actions. So first, we are calling our reference variable login and then appending it with the method enterEmail() and finally appending the action type. In our type(), we are passing the username value.

As you can see, all the commands have been executed, and the test case has passed!

You can choose whichever Page Object Model suits your project and your opinion. There is no particular rule to stick to only one procedure.

How to use Fixtures as a Test Data Source in Page Object Model in Cypress?

In our Page Object Model examples, we passed the username and password value directly in either the Page Object file or directly in the test case file. This section will understand how to use fixtures in Cypress to keep the data safe and not exposed. We should try to keep all the credentials and data in one file and access them. This way, it is easy to maintain, and sensitive data like username and password are not exposed. This method is also one of the procedures that we need to follow in Page Object Pattern.

As discussed earlier, Fixture helps store data in a JSON file or excel file, or an external library like Apache POI. We will use these data by creating a variable and access them in our spec file. Let us understand with an example.

Cypress provides a folder called “fixtures.” We will create a JSON file called credentials.json under the ‘Fixtures’ folder.

Let us declare our username, password, and URL values that we need to validate in a JSON format in the credentials.json file.

{
    "username" : "admin@yourstore.com",
    "password" : "admin",
    "adminUrl" : "https://admin-demo.nopcommerce.com/admin/"
}

Accessing the values from the JSON file in the test case file

As we have defined the values in our JSON file, we will access them in our test case file using Fixtures from Cypress. We will access the JSON value with this keyword. Let’s wrap the fixture function in a before() block.

describe("Cypress POM Test Suite", function () {
 
before(function () {
        cy.fixture('credentials').then(function (testdata) {
            this.testdata = testdata
        })
})

cy.fixture(‘credentials’).then(function (testdata) { this.testdata = testdata }) – this line represents that we are passing the credentials.json file as a parameter to our cy.fixture() command. Here, we are not required to pass whether it is a JSON file. Just pass the file name alone. Later, we pass testdata as a parameter in the function and access the testdata variable using this.

/// <reference types="cypress" />

import LoginPage from "./PageObject/LoginPage"

describe("Cypress POM Test Suite", function () {

    before(function () {
        cy.fixture('credentials').then(function (testdata) {
            this.testdata = testdata
        })
    })
    it("Login with valid credentials", function () {
        const login = new LoginPage();
        login.navigate();
        login.enterEmail(this.testdata.username)
        login.enterPassword(this.testdata.password)
        login.submit();
        cy.url().should('be.equal', this.testdata.adminUrl)
    });
});

login.enterEmail(this.testdata.username) – This will fetch the username value from the credentials.json file and fill it into the email field.

login.enterPassword(this.testdata.password) – This will fetch the password value from the credentials.json file and fill it into the password field

cy.url().should(‘be.equal’, this.testdata.adminUrl) – This will get the adminUrl from the credentials.json file and validate in the assertion

Now, let us run the test case for the result.

As we can see, the test cases have been executed and have passed. This example will help you to write a basic Data-driven test case. You can incorporate it in your project using this method. You can create new JSON files under the Fixture folder, add values related to test data, and access it across any test file.

Frequently Asked Questions

Does Cypress support Page Object Model?

Of course. Cypress gives all the flexibility to play around with pages and objects in the repository. It is easy to implement.

Which Page Object Model should I use from the above examples?

There is no particular rule to stick to only one way of Page Object Model. You can use any model that has been discussed above. You are free to customize the model according to your project.

Why should I use fixtures in the Page Object Model in Cypress?

Fixture helps store sensitive data like username, password, and URLs in a separate file like JSON or excel. This ensures the application’s security and access them easily in any files across the project. To access the JSON file, we use fixtures to use it in our spec file.

• Cypress Assertion: Handson Implementation, Example
• Cypress Fixtures: Hands-on Implementation,Example
• Cypress Commands and Cypress Custom Commands:HandsOn
• Step By Step Page Object Model in Cypress with Examples
• Cypress Promise and Cypress Asynchronous: Hands-On Implementation, Example
• What is Cypress Json: Example, Schema, Detailed Hands On Analysis

In our previous article, we saw the configurations in Cypress and various options that can be configured in JSON files. This article will understand Cypress Promise and Cypress Asynchronous behaviour with hands-on implementation and examples in our project. We will also discuss how to incorporate awaits in our asynchronous code and some essential functions like wrap() and task(). Let’s get started!

Cypress Promise and Cypress Asynchronous:

Cypress Promise and Cypress Asynchronous nature are some of the essential concepts. Like any other Javascript framework, Cypress also revolves around Asynchronous and Promises. Cypress handles all the asynchronous behaviour internally, and it’s hidden from the user. We will use .then() to handle promises manually in our code. There are external packages like Cypress-promise in npm where we can manipulate the Cypress asynchronous behaviour. We will discuss each of these topics in detail.

Table of Contents

Cypress Asynchronous

As we know, Cypress is based on Node JS. Any framework that is written build from Node.js is asynchronous. Before understanding the asynchronous behavior of Cypress, we should know the difference between synchronous and asynchronous nature.

Synchronous nature

In a synchronous program, during an execution of a code, only if the first line is executed successfully, the second line will get executed. It waits until the first line gets executed. It runs sequentially.

Asynchronous nature

The code executes simultaneously, waits for each step to get executed without bothering the previous command’s state. Though we have sequentially written our code, asynchronous code gets executed without waiting for any step to complete and is completely independent of the previous command/code.

What is asynchronous in Cypress?

All Cypress commands are asynchronous in nature. Cypress has a wrapper that understands the sequential code we write, enqueues them in the wrapper, and runs later when we execute the code. So, Cypress does all our work that is related to async nature and promises!

