I am Sakshi Sharma, I have completed my post-graduation in applied physics. I like to explore in different areas and article writing is one of them. In my articles, I try to present physics in most understanding manner for the readers.
Horizontal displacement is a crucial concept in projectile motion, which is the study of the motion of an object that is launched into the air and follows a curved path under the influence of gravity. To find the horizontal displacement of a projectile, you can use a simple formula that relates the constant velocity, time of flight, and the resulting displacement. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll dive deep into the theory, formulas, examples, and practical applications of finding horizontal displacement.
Understanding Projectile Motion and Horizontal Displacement
Projectile motion is the motion of an object that is launched into the air and follows a curved path due to the combined effects of gravity and the object’s initial velocity. The motion can be divided into two components: the horizontal (x-axis) and the vertical (y-axis). The horizontal displacement is the distance traveled by the projectile in the horizontal direction, while the vertical displacement is the change in the object’s height.
The key factors that determine the horizontal displacement of a projectile are:
Initial Velocity (v₀): The speed at which the object is launched.
Angle of Projection (θ): The angle at which the object is launched relative to the horizontal.
Time of Flight (t): The total time the object is in the air.
Horizontal Displacement Formula
The formula for calculating the horizontal displacement of a projectile is:
Δx = v₀ × cos(θ) × t
Where:
– Δx is the horizontal displacement of the projectile.
– v₀ is the initial velocity of the projectile.
– θ is the angle of projection (relative to the horizontal).
– t is the time of flight.
This formula assumes that the projectile is launched from ground level and that air resistance is negligible.
Examples and Numerical Problems
Let’s go through some examples and numerical problems to better understand the application of the horizontal displacement formula.
Example 1: Finding Horizontal Displacement
Given:
– Initial velocity (v₀) = 20 m/s
– Angle of projection (θ) = 45°
– Time of flight (t) = 5 s
In a physics lab, a student launches a projectile from the top of a ramp with a known vertical height (Δh). The time taken for the projectile to travel a horizontal distance of 1 m is measured as 0.30 s. Calculate the initial horizontal velocity (u₆).
Solution:
u₆ = Δx / t
u₆ = 1 m / 0.30 s
u₆ = 3.33 m/s
Example 5: Video Explanation
In a video demonstration, a projectile is launched with a constant velocity (v₀) of 15 m/s, and the time of flight (t) is 4 seconds. Calculate the horizontal displacement (Δx).
Solution:
Δx = v₀ × t
Δx = 15 m/s × 4 s
Δx = 60 m
Example 6: Physics Classroom Explanation
A projectile is launched with a constant velocity (v₀) of 20 m/s, and the time of flight (t) is 6 seconds. Calculate the horizontal displacement (Δx).
Solution:
Δx = v₀ × t
Δx = 20 m/s × 6 s
Δx = 120 m
Factors Affecting Horizontal Displacement
Several factors can influence the horizontal displacement of a projectile:
Angle of Projection (θ): The angle of projection affects the horizontal and vertical components of the initial velocity. The maximum horizontal displacement occurs when the angle of projection is 45°.
Time of Flight (t): Longer time of flight results in greater horizontal displacement.
Air Resistance: Air resistance can reduce the horizontal displacement, especially for projectiles with high velocities or long flight times.
Gravitational Acceleration (g): The value of gravitational acceleration (9.8 m/s²) affects the vertical motion of the projectile, which in turn influences the horizontal displacement.
Practical Applications and Considerations
The concept of horizontal displacement is widely used in various fields, such as:
Sports and Athletics: Horizontal displacement is crucial in sports like long jump, high jump, and shot put, where athletes aim to maximize the distance traveled.
Military and Ballistics: Horizontal displacement is essential in the design and trajectory calculations of artillery, missiles, and other projectile-based weapons.
Engineering and Construction: Horizontal displacement is considered in the design of structures, such as bridges and buildings, to ensure stability and safety.
Astronomy and Astrophysics: Horizontal displacement is relevant in the study of the motion of celestial bodies, such as comets and asteroids, and their potential impact on Earth.
When applying the horizontal displacement formula in practical situations, it’s important to consider the following:
Assume the projectile is launched from ground level and air resistance is negligible.
Use consistent units (e.g., meters for distance, seconds for time) to ensure accurate calculations.
Consider the effects of other factors, such as wind, air resistance, and the curvature of the Earth, if they are significant in the specific scenario.
Conclusion
Mastering the concept of horizontal displacement is crucial for understanding projectile motion and its applications in various fields. By using the provided formula, examples, and practical considerations, you can confidently calculate the horizontal displacement of a projectile and apply this knowledge to solve real-world problems. Remember to always double-check your units and assumptions to ensure the accuracy of your results.
In our daily life we encounter many resting objects having gravitational energy due to earth’s gravity which exert a pulling force on each object downwards or because of vertical position of object. This energy is not because of motion of and object, although it get converted into kinetic energy when objects come into motion.
A dam is a structure that prevents or restricts the passage of water or subterranean streams. Dams establish ponds that supply water for crops, public sustenance, commercial use, fishing, and transportation, in addition to preventing floods. A dam that retains water at a high elevation contains energy that is converted to another form as the water flows down.
A dam’s role is to seize or hold water, drainage, or liquid-borne pollutants for a variety of purposes, including flood management, domestic supply of water, cultivation, and animal water system, power production, mine wastes confinement, recreation, and control of pollution. Gravitational potential energy is present in the water close to the top in the dam.
As the water rushes down via tubes inside the dam, this energy is converted to kinetic energy. Power stations are being installed inside the dam and will be rotated by the rushing water. As a result, the dam has energy potential. This energy is turned to kinetic energy when it is enabled to move. On the lower level, the dam is significantly wider compared to the upper.
That’s because the water pressure is significantly higher farther down, and the dam must be strong at the bottom to resist the immense pressure. The amount of water over a certain place on the dam’s walls determines the amount of force put to the dam’s walls. As a result of the vast depth, water pressure is quite strong near the bottom. The dam takes on a new form as a result.
A vehicle parked at the top of the mountain of a hill
Assume a vehicle on a slope to analyze potential and kinetic energy of that vehicle. The vehicle does have the highest potential energy whenever it hit the peak of the slope. Its kinetic energy becomes zero when it is resting motionless. Since it goes down the hill, the vehicle expends potential energy and gains kinetic energy.
Potential energy is usually transformed to kinetic energy. Because of its posture, the yo-yo contains energy conserved before it started to drop. The yo-yo has the highest potential energy stored when it is at its peak. Potential energy is transferred to kinetic energy when the temperature decreases.
Its potential energy has been turned into kinetic energy at the base, and it now has the highest kinetic energy. The energy of moving object is known as kinetic energy. Kinetic energy exists in a rubber band travelling through the sky. Whenever we walk or run, we are displaying kinetic energy in your body.
Water from a river flows to the peak of a waterfall
Now let consider the concept of energy preservation to understand from which the energy of dropping water originates. As per the notion, energy cannot be created or eliminated, but only converted from one form to another. Gravitational potential energy exists in the water at the peak of a really steep waterfall. This energy is transformed into kinetic energy when the waterfalls, leading to a high flow.
As the flowing water collides with the quantity of water at the floor of the waterfall, it spurts wildly and carelessly in all directions. Some portion of the kinetic energy obtained by falling water is now turned into randomized movement kinetic energy. As a consequence, the water’s inner energy grows, and the temperature of the water at the base of the falls raises.
A book on the edge of slipping off a table
A book on a table has less gravitational energy than a book on top of a larger office and less gravitational energy than a heavy book on a single table because An material’s length, weight, and toughness have a greater impact on all of its gravitational energy than the comparison point.
When the book is elevated above the ground to maintain it on the table, certain external factors counteract the gravitational attraction. If the book drops to the ground, the force of gravity gives it appealing force. The book dropping from the table receives acceleration owing to gravity, causing the potential energy to be transformed into kinetic energy.
A child at the peak of a slide
If a person rests at the top of a slide for the first time, he or she is packed with potential energy. Potential energy is any energy conserved that may fall or move. It can be found in anything or entity that can fall or move. When the child starts to slip, potential energy is converted to kinetic energy. Kinetic energy may be found in every moving thing. The weight and velocity of an object define the amount of kinetic energy it has.
As a result, the kinetic energy of a person falling down a slide is determined by two connected factors: how much the person weighs and how quickly they are travelling. A person’s kinetic energy is there regardless of which way they are sliding down the slide or at what angle they are sliding.
Destroying mechanism in the shape of a giant ball
The weight and altitude beyond the baseline of an item have a proportional connection with gravitational potential energy. As the object is elevated, its gravitational potential energy develops. The massive weight of the destroying ball and the altitude with which it is lifted determine the gravitational potential energy of the ball.
Take a seat on a swing and allow someone push you. you move away. And how if the guy who shoved you leaves and you wish to swing up much faster? Unless you’ve been in second grade, you already know the answer. One may help himself swing faster by just kicking one’s legs, extending them forward then pulling them up underneath him. Have you ever thought about why this is the case?
Swings function by changing potential energy to kinetic energy and afterwards returning to potential energy. The quick component of swinging is kinetic energy; it’s the pace with which you run back and forth. The highest portion of swinging contains potential energy. The taller you get on the swing, the more energy you have now in reserve.
A ripe fruit until it breaks away from the branch
This basic attraction force attracts all matter to one another. Because it is the smallest known force in nature, it has no effect on the inner properties of regular matter. The weight, or downwards force of gravity, that all bodies on Earth experience is proportional to their mass and is exerted on them by the Earth’s mas
Between both the fruits and the earth, there is a force of gravity at work. As a result, the fruit that has been removed from the tree falls to the earth owing to gravity. When fruit is attached to the branch it contains gravitational potential energy.
A kind of retained energy is gravitational potential energy (GPE). The height at which an entity goes determines the shift in gravitational potential energy. A flower pot hanging off of the deck contains gravitational potential energy because it is hanged at some height with respect to ground.
When the plane lifts off, the engines give the energy, which is transferred from chemical energy (fuel) to mechanical energy (the spinning of fan blades, or, in some cases, propellers).
Caused by friction, a significant amount of energy is released as thermal (heat) and acoustic energy during flight. As the plane moves the air around it, some is lost as well. When you land, your drag rises. Kinetic and potential energy diminish as speed and altitude diminish. They are converted into extra heat and acoustic energy in the air, as well as kinetic energy.
Simple pendulum
Mechanical energy is preserved in a simple pendulum with no resistance. Overall mechanical energy is made up of kinetic and gravitational potential energy. Since the pendulum swings backwards and forward on, kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy are constantly exchanged.