Let’s understand an example for it.

 it('click on the technology option to navigate to the technology URL', function () {
        cy.visit('https://lambdageeks.com/') // No command is executed

        //click on the technology option
        cy.get('.fl-node-5f05604c3188e > .fl-col-content > .fl-module > .fl-module-content > .fl-photo > .fl-photo-content > a > .fl-photo-img') // Nothing is executed here too
            .click() // Nothing happens yet

        cy.url() // No commands executed here too
            .should('include', '/technology') // No, nothing.
    });
        // Now, all the test functions have completed executing
        // Cypress had queued all the commands, and now they will run in sequence

That was pretty simple and fun. We now understood how Cypress Asynchronous commands work. Let us dive deeper into where we are trying to mix sync and async code.

Mixing Cypress Synchronous and Asynchronous commands

As we saw, Cypress commands are asynchronous. When injecting any synchronous code, Cypress does not wait for the sync code to get executed; hence the sync commands execute first even without waiting for any previous Cypress commands. Let us look into a short example to understand better.

 it('click on the technology option to navigate to the technology URL', function () {
        cy.visit('https://lambdageeks.com/') 

        //click on the technology option
        cy.get('.fl-node-5f05604c3188e > .fl-col-content > .fl-module > .fl-module-content > .fl-photo > .fl-photo-content > a > .fl-photo-img')
            .click() 

        cy.url() // No commands executed here too
            .should('include', '/technology') // No, nothing.
        console.log("This is to check the log")  // Log to check the async behaviour
    });
});

The log is added at the end of the code, which is a sync command. When we run the test, you can see that the log has been printed even before the page is loaded. This way, Cypress does not wait for the synchronous command and executes it even before executing its commands.

If we want them to execute as expected, then we should wrap it inside the .then() function. Let us understand with an example.

it('click on the technology option to navigate to the technology URL', function () {
        cy.visit('https://lambdageeks.com/') 

        //click on the technology option
        cy.get('.fl-node-5f05604c3188e > .fl-col-content > .fl-module > .fl-module-content > .fl-photo > .fl-photo-content > a > .fl-photo-img')
            .click() 

        cy.url() // No commands executed here too
            .should('include', '/technology') // No, nothing.
        .then(() => {
            console.log("This is to check the log")  // Log to check the async behaviour
        });
    });

What is Cypress Promise?

As we saw above, Cypress enqueues all the commands before execution. To rephrase in detail, we can say that Cypress adds promises(commands) into a chain of promises. Cypress sums all the commands as a promise in a chain.

To understand Promises, compare them with a real-life scenario. The explanation defines the Promise in asynchronous nature too. If someone promises you, they either reject or fulfill the statement they made. Likewise, in asynchronous, promises either reject or fulfill the code we wrap in a promise.

However, Cypress takes care of all the promises, and it is unnecessary to manipulate them with our custom code. As a Javascript programmers, we get curious about using awaits in our commands. Cypress APIs are completely different than we are used to generally. We will look into this a later part of this tutorial in depth.

States of Cypress Promises

Promises have three different states based on the Cypress commands. They are

• Resolved – Occurs when the step/ command gets successfully executed.
• Pending – State where the execution has begun, but the result is uncertain.
• Rejection – Occurs when the step has failed.

As a Javascript programmer, we tend to write promises in our code and return them. For example,

//This code is only for demonstration
describe('Cypress Example ', function () {
    it('click on the technology option to navigate to the technology URL', function () {
        cy.visit('https://lambdageeks.com/')

        //click on the technology option
        cy.get('.fl-node-5f05604c3188e > .fl-col-content > .fl-module > .fl-module-content > .fl-photo > .fl-photo-content > a > .fl-photo-img')
            .then(() => {
                return cy.click();
            })

        cy.url() 
            .then(() => {
                return cy.should('include', '/technology') 
            })
    });
});

Here, we are returning promises to each of the commands. This is not required in Cypress. Fortunately, Cypress takes care of all the promises internally,and we don’t need to add promises in each step. Cypress has the retry-ability option, where it retries for a particular amount of time for executing the command. We will see an example of a code without including promises manually.

    it('click on the technology option to navigate to the technology URL', function () {
        cy.visit('https://lambdageeks.com/')

        //click on the technology option
        cy.get('.fl-node-5f05604c3188e > .fl-col-content > .fl-module > .fl-module-content > .fl-photo > .fl-photo-content > a > .fl-photo-img')
            .click()

        cy.url()
            .should('include', '/technology')
    });
});

The above code is not clumsy and is easy to read and understand. Cypress handles all the promise work, and it is hidden from the user. So we don’t have to worry about handling or returning the promises anywhere!

How do you use await in Cypress?

As discussed above, Cypress has its way of handling asynchronous code by creating a command queue and running them in sequence. Adding awaits to the commands will not work as expected. Since Cypress is handling everything internally, I would recommend not adding awaits to the code.

If you need to add awaits, you can use a third-party library like Cypress-promise that changes how Cypress works. This library will let you use promises in the commands, and use await in the code

Let us understand the ways to use awaits and how not to use them.

You should not use awaits like this

//Do not use await this way
describe('Visit the page', () => {
  (async () => {
     cy.visit('https://lambdageeks.com/')
     await cy.url().should('include', '/technology');
  })()
})

Instead, you can use like this

describe('Visit the page', () => {
  cy.visit('https://lambdageeks.com/').then(async () => await cy.url().should('include', '/technology') ())
})

This will work for any Cypress commands.

Cypress Wrap

wrap() is a function in Cypress that yields any object that is passed as an argument.

Syntax

cy.wrap(subject)
cy.wrap(subject, options)

Let us look into an example of how to access wrap() in our code.

const getName = () => {
  return 'Horse'
}

cy.wrap({ name: getName }).invoke('name').should('eq', 'Horse') // true

In the example, we are wrapping the getName and then invoke the name for it.