The pendulum is briefly immobile at its maximum height. Here really is zero kinetic energy in the pendulum and the entirety of the energy is gravitational potential energy. The pendulum is at its fastest at the lowest position. The pendulum has no gravitational potential energy, so most of the energy is kinetic and that is how total energy stays stable over time.
Q. If two objects fall from different heights, one from 5 floor and another from 6th floor, which one will hit the ground with more force?
If two objects fall from various elevations, one from the fifth floor and the other from the sixth floor, one will fall from the fifth-floor window while the other will fall from the sixth-floor window. which one will hit the ground with more force?
The gravitational potential energy of an item increases as it rises in altitude. The longer the distance through which anything falls, the more GPE the object loses as it falls. Because the majority of this GPE is converted to kinetic energy, the higher the object begins, the quicker it will fall when it strikes the earth.
As a result, the height at which an object moves determines the change in gravitational potential energy. So, the object falling from sixth floor will hit the ground with more force.
Q. What is the examples of gravitational energy?
A pendulum is a nice demonstration of gravitational energy since it repeatedly converts gravitational potential energy to kinetic energy.
As a result, the bob’s kinetic energy will be at its most at the foot of the swing, while its gravitational potential energy is at its lowest. The kinetic energy of the bob is converted back to gravitational potential energy because it swings higher. Because some energy is transmitted as heat to the environment, the bob’s swing would fall lower with each swing.
Q. Define gravitational energy?
The potential energy that a huge entity has with respect to some other large object because of gravity is defined as gravitational potential energy.
It is also the gravitational field’s potential energy, that arises as things move towards one another. When the two items are placed close together, the energy increases. The energy that an item has as a result of its location (in a gravitational or electric field) or its state is known as potential energy (as a stretched or compressed spring, as a chemical reactant, or by having rest mass).
Each single matter in the cosmospulls almost every solid weight with a force that is exactly proportionate to the product of their weights and inversely proportional to the square of the distances among them, according to Newton’s law of gravity.
Q. How potential energy works?
Since power is necessary to lift items over Earth’s gravity, gravitational energy is the potential energy that is key requirement with gravitational force.
Water in an inflated pool or maintained beyond a dam demonstrates gravitational potential energy, which is illustrated by water in an inflated pool or maintained beyond a dam. When an item drops from one point to another inside a gravitational influence, the object’s gravitational potential energy decreases by the same quantity.
B field and H field are two slightly related terms but they are used for two different fields. In this post, we’ll look at the differences between B field vs H field.
The actual magnetic field within a substance is represented by the magnetic flux density, which is the pattern of magnetic field lines, or flux, per unit cross-sectional area. On the other hand, the H field is magnetic field strength that is caused by an exogenous current and is not inherent in the substance.
Vector B is used to depict the magnetic flux density. H is the vector that represents the magnetic field strength or magnetic field intensity. The SI unit of measurement is amperes per meter.
Insimple words, one can understand magnetic field strength H, as a magnetic field that is generated due to the flow of current in a wire, while magnetic flux density B can be understood as a total magnetic field containing magnetization M that is created by magnetic properties of a substance in the field.
The magnetizing field H is fairly modest when a current runs in a wire wrapped around a soft-iron cylinder, yet the real mean magnetic field is rather strong.
Magnetic field strength formula
Magnetic field strength is calculated by the formula given below;
H=B/(μ-M)
Here H is magnetic field strength, B is magnetic flux density, μ is magnetic permeability and M is magnetization.
It is expressed in SI units as Amperes per meter.
Magnetic flux density formula
Magnetic flux density can be calculated by the formula given below;
B= Hμ
Here B is magnetic flux density, μ is magnetic permeability and H is magnetic field strength.
It is expressed in Weber per square meter, which is the same as Tesla
.
The relation between B, H, and I
As we know that magnetic strength, symbolized by H, is a number that characterizes magnetic phenomena from the perspective of their magnetic fields. The magnetic field strength at a particular position can be expressed in terms of H. The magnetic field and magnetic strength, as well as the permeability of space, is determined by the intensity of magnetization.
So magnetic strength is a term used to describe magnetic phenomena concerning the magnetic field. The magnetic strength ‘H’ is calculated using the equation B=μ0H …………………(1)
Here H shows magnetic field strength and B is a magnetic field.
Magnetic field B can be expressed as B= μ0(H+MZ) ……………(2)
Here MZis magnetization.
Mathematically magnetization and magnetic strength are related by this formula given below;
MZ= χH …………..(3)
Here χH is magnetic susceptibility.
Magnetic susceptibility for paramagnetic materials is low and positive, while magnetic susceptibility for diamagnetic materials is low and negative. We may express equations 1,2 and 3 as given below;
B= μ0(1+χH)……………(4)
That is how B= μ0 μr H
As μ= μ0 μr
So, B= μ H
Where μr=(1+χ)
μr is a dimensionless quantity and also called relative magnetic permeability of the material.
If I is the magnetization intensity and B is the magnetic field within the material, then magnetic strength H in vector form may be represented as below;
H= (B μ0) -I
Again simplifying,
So the relation between B, H and I is B=μ0(H+I)
Hysteresis loop (B-H Graph)
The Hysteresis curve is obtained by plotting Magnetization M or Magnetic Field B as a relation of Magnetic Field Strength H (i.e. M-H or B-H graph). A ferromagnetic material’s permeability can be negative or positive and can vary from zero to infinity.