Cypress Wrap Promise

We can wrap the promises that are returned by the code. Commands will wait for the promise to resolve before accessing the yielded value and. then proceed for the next command or assertion.

const customPromise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
  // we use setTimeout() function to access async code.
  setTimeout(() => {
    resolve({
      type: 'success',
      message: 'Apples and Oranges',
    })
  }, 2500)
})

it('should wait for promises to resolve', () => {
  cy.wrap(customPromise).its('message').should('eq', 'Apples and Oranges')
});

When the argument in cy.wrap() is a promise, it will wait for the promise to resolve. If the promise is rejected, then the test will fail.

Cypress-promise npm

If we want to manipulate the promises of Cypress, then we can additionally use a library or package called Cypress-promise and incorporate it in our code. This package will allow you to convert a Cypress command into a promise and allows you to await or async in the code. However, these conditions will not work before or beforeEach the blocks. Initially, we should install the package in our project by passing the following command in the terminal.

npm i cypress-promise

Once installed, the terminal will look something like this.

After installation, we should import the library into our test file.

import promisify from 'cypress-promise'

With this library, you can create and override the native Cypress promise and use awaits and async in the code. You should access the promise with the promisify keyword. Let us look into an example for the same.

import promisify from 'cypress-promise'

it('should run tests with async/await', async () => {
    const apple = await promisify(cy.wrap('apple'))
    const oranges = await promisify(cy.wrap('oranges'))

    expect(apple).to.equal('apple')
    expect(oranges).to.equal('oranges')
});

This was very simple and fun to learn! This way, you can assign asynchronous code in Cypress.

Cypress Async Task

task() is a function in Cypress that runs the code in Node. This command allows you to switch from browser to node and execute commands in the node before returning the result to the code.

Syntax

cy.task(event)
cy.task(event, arg)
cy.task(event, arg, options)

task() returns either a value or promise. task() will fail if the promise is returned as undefined. This way, it helps the user capture typos where the event is not handled in some scenarios. If you do not require to return any value, then pass null value.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is Cypress Synchronous or Asynchronous?

Cypress is Asynchronous by returning the queued commands instead of waiting for the completion of execution of the commands. Though it is asynchronous, it still runs all the test steps sequentially. Cypress Engine handles all this behavior.

Is it possible to catch the promise chain in Cypress?

Cypress is designed in a way that we will not be able to catch the promises. These commands are not exactly Promises, but it looks like a promise. This way, we cannot add explicit handlers like catch.

• Cypress Assertion: Handson Implementation, Example
• Cypress Fixtures: Hands-on Implementation,Example
• Cypress Commands and Cypress Custom Commands:HandsOn
• Step By Step Page Object Model in Cypress with Examples
• Cypress Promise and Cypress Asynchronous: Hands-On Implementation, Example
• What is Cypress Json: Example, Schema, Detailed Hands On Analysis

We will discuss the JSON structure, examples, and detailed hands-on experience to write JSON in our code. But, first, let’s dive into our article!

What is Cypress Json: Example, Schema, Detailed Hands-On Analysis

In our previous article, we discussed variables and aliases and how to write our first test case. Now, we will discuss Cypress JSON and how to incorporate it into our code.

Table of Contents

• Cypress JSON File
• Default JSON Options
• Global Options
• Cypress JSON Timeout
• Cypress Read JSON File
• Screenshot and Video Options
• Viewport and Actionability
• Cypress JSON Example
• Cypress Fixture JSON Array
• Cypress env JSON
• Cypress JSON Reporter
• Cypress package-lock.json

Cypress JSON File

As we saw earlier, the first time we open our Cypress Test Runner, it creates a cypress.json file. This file is used to pass any configuration values we require. So first, we will look into the options that we can pass in our cypress.json file.

Default JSON Options

Certain options are set by default in Cypress. However, we can customize them according to our project. To identify the default values set by Cypress, navigate to the Settings folder in our Cypress Test Runner. From there, expand the Configuration option to view the default options set by Cypress.

The options are the default configurations provided by Cypress.

{
animationDistanceThreshold:5
baseUrl:null
blockHosts:null
browsers:Chrome, Firefox, Electron
chromeWebSecurity:true
component:{}
componentFolder:"cypress/component"
defaultCommandTimeout:4000
downloadsFolder:"cypress/downloads"
e2e:{}
env:null
execTimeout:60000
experimentalFetchPolyfill:false
experimentalInteractiveRunEvents:false
experimentalSourceRewriting:false
experimentalStudio:false
fileServerFolder:""
firefoxGcInterval:runMode, openMode
fixturesFolder:"cypress/fixtures"
hosts:null
ignoreTestFiles:".hot-update.js" includeShadowDom:false integrationFolder:"cypress/integration" modifyObstructiveCode:true nodeVersion:"default" numTestsKeptInMemory:50 pageLoadTimeout:60000 pluginsFile:"cypress/plugins" port:null projectId:"hpcsem" redirectionLimit:20 reporter:"spec" reporterOptions:null requestTimeout:5000 responseTimeout:30000 retries:runMode, openMode screenshotOnRunFailure:true screenshotsFolder:"cypress/screenshots" scrollBehavior:"top" supportFile:"cypress/support" taskTimeout:60000 testFiles:"/.*"
trashAssetsBeforeRuns:true
userAgent:null
video:true
videoCompression:32
videosFolder:"cypress/videos"
videoUploadOnPasses:true
viewportHeight:660
viewportWidth:1000
waitForAnimations:true
watchForFileChanges:true
}

Options

We can change the default options of Cypress by passing any arguments that are compatible with our project. As the name suggests, cypress.json is a JSON file, so we have to pass our arguments in JSON format. In our VS code, you could see that the cypress.json is empty with no arguments passed to it. Now let us see the different options that we can pass in our JSON file.

Global Options

We can pass the global options to arguments that need to be accessed globally. For example, in the table below, the Options column represents the keyword we will be passing in our JSON file; Default indicates the default value of the particular option set by Cypress, and Description indicates the meaning of the option.

Cypress JSON Timeout

Timeout is one of the most important concepts in any automation framework. Cypress provides a variety of options that helps in handling timeouts in our scripts. First, we will look into the options that we can configure.