Hysteresis is described as the delay in a variable attribute of a system concerning the effect that produces it when that effect changes. In ferromagnetic materials, the magnetic flux density B falls behind the fluctuating exterior magnetizing field strength H. The hysteresis curve is generated by displaying the graph of B-field versus H by putting the material through a full cycle of H values, as shown below
Hysteresis loop of B field vs H field
Assume a ferromagnetic material sample that has not been magnetized. At O, the magnetic field strength H is originally zero. When H is raised steadily over time, magnetic induction B rises nonlinearly along the magnetization curve (OACDE). Nearly all of the magnetic domains are oriented parallel to the magnetic field at point E.
A further rise in H does not result in a boost in B. The magnetic saturation point of a substance is designated by E. Permeability values produced from the equationμ=BH along the curve is usually positive and span a large range. At the “knee” (point D) of the curve, the greatest permeability that is 105μ0occurs.
After that H is reduced to zero and B decreases from its saturation point E to that point F. Some magnetic domains fail to keep alignment but some magnetic domains keep their alignment and. This indicates that the material still has some magnetic flux density B.
The curve for decreasing H values (demagnetization curve EF) is displaced by a quantity FO from the curve for rising H values (that is magnetization curve OE). The quantity of FO shift is referred to as retentivity.
At point “I,” B achieves saturation in the opposite direction as H increases to high negative values. Almost all magnetic domains are aligned in opposite directions to point E of positive saturation. H is switched from its most negative to its most positive value. Then B arrives at point “J.” This point demonstrates residual magnetism of the same order as for positive H values (OF=OJ).
H is grown in a positive way from zero to maximum. Then, at point “K,” B reaches zero. It does not, therefore, travel through the graph’s origin. The quantity of field H necessary to cancel out the residual magnetism OJ maintained in the reverse way is shown by OK.
H is raised from location k in a positive direction, then B approaches saturation at point “E” and the loop is closed.
Frequently asked questions FAQs
Q. What is retentivity?
A measurement of the remaining flux density related to a magnetic material’s saturation.
Whenever a substance’s magnetization is removed following saturation, it can still preserve a little quantity of magnetic field (The value of B at point E on the hysteresis curve).
Q. What is residual magnetism or residual flux?
The remnant magnetism and retentivity are the identical when the material is magnetized to saturation.
Themagnetic flux density B remains in the substance when the magnetizing field strength H is zero. It might be lower than the retentivity value.
Q. What is Coercivity?
It refers to the amount of reversed magnetizing field strength that must be given to a magnetic substance for the magnetic flux density of ferromagnetic material to revert to zero after saturation. (On the hysteresis curve, the valueof H at point G.)
Q. What is Reluctance?
It refers to a ferromagnetic material’s resistance to the formation of a magnetic field. The impedance in an electrical circuit is equivalent to reluctance.
Q. What is Permeability?
The flexibility with which a magnetic flux may be created in a material is measured by its permeability. In the B-H graph, X is negative in the II and IV quadrants and positive in the I and III quadrants (i.e. the Hysteresis curve).
We often get confused between Magnetic flux and magnetic field. Here in this article, we will discuss differences, similarities, and other interesting facts about magnetic flux vs magnetic field
Magnetic flux and magnetic field both are characteristics of a magnet. The major distinction among magnetic flux and the magnetic area is that magnetic area is area close to the magnet or current-sporting conductor wherein magnetic pressure may be felt, on the alternative hand, magnetic flux is the range of magnetic area traces passing via an area.
Magnetic field
A magnetic field is an area in space where mobile ions and magnetic polarities are subjected to a force (Considering the lack of electric field, because that also exerts force).
The force felt is proportional to the intensity of the magnetic area. Magnetic field lines may be used to symbolize a magnetic field. Magnetic field lines are brought nearer together under a greater magnetic field.
On the magnetic field line, an arrowhead can be made such that the field lines flow in the direction of a north pole positioned in the magnetic field. Placing metal particles in a magnetic field and letting them line up produces the form of magnetic field lines. The force experienced by a particle of charge q moving through the magnetic field at a velocity may be used to describe the magnetic field intensity;
F→= qv→ * B→
If the magnetic field and motion of particles are perpendicular to each other, then we get
F→= qvB
When the word “magnetic field” refers to a quantity rather than a place, it is almost always refers to the magnetic field strength. The Tesla is the SI unit for measuring magnetic field intensity (T). The depth of the Earth’s magnetic field varies through location, however it’s far at the order of microteslas.
The quantity of magnetic subject that passes throughout an area is measured with the aid of using magnetic flux. Magnetic flux is described as the “number” of magnetic subject strains journeying thru a given area in a simplified manner. The term “magnetic subject” refers to a place wherein a magnetic pressure can be experienced. The magnetic subject is totally depending on the magnet that generates it. Magnetic fields of a few teslas are produced by magnets used in MRI equipment in hospitals, and the highest magnetic field we’ve been able to build is roughly 90 T.
Magnetic flux
The quantity of magnetic subject that passes throughout an area is measured with the aid of using magnetic flux. As a result, this amount is affected not only by the strength of the magnetic field but also by the size of the region. Magnetic flux is described as the “number” of magnetic subject strains journeying thru a given area in a simplified manner.