Cypress Read JSON File

Sometimes, we will require to interact with the folders or files in our project. To interact, we have to set certain options in our cypress.json file to manipulate the files. So, first, let us look into the options available in our folders/ files configuration.

Screenshots and Video Options

We can configure our snapshots and videos in our cypress.json() file, and Cypress provides us some options to customize our configuration.

Viewport and Actionability

You can configure and pass values to change the viewport height and width with the options provided by Cypress. Actionability options can also be configured.

Cypress JSON Example

Earlier, we saw the different configurations we can pass in our cypress.json file. Now, we will look into an example of how to use them in our project.

Overriding default values in the cypress.json file

In our VS code, open the cypress.json file. We will override the defaultCommandTimeout command to 8000.

{
    "defaultCommandTimeout" : 8000
}

This is how it looks in our VS code project.

By changing the cypress.json file, it applies to the whole framework. We can verify by navigating to our Cypress settings. It has changed from a default value of 4000 to 8000

Overriding default values via the test script

We can manipulate the default values via our test script too. Instead of passing in the cypress.json file, we will pass it in our test file.

//Changing the timeout from 4 seconds to 8 seconds
Cypress.config('defaultCommandTimeout',8000)

// Test code
cy.get('#username').type(users.email)
cy.get('#pswd').type(users.password)
cy.get('#login_btn').click()

This way, we can override default values in our test file. However, this does not impact any configuration changes on the framework level. Cypress gives priority to the values in cypress.json. Lastly, it takes up the global configurations.

Cypress Fixture JSON Array

Cypress cy.fixture() is a function that loads a fixed set of data in a file. We can use the fixture as a JSON to load any values or array in the JSON file. First, let's understand how to access the JSON file in our project.

My JSON file has two properties: username and password. My JSON file name is examples.json.

{
"email": "test@gmail.com",
"password" : test123
}

In our spec file, we will access our fixture with the cy.fixture() command and the concept of aliases.

 cy.fixture('example.json').as('example')

 //Using the alias name to this keyword, So we can use globally  
        const userObj = this.userData
//looping our .json data with a new variable users
         cy.get(userData).each((users) => 
         {
              //Write the test code.
        cy.get('#username').type(users.email)
        cy.get('#pswd').type(users.password)
          }       

Cypress env JSON

Environment variables are used across many projects in organizations. We use environment variables

• when values are dynamic across different machines
• when we want to test under different environments such as staging, testing, development, production/live

These cases require us to define environment variables. However, if we set an env variable in one spec file, it is not reflected across other spec files. This is because Cypress runs each spec files independently. This way, we will need to configure env variables separately.

We access our environment files from our Cypress JSON file, i.e., cypress.json file. So we will be required to assign the option in our cypress.json file and used it across our spec file. So let us dive into our example.

We can set our environment variables in our configuration file or cypress.env.json file.

Setting environment variable in cypress.json file

We set the env property by a key-value pair. Any values passed under the keyword env fall under environment variables, and Cypress takes the argument from the env keyword. The syntax looks like the below.

{
  "env": {
    "key1": "value1",
    "key2": "value2"
  }
}

If we want to access the env variable in our spec file, we assign them as mentioned below.

Cypress.env() //returns both the key1,value1 and key2, value2

Cypress.env(key1) //returns only the value1

We will add the env configuration in our project and will access them in our spec file. In our cypress.json file, add the following configuration. We are setting our URL property and assigning them to our URL. Here, URL is the key, and https://lambdageeks.com/technology/ is the value.

{
  "env" : {
      "url" : "https://lambdageeks.com/technology/"
    }
}

As we have declared the configuration, we will access them in our spec file. It looks something like below. As mentioned above, we will be using Cypress.env() method to access the env variable.

// type definitions for Cypress object "cy"
// <reference types="cypress" />

describe('Cypress Example ', function () {

    it('accessing the environment variable', function () {

        //Calling URL from cypress.json
        cy.visit(Cypress.env('url'));

    })
})

Setting environment variable in cypress.env.json file

We can assign our environment variable in our cypress env JSON file. For that, we should create a new file called cypress.env.json at the root of the project. We will not require the env keyword; instead, we can directly access them by passing the key-value pair.

{
    "key1": "value1",
    "key2": "value2"
}

Let us look into how to assign them in our cypress.env.json file.

{
    "url" : "https://lambdageeks.com/",
    "urlTechnology" : "https://lambdageeks.com/technology/"
}

As you see above, we have created a new file, cypress.env.json, and added our URL properties. The way of accessing the environment variables would be the same as mentioned above in the previous section.

Cypress JSON Reporter

As we know, Cypress is built on top of Mocha; any reporters that are built for Mocha can be used. We can configure reporter in our JSON file globally in our cypress.json file.

The options mentioned above are the configurations set in reporter by default. In addition, the spec reporter is set by default. Thus, in the reporter, we can set any reporter that is compatible with Mocha. reporterOptions is to specify the supported options depending on the reporter we are configuring.

Let's see how to configure the reporter in our cypress.json file.

Let us consider the multi reporter mochawesome as our reporter. We will first install the reporter and add them to our cypress.json file.

npm install --save-dev mocha cypress-multi-reporters mochawesome

Install the reporter by passing the above command in the command line. Now, in our cypress.json file, add the following property.

"reporter": "cypress-multi-reporters",
  "reporterOptions": {
      "reportDir": "cypress/reports/multireports",
      "overwrite": false,
      "html": false,
      "json": true
    }

We will understand each of the properties in detail.

reporter: The name of the reporter which we are configuring in our project

reportDir: The directory where we are going to output our results.

overwrite: This flag asks for overwriting the previous reports.

html: Generates the report on the completion of the test.

json: Whether to generate a JSON file on test completion.

Cypress package-lock.json

The package-lock.json file is created automatically for any operations when npm modifies the node modules or the package.json file. When we add any options or install any new dependencies to our Cypress package JSON file, then Cypress package-lock.json gets updated automatically.