The precise definition of magnetic flux, on the other hand, is presented via vector calculus. The magnetic flux Φ is calculated by integrating the magnetic field across a surface in this way;
Φ = ∫B→.dA→
If magnetic field of strength B passes normal to an area A, the above equation simplifies into this
Φ = BA
SI unit of magnetic flux is Weber (Wb). 1Wb= 1T m2
The net magnetic flux across a closed surface, according to Gauss’s equation of magnetism, is zero. This indicates that magnetic field lines make complete loops, and thus a north pole without a south pole, and vice versa is impossible. Even though no research has yet identified them, some hypotheses anticipate the presence of so-called “magnetic monopoles.”
The magnetic flux is, if we use a typical smooth surface with area A as our testing area and that there is an angle θ between the normal to the surface and a magnetic field vector (magnitude B).
Φ = B A cosθ
where A→ , the area vector, is described as a vector perpendicular to the loop’s plane with a magnitude equal to the loop’s area AA . The area vector is measured in m2 in SI units.
The angle is 0 when the surface is perpendicular to the field, and the magnetic flux is simply BA.
Magnetic flux vs magnetic field
S. no.
Magnetic flux
Magnetic field
1.
The amount of magnetic field lines that flow through a certain region is referred to as magnetic flux.
The term “magnetic subject” refers to a place wherein a magnetic force can be experienced.
2.
Magnetic flux is influenced by the area and direction of a region as well as the magnet that generates the field.
The magnetic subject is totally depending on the magnet that generates it.
3.
The SI unit of magnetic flux is Weber (Wb). 1Wb= 1T m2
The Tesla is the SI unit for measuring magnetic field intensity (T).
4.
Φ = BA
F→= qvB
Magnetic flux vs magnetic field strength
The amount of the magnetic field in a material that arises from an external current and is not intrinsic to the material itself is known as magnetic field strength, often known as magnetic intensity or magnetic field intensity.
It is calculated in amperes per meter and is denoted with the aid of using vector H. H is described as
H= B/(mu-M) , in which B is the magnetic flux density, that’s a degree of the actual magnetic field inside a fabric expressed as a attention of magnetic field lines, or flux, per unit cross-sectional area; M is the magnetization.
The magnetic field H may be assumed of just like the magnetic discipline generated with the aid of using modern-day flowing via wires, at the same time as the magnetic field B may be concept of as the overall magnetic field, which incorporates the contribution M from the magnetic houses of the substances withinside the field.
The magnetizing field H is weak whenever a current flows in a coiled wire around a soft-iron cylinder, however, the actual average magnetic field (B) inside the iron could be numerous times greater since B is vastly strengthened by the orientation of the iron’s numerous tiny natural atomic magnets in the field’s way.
Magnetic field and magnetic flux relation
A magnetic field is represented through separate vectors: one known as magnetic flux density, or magnetic induction, is represented through B, and every other known as magnetic field strength, or magnetic field intensity, is represented through H.
H= B/(mu-M) it shows relationship between magnetic flux density that is B and magnetic field intensity that is H.
Difference between magnetic flux and magnetic flux density
Magnetic flux is a scalar quantity, at the same time as magnetic flux density is a vector quantity. The scalar is product of the magnetic flux density and the vicinity vector is magnetic flux. Magnetic flux is a constant value on the other hand magnetic flux density is varying quantity.
Problems
Problem 1:
In a homogeneous magnetic field of strength 0.6 T, a rectangular loop with a side length of 4 cm is placed so that the loop’s plane creates a 45-degree angle with the magnetic field. What is the flux that flows through the square loop?
Magnetic flux vs magnetic field
Solution: Given values are ;
l = 4cm
B= 0.6T
Φ = 45°
Placing given values in magnetic flux formula,
Φ = B A cos θ
Φ= (0.6)(0.04*0.04)\cos 45°
Φ= 0.68mWb
Angle θ = 45° is the angle between B→ and a unit vector normal to the surface.
And the given angle θ = 45° is with surface of the loop not with vector normal to the surface that is
n^
Problem 2:
A circular loop of area 200cm2 placed in the xz plane
Then, a uniform magnetic field of B→= 0.2i^+0.3j^T applied on it. What is the
(a) Magnitude of the magnetic field
(b) Magnetic flux through the square loop?
Solution:
(a) The magnitude of a vector such as
R→= Rxi^+Ry j^ is given by the formula ;
R→= Rxi^+Ryj^= √Rxi^2+Ryj^2
so, strength (magnitude) of the magnetic field is determined as
B= √[(0.2)2+(0.3)2]= 0.36 T
(b) This circular loop is positioned at right angle with the y axis so a unit vector perpendicular to it is written as
y^=n^
Now we use the scalar definition of magnetic flux as Φ =B→n^ to find it as below
Φ =B→n^
= 0.2i^+0.3j^c.j^*200*10-4
= (0.2i^c.j^+0.3j^.j * 0.2)
= 0.3*0.2
= 0.06 T
We have used 1cm2= 10-4m2 this conversion rule in above solution.
Frequently asked questions |FAQs
Q. What is the distinction between B and H?
Ans. The distinction between B and H is that B represents magnetic flux density whereas H represents magnetic field strength.
Q. When is the magnetic flux at its greatest?
Ans. When the magnetic flux across a coil is equal to zero, it is at its peak. As a result, equal this formula to zero and calculate the angle between the coil’s plane and the lines of force.
Q. On what parameter magnetic flux depends?
Ans. The magnetic flux is determined by the surface form and the contained current.
Q. What is the relationship between magnetic field and flux?
Ans. The magnet has characteristics like magnetic field and flux. The magnetic field is the space where mobile ions are subjected to force, and the magnetic flux indicates how many magnetic lines of force travel through it. A closed-loop is formed by the magnetic lines of force.
Ans: Current is induced by a shift in magnetic field in the following way:
The above-mentioned shift in magnetic field strength causes emf.The electric potential (voltage) that permits the movement of charges per unit time is known as the electromagnetic field (EMF).The electric current is created by the passage of charges. This current is known as induced current because it is induced by a variation in magnetic field intensity.
High friction refers to the resistance encountered when two surfaces come into contact with each other. It is a force that opposes the motion of an object and can be observed in various everyday situations. One common example of high friction is when you try to push a heavy object, such as a car, and it is difficult to get it moving. Another example is when you walk on a rough surface, like a gravel path, and your shoes grip the ground firmly. High friction is also experienced when you try to write with a pen on a rough paper surface. These examples demonstrate how friction can make it harder to move objects or change their state of motion.
Key Takeaways
Example
Description
Pushing a heavy object
It requires more force to overcome the resistance and get the object moving.
Walking on a rough surface
The friction between your shoes and the ground provides stability and prevents slipping.
Writing on rough paper
The friction between the pen and the paper allows the ink to transfer onto the surface.
High Friction Examples in Everyday Life
Friction is a force that occurs when two surfaces come into contact and resist each other’s motion. It plays a significant role in our daily lives, providing us with stability and control in various activities. Let’s explore some examples of high friction in everyday life.
Driving a Vehicle on a Surface
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When you drive a vehicle on a surface, such as a road or a parking lot, friction comes into play. The tires of the car grip the road surface, creating a high frictional force that allows the vehicle to move forward. Without friction, the tires would simply slide on the road, making it impossible to control the car.
Applying Brakes to Stop a Moving Vehicle
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When you apply the brakes to stop a moving vehicle, friction is essential in bringing the vehicle to a halt. The brake pads press against the rotating wheels, creating a high frictional force that converts the kinetic energy of the moving vehicle into heat. This frictional resistance slows down the vehicle and eventually brings it to a stop.
Skating
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Skating, whether it’s ice skating or roller skating, relies on friction to control movement. The blades or wheels of the skates grip the surface, creating a high frictional force that allows skaters to maneuver and change direction. Without friction, skaters would simply slide uncontrollably.
Walking on the Road
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When you walk on the road, friction between the soles of your shoes and the ground helps you maintain balance and prevent slipping. The high frictional force between your shoes and the road surface allows you to push off and move forward with each step. Without friction, walking would be challenging and unstable.
Writing on a Notebook/Blackboard
Image credit: “Snappy goat”
When you write on a notebook or a blackboard, friction between the pen or chalk and the surface is crucial. The high frictional force between the writing instrument and the paper or board allows you to create legible marks. Without friction, the pen or chalk would simply slide across the surface without leaving any trace.
Flying of Airplanes
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Even though airplanes fly in the air, friction still plays a role in their operation. The wings of an airplane generate lift by creating a pressure difference between the upper and lower surfaces. This pressure difference is achieved by the shape of the wings and the high frictional force between the air and the wing surfaces.
Drilling a Nail into the Wall
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When you drill a nail into the wall, friction is essential in keeping the nail in place. The high frictional force between the nail and the wall surface prevents it from easily sliding out. This allows you to hang objects securely without worrying about them falling down.
Sliding on a Garden Slide
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When you slide down a garden slide, friction between your body and the slide surface provides the necessary resistance. The high frictional force slows down your descent, ensuring a controlled and enjoyable sliding experience. Without friction, sliding down the slide would be too fast and potentially dangerous.
These examples highlight the importance of friction in our everyday lives. Whether it’s driving, walking, or engaging in various activities, friction allows us to have control, stability, and safety. So the next time you encounter friction, remember its role in making things possible!
Lighting a Matchstick
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Lighting a matchstick is a simple yet fascinating process. By striking the match against a rough surface, we create the necessary friction to ignite the match head. This friction generates heat, which then causes the chemicals on the match head to react, resulting in a flame. It’s a perfect example of how friction plays a crucial role in our daily lives.
Friction, in physics, is the force that resists the relative motion between two surfaces in contact. There are different types of friction, including static friction, kinetic friction, and sliding friction. When it comes to lighting a matchstick, we primarily rely on static friction to initiate the flame.
Static friction is the force that prevents an object from moving when a force is applied to it. In the case of a matchstick, the frictional force between the match head and the striking surface keeps the matchstick stationary until we apply enough force to overcome this static friction. Once the matchstick starts moving, the static friction transitions into kinetic friction, which allows the matchstick to slide along the striking surface.
Now, let’s shift our focus to another interesting topic related to friction: dusting a foot mat or carpet by beating it with a stick.
Dusting a Foot Mat/Carpet by Beating it with a Stick
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Dusting a foot mat or carpet by beating it with a stick is a common practice to remove dust, dirt, and debris that accumulate on the surface. This method utilizes the principle of friction to dislodge and remove particles from the mat or carpet fibers.
When we beat the foot mat or carpet with a stick, the impact creates a high friction force between the stick and the mat/carpet surface. This frictional force helps to loosen the dust particles that have settled within the fibers. The repeated strikes cause the particles to dislodge and become airborne, allowing them to be easily swept away or vacuumed.
The high friction surfaces of the stick and the mat/carpet work together to create an aggregate value of resistance, resulting in the abrasion of the dust particles. The stick’s surface, which is generally rough or textured, helps to polish the mat/carpet surface, removing any stubborn dirt or stains.