Cypess package.lock JSON file traces every package and its version so that the installs are maintained and updated on every npm install globally. So in our Cypress package JSON file, when we update the version or add any dependency, package-lock.json also gets updated, and we don't want to make any alterations to it.

• Cypress Assertion: Handson Implementation, Example
• Cypress Fixtures: Hands-on Implementation,Example
• Cypress Commands and Cypress Custom Commands:HandsOn
• Step By Step Page Object Model in Cypress with Examples
• Cypress Promise and Cypress Asynchronous: Hands-On Implementation, Example
• What is Cypress Json: Example, Schema, Detailed Hands On Analysis

In the last article, we saw what Cypress is, its architecture, the installation process, and the pre-requisites required for the installation. However, before we begin writing our tests, we need to install Cypress. Click here to get the detailed steps to install Cypress.

Cypress Example

This article will discuss the Cypress example, JSON examples, variables and aliases, and how to write test cases. So let’s get started.

Table of Contents

Cypress JSON Example

Initially, when we open our Cypress Test Runner, a cypress.json configuration file is created. We tend to store the snippet that provides a way to implement and keep some properties that help in the program or automation code to execute. Similarly, Cypress also has a JSON file to store any values that we supply as configuration properties.

Let us look into some examples that we can configure in our Cypress JSON file.

Cypress already has some default configuration values assigned. There are several options that we can customize based on our requirements. For instance, we can provide the baseURL property in our cypress.json file. So, every time we run the script, the baseURL is set and triggers.

Below is the snapshot that we have modified baseURL and watchForFileChanges properties in our Cypress.json file.

Note: We will be discussing all the options in Cypress Configuration as a separate topic later.

Open Cypress

Earlier, we saw about how to create a Cypress project. Here, we will see how to open and execute the Cypress Test runner. So let’s dive in!

If you had installed Cypress via npm, then it has been installed in the ./node_modules directory. Hence, we can open our Cypress test runner by passing an npm command from the root of our project directory.

We can open Cypress in one of the following ways

1. by giving the full path command

./node_modules/.bin/cypress open

2. by using the shortcut for npm bin

$(npm bin)/cypress open

3. by using npx

Here npx is supported only with npm > v5.2, or we can install it separately.

npx cypress open

4. by using yarn

yarn run cypress open

Now we will see how to open Cypress by passing the full path command in our terminal.

1. You have to pass the command that is mentioned above in point 1, and you can see the following in the terminal

2. After a moment, we can see the Cypress Test runner launching and will be able to view the Test runner as shown below. After the test runner has launched, you could see some sample test cases. Cypress has created a test folder in our project root that helps us with the basic setup and writing of test cases.

Now let us go back to VS Code. First, you can view some folder structures that got populated. Now let us break down each of the folder structures and look at them in detail.

Folder Structure in Cypress

As we see, Cypress has created a folder structure in our code editor. We will discuss them in detail.

Variables and Aliases

We shall discuss the variables and aliases in Cypress in detail.

As we understand and learn Cypress, it might be difficult for us to understand the Asynchronous API nature in Cypress. But as we see many examples in the future, it would become a piece of cake. Many modern browsers use asynchronous APIs, and even core Node modules are written with asynchronous code. Moreover, Asynchronous code is present everywhere in Javascript code. Therefore, we will be looking into the return values in Cypress.

Return Values In Cypress

All the Cypress commands are enqueued and run asynchronously. Therefore, we cannot assign or interact with any return values of any Cypress commands. We will see a little example of the same.

const button = cy.get("login-btn");  //this command is to get the element with the button attribute

button.click()

Closures

We cannot access the attributes of the button via the command mentioned above. Instead, we can yield Cypress commands by using .then(). We call these closures.

.then()

.then() helps you to access the thread that is yielded from the previous command. If you have understood native promises, it is the same way .then() works with Cypress. We can also nest different commands inside .then(). Each nested command can access the previous command in the loop. We will see that with an example.

cy.get('login').then(($btn) => {

  // store the button's text
  const buttonText = $btn.text()

  // we are comparing the two buttons' text
  // and ensuring they are different
  cy.get('login').should(($btn2) => {
    expect($btn2.text()).not.to.eq(buttonText)
  })
})

We have used Closures in the above example, enabling us to keep the reference of the previous command in the loop.

Variables

Usually, we tend to assign a value to a variable. But in Cypress, we barely use const, var, and let. When we are using closures, we can access the yielded objects without assigning them to a variable.

But there are some cases where we can declare a variable is when the object’s state changes (mutable objects). For example, if we require comparing an object to its previous value, we will be declaring them to a variable to compare it with the next value. Let us look into an example for this.

<button>increment</button>

You clicked button <span id="num">0</span> times

Here, the span with the count 0 keeps increasing each time we click the button. So the button object tends to change its state every time.

Now let’s look into how we can assign this to a variable in our Cypress code.

cy.get('#num').then(($span) => {
  // we are capturing the number by assigning it to a variable
  const num1 = parseFloat($span.text())

  cy.get('button')
    .click()  //we have clicked the button once
    .then(() => {
      // we are capturing the number again by assigning it to another variable
      const num2 = parseFloat($span.text())

      // we are ensuring that num1+1 is equal to num2
      expect(num2).to.eq(num1 + 1)
    })
})

Since span is changing its state every time we click the button, we can assign it to a variable to compare its present and previous state. Only in the case of mutable objects will we require variables, and using const is a good approach.

Aliases

Previously, we saw what variables and its limitation in Cypress is. To overcome this limitation, Aliases comes into the picture. Alias is one of the powerful constructs in Cypress. We will look into this in detail with examples.

Generally, Aliases can help you to work as a variable. However, there are some use cases where an alias can help us instead of a variable.

1. Reuse DOM Elements

We can alias DOM elements and later access them for reuse. Aliases also overcome the limitations of .then() command.