In the case of a car, friction also plays a crucial role in the braking system. When we apply the brakes, the brake pads come into contact with the brake discs or drums, creating friction. This frictional force helps to stop the car by converting the kinetic energy of the moving car into heat energy. The higher the friction between the brake pads and the braking surface, the quicker the car comes to a halt.
Similarly, when we touch a high friction surface like a carpet, we can feel the resistance or frictional force as we move our hand across it. This resistance is due to the microtexture of the carpet fibers, which create a high friction coefficient. This high friction coefficient allows the carpet to provide traction and prevent slipping, making it a suitable flooring option for areas where safety is a concern, such as staircases.
Friction is not only essential in our daily lives but also finds applications in various industries. For example, in sports like rock climbing, the friction between the climber’s hands and the rock surface allows them to grip and ascend. In engineering, high friction materials are used in applications where increased friction is desired, such as conveyor belts or brake pads.
Understanding High Friction
Friction is a fundamental concept in physics that plays a crucial role in our daily lives. It refers to the resistance encountered when two surfaces come into contact and try to slide or move against each other. Understanding high friction is important as it helps us comprehend the factors that contribute to this resistance and its various applications.
What Produces Friction?
Friction is caused by the interaction between the surfaces of two objects. When these surfaces come into contact, irregularities at the microscopic level, such as bumps and ridges, create resistance. This resistance is known as frictional force. There are different types of friction, including static friction, kinetic friction, and sliding friction.
Static friction occurs when two surfaces are at rest and trying to move against each other. It prevents objects from sliding until a certain force is applied to overcome the static frictional resistance. Once the force exceeds the static friction, the objects start moving, and kinetic friction comes into play. Kinetic friction is the resistance encountered when two surfaces are in motion relative to each other. Sliding friction, on the other hand, refers to the resistance experienced when an object slides across a surface.
Which Surfaces Have the Most Friction?
The amount of friction between two surfaces depends on several factors. One of the key factors is the nature of the surfaces themselves. Surfaces with high friction coefficients tend to have a rough texture or microtexture, which increases the frictional force. For example, a carpet has a higher friction coefficient compared to a smooth tile floor. The carpet’s fibers create more resistance, making it harder to slide or move on.
Another factor that affects friction is the force applied between the surfaces. The greater the force, the higher the frictional resistance. For instance, when you apply the brakes in a car, the brake pads come into contact with the surface of the brake rotor. The force applied by the brake caliper increases the friction, allowing the car to stop.
High Friction Combinations of Surfaces
Certain combinations of surfaces result in high friction. These combinations are often utilized in various applications where increased friction is desirable. Here are a few examples:
Rock Climbing: Rock climbers rely on high friction surfaces to grip and ascend steep rock faces. The rubber soles of climbing shoes provide excellent traction on rough rock surfaces, allowing climbers to maintain their grip.
Automotive Brakes: The friction between the brake pads and the brake rotors is crucial for stopping a car. High friction materials, such as ceramic or composite brake pads, are used to ensure efficient braking performance.
Tire Friction: The friction between tires and the road is essential for maintaining control and preventing skidding. Tire manufacturers design tread patterns and use high friction rubber compounds to maximize grip on different road surfaces.
Safety Measures: High friction surfaces are often employed in safety measures to prevent accidents. For example, textured or abrasive materials are used on stair treads or walkways to provide better traction and reduce the risk of slipping.
The Impact of High Friction
Friction is a fundamental concept in physics that describes the resistance encountered when two surfaces come into contact and try to slide past each other. It plays a crucial role in our daily lives, affecting various aspects of our environment, technology, and even sports. While friction is essential for many processes, such as walking or driving, high levels of friction can have both beneficial and detrimental effects.
What Can Happen if Friction is Too High or Too Low?
Friction can have different effects depending on whether it is too high or too low. When friction is too high, it can cause excessive resistance, making it difficult for objects to move or slide. This can lead to wear and tear, as well as increased energy consumption. On the other hand, when friction is too low, objects may slide too easily, resulting in a lack of control and stability.
There are several examples where high friction can be harmful. One such example is the excessive friction between moving parts in machinery or engines. This can lead to increased wear and tear, reduced efficiency, and even mechanical failures. Another example is the high friction between automotive brakes and the surface of the road. While this friction is necessary for stopping the vehicle, excessive friction can cause the brakes to overheat, leading to decreased braking performance and potential accidents.
Instances Where Friction is Not Useful
While friction is generally beneficial and necessary, there are instances where it is not useful or even undesirable. For example, in certain industrial processes, such as conveyor belts or assembly lines, excessive friction can cause jams or slowdowns, disrupting the workflow. In sports, high friction can hinder performance, such as in rock climbing, where too much friction can make it difficult to ascend. Additionally, in safety measures, high friction surfaces can cause injuries, such as carpet burns or skin abrasions.
In engineering, friction is carefully considered and controlled to optimize performance. High friction materials, such as high friction rubber, are used in applications where increased friction is desired, such as automotive tires or industrial belts. Friction also plays a crucial role in motion control systems, where it is used to create precise movements and prevent unwanted sliding.
High Friction in Mechanical Engineering
Friction is a fundamental concept in physics that plays a crucial role in various aspects of our daily lives, including mechanical engineering. It refers to the resistance encountered when two surfaces come into contact and attempt to slide or move relative to each other. In mechanical engineering, high friction surfaces and mechanisms are of particular interest due to their unique characteristics and applications.