2. Sharing context

In simple meaning, sharing context is sharing the object between the hooks and the tests. The primary use case for sharing context is dealing with cy.fixture – which is to load a fixed set of data in a file.

How to access aliases?

Here, we will see how to access aliases. We will be using the .as() command to assign the element for later use. The required parameter is the alias name. The alias’ name is used as a reference within a cy.get() or cy.wait() using the @ prefix.

We will look into an example of how to access aliases.

cy.get('#user_login').as('username')
cy.get('@username').type('abc@gmail.com')

In the first line, we are getting the id of the user_login from DOM. We are then using .as() and declaring with a name username. In the second line, we are accessing our alias with @ symbol and performing the type action.

Cypress Test Example

We will begin writing our first test case with Cypress. It is very simple and easy. But before that, we will look into the constructs of the Cypress test.

Basic Cypress Constructs

Cypress has adopted the Mocha syntax for its test cases and uses all the options Mocha provides. Below are the basic Cypress constructs that are used in common for our test cases.

• Describe() – combines all the test cases into a single larger test and groups them together. It takes two parameters – the description of the test and a callback function.
• it() – we write individual test cases in our it() block. This block also takes two parameters- what a test does, and the second parameter is the callback function.
• after() – this executes after all the tests in the spec file.
• afterEach() – this runs after every individual test cases.
• before() – runs before all the tests in the spec file.
• beforeEach() – executes before each individual test cases.

How to write a test case?

Before we begin, we should know what a test case is, write it, and what the steps are for a basic test case.

1. Pre-requisite – The state of the application that we are going to test.

2. Action – We perform some action on the application.

3. Assertion – We assert or validate the changed behavior concerning our actions.

We will consider LamdaGeeks application for our test examples. With the same procedure, we will consider automating the following scenario

1. Visit the website https://lambdageeks.com/

2. Validate whether the title is Home – Lambda Geeks
Cypress uses cy as its type definition. We will be appending the cy command to invoke any methods.
Firstly, let’s create a new file in our code editor.

1. Create a new folder named Demo under the integration folder.

2. Under the Demo folder, create a new file sample.js. We will write our first test case in this file.

Now let us commence writing our test cases!

1. 1. Firstly, we will visit the page using the visit() method in Cypress. This command will navigate to the URL that we provide. We will encompass them inside a describe() and it() block.

//type definition for Cypress object 'cy'
/// <reference types="cypress" />

describe("Testing the application", function() {
    it("launch the application", function() {
        // visit the lambdageeks page
        cy.visit('https://lambdageeks.com/')

2. Once the application is open, we will validate the title using the get() method in Cypress .get() fetches all the css selectors from the DOM.

We are accessing the title using the title() method, and we are asserting using the Chai library with the command should by passing the first parameter as equal, in short eq. The second parameter is the string which we are expecting.

 cy.title().should('eq','Home - Lambda Geeks')

Hurray! With two simple steps, we have written our Cypress Test case.

Here is the complete code of our test case

//type definition for Cypress object 'cy'
/// <reference types="cypress" />

describe("Testing the application", function() {
    it("launch the application", function() {

        // visit the lambdageeks page
        cy.visit('https://lambdageeks.com/')

        // validate the title
        cy.title().should('eq','Home - Lambda Geeks')
       
    });
});

Cypress Login Example

We will see examples of how to automate a login page using Cypress. As we saw before, writing a test case in Cypress is simple. Now let us jump into setting the values in the text field and assertions.

1. We visit the website https://demo.applitools.com/ by using cy.visit command.

 cy.visit('https://demo.applitools.com/')

2. Enter username in the username field using type command. We will be passing the username as a string in the type as a parameter.

 cy.get('#username').type('test123')

3. Similarly, we write the same command to enter the password

 cy.get('#password').type('123')

4. Now, we click the login button using the click() method in Cypress.

cy.get('#log-in').click();

5. After logging in, we land on the app page. So we assert that the URL has the /app extension using the .include() keyword in chai. The first parameter of should is the keyword we are asserting, and the second parameter is the expected result.

cy.url().should('include', '/app')

We have written a complete code for a login functionality in five simple steps. Below is the complete code for your reference.

//type definition for Cypress object 'cy'
/// <reference types="cypress" />

describe("Testing the application", function() {
    it("should login with username and password", function() {

        // visit the lambdageeks page
        cy.visit('https://demo.applitools.com/')

        cy.get('#username').type('test123')

        cy.get('#password').type('123')

        cy.get('#log-in').click();

        cy.url().should('include', '/app')

    });
});

Solutions to Common Problems while Launching Cypress & FAQ

There might be some common problems we will face when we are trying to launch Cypress. We will discuss some of the common issues.

1. Cannot find ‘Cypress’ command during Open Cypress command

Once after installation, we should pass the open cypress command from the root of the project directory. For instance, you have created a project named CypressProject; you should pass the npm init command by navigating to the CypressProject folder. You can navigate by giving the below command in the terminal

cd CypressProject

Once you are at the root of the project, then pass the npm init command to download the dependencies.

Now to open Cypress, some people try to navigate to the /node_modules folder and ./bin and then pass the cypress open command. However, it does not work this way. So instead, give the whole open command from the root of the project directory to open Cypress.

./node_modules/.bin/cypress open

Also, be cautious about the slash ‘/’. Always provide this ‘/’ to open Cypress.

2. Cypress cannot be loaded because running scripts is disabled on this system

When you are installing Cypress in windows, you might sometimes face the above error. It is because due to a security exception. We can solve this error by passing the below command in PowerShell.

Set-ExecutionPolicy RemoteSigned

Steps to reproduce:

• Open PowerShell
• Run this command Set-ExecutionPolicy RemoteSigned
• Type Yes
• Now open the Cypress by passing ./node_modules/.bin/cypress open. Test Runner will open now.

FAQ

1. Which are the operating systems supported by Cypress?

Cypress supports Mac, Windows, and Linux operating systems.

2. Does Cypress support automation in native mobile apps?

Cypress will not be able to run on a native mobile app ever. But we can test mobile applications that are written in a browser like Iconic Frameworks.

3. Whether Cypress supports only Javascript-based applications?

No! Cypress can interact with any web browser written in languages like Ruby on Rails, Node, PHP, C#. But we will be writing our tests in Javascript. Otherwise, Cypress can interact with any front end, back end, language, and framework.

• Cypress Assertion: Handson Implementation, Example
• Cypress Fixtures: Hands-on Implementation,Example
• Cypress Commands and Cypress Custom Commands:HandsOn
• Step By Step Page Object Model in Cypress with Examples
• Cypress Promise and Cypress Asynchronous: Hands-On Implementation, Example
• What is Cypress Json: Example, Schema, Detailed Hands On Analysis

In this tutorial, we will discuss the Cypress Automation Framework in detail. We will be covering what Cypress is, how it is different from other testing frameworks, the architecture of Cypress, and the installation procedure in this article. Cypress is an exciting topic and is fun to learn too. Let’s begin!

Cypress Automation Framework

Cypress Automation Framework is a pure Javascript-based testing tool that mainly focuses on front-end testing in modern web applications. With Cypress, applications are easy to test with the visual interface to witness the test execution. Thus, Cypress comes as a boon for both developers and QA engineers by making script writing and test execution easy. In addition, it comes with a distinctive test runner, which makes DOM manipulation easy and runs directly on the Browser.

Table of Content

What is Cypress?

Cypress is faster, better and provides definitive testing that runs on a browser.Cypress is mainly compared with Selenium, but it is completely different. Cypress does not run on top of Selenium, which means it is completely independent. Instead, Cypress runs on top of Mocha, which is again a Javascript-rich test framework. It is compatible with only the Chai Assertion Library, which can access a wide range of BDD and TDD assertions.

Cypress mainly focuses on three different types of testing. They are End-to-End tests, Unit tests, and Integration tests. Cypress can execute any tests that can run in a browser. In addition, it comes along with different mocking capabilities and validations that are enthralled towards front-end testing.

The browsers that Cypress supports are Chrome, Firefox, Edge, Electron, and Brave. Moreover, cross-browser testing is easily achievable with Cypress. Finally, though Cypress supports only Javascript, it can also be written with Typescript, primarily written with Javascript.

Cypress Automation

Cypress is an open-source tool with a free Test runner but has pricing ranging for teams and businesses where they charge you for the Dashboard. However, Dashboard is free up to some extent, unless you additional features like Flake detection, Email support, Jira integration, and many more.

Cypress is mainly used to automate scripts on the web(can automate anything that runs on a browser). It can never run on native mobile apps but can automate some of the functionalities of the mobile applications if those are developed in a browser.

Features

There are many awesome features available in Cypress that stand out from any other automation tool. Here, let’s discuss some of the main features, and we’ll get introduced to other parts later once we begin writing our test cases!

1. Automatic waiting – Cypress has the advantage of automatic waiting. We will never need to add force waits and sleeps for waiting for the DOM to fetch the element. Cypress automatically waits for any interaction with elements and execution of assertions. Thus, tests are fast!
2. Time travel – Cypress captures screenshots during test execution. We can view the results visually in real-time by just hovering on the executed commands in the Dashboard. This way, the tests are easier to debug
3. Debugging tests – Cypress can debug tests from popular tools like Developer tools. The errors are readable, and stacks are easily traceable.
4. Stub requests – Cypress has options to confirm and control function behaviors, network responses, or timers used by stubs and spies.
5. Continuous Integration – Cypress does not depend on any other additional CI services. However, on running the command for the test, integration is easily accessible.

Myth about Cypress

There is a myth that Cypress can run only on Javascript-friendly web applications. However, Cypress can test any web applications built with Django, Ruby on Rails, Laravel, etc. In addition, Cypress supports any of the programming languages such as PHP, Python, Ruby, C#, etc. However, we write our tests in Javascript; beyond that, Cypress works on any application.

Components of Cypress

There are two main components in Cypress. They are Test Runner and Dashboard.

Test Runner – Cypress provides this unique test runner, where the user can view the commands during execution and application under test.

There are few subcomponents under Test runner. They are

1. Command Log – This is a visual representation of the test suite. You can see the commands executed in the test, the assertion details, and the test blocks.
2. Test Status menu – This menu shows the number of test cases that passed or failed and the time taken for execution.
3. URL Preview – This gives you information about the URL you are testing to keep track of all the URL paths.
4. Viewport sizing – You can set the app’s viewport size for testing different responsive layouts
5. App Preview – This section displays the commands that run in real-time. Here you can use Devtools to debug or inspect each base.

Dashboard: Cypress Dashboard gives the ability to access the tests that are being recorded. With Dashboard service, we can witness the number of passed, failed, or skipped tests. Also, we can view snapshots of the failed tests by using cy. screenshot() command. You can also witness the video of the entire test or the clip of the failed tests.

Cypress Architecture

Most of the testing tools run on the server outside the Browser and execute commands over the network. But, Cypress runs on the Browser where the application is also running. This way, it can access all the DOM elements and everything inside the Browser.

Node server runs behind the Cypress on the client-side. Thus, the node server and Cypress interact with each other, accompany and carry out tasks to support the execution. Since it has access to both the front and back end, the responsiveness to the application in real-time during execution is well accomplished and can also perform tasks that even run outside the Browser.

Cypress also interacts with the network layer and captures commands by reading and changing the web traffic. Finally, Cypress sends HTTP requests and responses from the node server to the Browser. Since Cypress operates in the network layer, it helps to modify the code that might interfere with the automation of the web browser. The communication between the Node server and Browser is via the WebSocket, which begins execution after the proxy is started.

Cypress controls all the commands that run in and out of the browsers. Since it is installed in a local machine, it directly interacts with the operating system to record videos, capture snapshots, accesses the network layer, and performs file system operations at ease. Cypress can access everything from DOM, window objects, local storage, network layer, and DevTools.

Install Cypress

This section will discuss the installation process that needs to be followed before writing our test cases. There are two different ways to download Cypress. They are

1. Install via npm
2. Direct Download

Before we install Cypress, we might need a few pre-requisites to kick start to install via npm. Let’s see them in detail.

Pre-requisites

We will require certain pre-requisites before writing our test cases.

• As discussed above, Cypress runs on a node server; hence we will have to install Node.js.
• Also, to write our test cases, we need a code editor or IDE.

In this example, we will be using Visual Studio Code. So let’s dive into the details.

Node.js Installation in Mac

Here, we shall discuss the steps to download Node.js in Mac. Navigate to https://nodejs.org/en/download/. You will now land on the download page.

1.Click on the macOS Installer. On clicking, You can find a package file downloaded below. Click on the pkg file to install Node.js

2. Once you click the .pkg file, the Node installer will open. The introduction section gives you the Node.js and npm versions. Click on Continue

3. Click on Agree Button and then Continue. A pop-up will appear to allow access to your files in the Download folder. Click on Ok.

4. In this section, you can select the destination to which Node.js has to be downloaded. Again, you can choose according to your system space. Here I am choosing the default location.

5. Click on the Install button. Once you click, a pop-up asking your system password would arise. Enter your password and click on Install Software.

6. Hurray! We have installed Node.js and npm package. Click on Close to finish installing.

Visual Studio Code Installation in Mac

We have successfully installed Node.js. Now let us install our code editor Visual Studio Code. VS code is a powerful tool that has all the in-built functionalities of Javascript. So let’s dive into the installation steps of Visual Studio Code.

Here we will discuss the steps to download VS code in Mac. First, navigate to https://code.visualstudio.com/download to land on the download page of VS code.

1. Click on the Mac icon. You can see a package getting downloaded below.

2. Click on the downloaded file to unzip the package. Once unzipped, you can find the Visual Studio Code in your Downloads in Finder.

3. Hurray! We have downloaded our Code editor. Click on the icon to open Visual Studio Code.

Creation of a new Cypress project

We will now see how to create a new node project in our Visual Studio Code. Once you click on the VS code icon, you will land on the Welcome page. Next, click on the Add Workspace folder to create a new folder.

Once you click on the folder, you will get a pop-up asking to add a new folder. Now click on the location you want to add the workspace. Next, click on New Folder and Add the Folder name as CypressProject and click Open.

Now we have created a folder for our Cypress test. Before we begin writing our tests, we should install the package.json file. Before installing, let us understand what is package.json file.

What is Package.json file?

Package.json comprises all the npm packages in a file, usually located in the project root. It is commonly located in the root directory of the Node.js project. This file holds all the applicable metadata necessary for the project. It gives all the information to npm and helps in identifying the project and handle dependencies. Package.json file contains information such as project name, versions, license, dependencies, and many more.
Now we have understood what is package.json file. So, let’s begin the steps to download the file in our Visual Studio code.

1. To execute our commands, we need to open the Terminal. On the top of the VS code, click on the Terminal. Once the dropdown opens, click on New Terminal.

2. Once the terminal opens, type the below command in the project directory and press Enter.

npm init

3. Once you press Enter, you can see the certain information displayed. You can type the required details in the Terminal and press Enter to obtain all the fields.

• Package name: You can provide any name to your package. I have left it blank as it is pre-populated with the folder name we created.
• Version: This gives the information of the version of npm. You can skip this and press Enter.
• Description: Here, you can give a piece of additional information to the package. If required, you can type the description and press Enter again.
• Entry point: This represents the entry point of the application. Since it is pre-populated with index.js, we can skip this field and press Enter.
• Test command: Command that is given to run the test. Here it is not necessary to give any commands, but if required, you can definitely provide any command.
• Git repository: This field requires the path to the git repository. You can leave this field blank as well.
• Keywords: Unique keywords to help identify the project. You can skip this field too.
• Author: This is usually the username of the person. You can add your name and press Enter.
• License: License is pre-populated with ISC. You can proceed by pressing Enter.

• 4. Once you press Enter, Terminal will ask for confirmation by listing all the details you provided. Type Yes and press Enter again.

We have now generated a package.json file. You can view the file in your code editor with the information we provided.

Installation steps of Cypress

We have installed all the pre-requisites for our Cypress download, node, and initialized npm. As mentioned above, there are two ways to download Cypress.

Download Cypress via npm

You will have to pass the below-mentioned command in the Terminal to install Cypress. In addition, you will have to give the command in the project directory to install the node and generated the package.json file.

npm install cypress --save-dev

Once you pass the command, it will download all the relevant dependencies required for the project. At the writing of this article, the latest version of Cypress is 7.7.0. The version might differ at the time you are downloading.

With reference to the above image, you can see that we have downloaded Cypress. You can verify by the downloaded representation in Terminal and the addition of devDependencies in the package.json file.

Direct Download

We can download Cypress directly from their CDN if you are not using the Node or npm package in the project. However, recording the tests in the Dashboard is not possible via direct download.

You can download by clicking on download Cypress directly from this link. This will now directly download the package. Once the package is downloaded, open the zip file and double click. Cypress will run without the need for any installation of dependencies. This download will always pick up the latest version based, and the platform will be detected automatically. However, downloading Cypress via npm is recommended rather than a direct download.

For more post on Technology, please visit our Technology page.

• Cypress Assertion: Handson Implementation, Example
• Cypress Fixtures: Hands-on Implementation,Example
• Cypress Commands and Cypress Custom Commands:HandsOn
• Step By Step Page Object Model in Cypress with Examples
• Cypress Promise and Cypress Asynchronous: Hands-On Implementation, Example
• What is Cypress Json: Example, Schema, Detailed Hands On Analysis