High Friction Mechanism in Tribology
Tribology, the study of friction, lubrication, and wear, explores the mechanisms behind high friction surfaces. When two surfaces are in contact, the frictional force between them can be influenced by several factors. One such factor is the nature of the surfaces themselves. The roughness, texture, and material properties of the surfaces can significantly impact the frictional resistance experienced.
In high friction surfaces, the microtexture and aggregate value of the surface play a crucial role. Surfaces with a higher microtexture tend to have increased friction due to the increased contact area between the surfaces. Similarly, surfaces with a higher aggregate value, which refers to the overall roughness of the surface, also exhibit higher frictional resistance.
Examples of high friction surfaces can be found in various engineering applications. For instance, automotive brakes rely on high friction materials to effectively stop a moving vehicle. The frictional force between the brake pads and the rotor creates the necessary resistance to bring the car to a halt. Similarly, in sports such as rock climbing, the friction between the climber’s hands or feet and the rock surface allows for secure grip and movement.
High Erosion Model in High Friction Surfaces
In addition to the high friction mechanism, high friction surfaces can also be subject to erosion and wear. The constant interaction and sliding between two surfaces can lead to abrasion and the gradual removal of material from the surfaces. This erosion can affect the performance and longevity of the surfaces involved.
To mitigate erosion in high friction surfaces, engineers employ various techniques and materials. High friction rubber, for example, is often used in applications where both grip and durability are essential, such as in industrial settings or safety measures. The high friction coefficient of these materials ensures a secure grip while minimizing wear and tear.
In industry, high friction surfaces are utilized in applications where motion control and stability are crucial. Conveyor belts, for instance, rely on high friction surfaces to prevent items from sliding during transportation. The high friction between the belt and the items being conveyed ensures their safe and efficient movement.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
5 Examples of High Friction
Friction is a force that resists the motion of objects in contact with each other. It plays a crucial role in our daily lives and various industries. Here are five examples of high friction:
Automotive Brakes: When you apply the brakes in a car, the friction between the brake pads and the rotors creates a high frictional force, allowing the car to stop effectively.
Rock Climbing: Rock climbers heavily rely on friction to ascend steep surfaces. The friction between their climbing shoes and the rock surface provides the necessary grip and stability.
Tire Friction: The friction between the tires of a vehicle and the road surface is essential for traction and control. It allows the tires to grip the road, preventing skidding and ensuring safe driving.
High Friction Surfaces: Certain surfaces, such as sandpaper or rubber mats, are intentionally designed to have high friction. These surfaces provide increased grip and prevent slipping, making them useful in various applications.
Sports Equipment: Friction plays a significant role in sports like tennis, where the friction between the tennis ball and the racket strings determines the amount of control and spin a player can achieve.
3 Examples Where Friction is Useful
Friction is not always a hindrance; it can be beneficial in several situations. Here are three examples where friction is useful:
Walking: Friction between our shoes and the ground allows us to walk without slipping. It provides the necessary grip and stability, enabling us to move forward.
Writing: When we write with a pen or pencil, the friction between the writing instrument‘s tip and the paper allows the ink or graphite to transfer onto the surface, creating legible writing.
Safety Measures: Friction is utilized in safety measures like seatbelts and airbags. The frictional resistance between the seatbelt and the passenger’s body helps restrain them during sudden deceleration or impact, reducing the risk of injury.
10 Examples Where Friction is Not Useful
While friction has many practical applications, there are instances where it can be undesirable. Here are ten examples where friction is not useful:
Heat Generation: Friction between moving parts in machinery can generate heat, leading to energy loss and potential damage to the components. This is why lubricants are used to reduce friction and minimize heat generation.
Wear and Tear: Friction between two surfaces in contact can cause abrasion and wear over time. This is evident in the wearing down of shoe soles or the degradation of mechanical parts.
Sliding Doors: Excessive friction in sliding doors can make them difficult to open or close smoothly. To overcome this, lubricants or rollers are often used to reduce friction and ensure smooth operation.
Efficiency Loss: Friction in mechanical systems can result in energy loss, reducing overall efficiency. This is why engineers strive to minimize friction in engines, gears, and other moving parts.
Air Resistance: When objects move through the air, frictional resistance, also known as air resistance, can slow them down. This is particularly noticeable in activities like cycling or running against strong winds.
Fluid Flow: Friction between a fluid and the walls of a pipe or conduit can impede the flow, reducing efficiency. Smooth pipes or the use of lubricants can help minimize friction and improve fluid flow.
Noise Generation: Friction between certain materials can produce unwanted noise. For example, squeaky hinges or screeching brakes are caused by friction between metal surfaces.
Sticking or Jamming: Excessive friction can cause objects to stick or jam together, making it difficult to separate them. This can be observed in rusty bolts or doors that are hard to open due to friction.
High-Speed Applications: In high-speed applications like racing cars or aircraft, excessive friction can generate heat and wear, compromising performance and safety. Specialized materials and lubrication are used to minimize friction in such cases.
Effort Required: Friction can make it more challenging to move objects, requiring more force or effort. This can be seen when pushing a heavy piece of furniture or dragging a suitcase on a rough surface.
Remember, while friction can be both useful and problematic, understanding its principles and managing it appropriately allows us to harness its benefits while minimizing its drawbacks.
What are some high friction examples and how do they relate to the principles of a frictionless table?
High friction examples encompass various scenarios where friction plays a significant role. When discussing the principles of a frictionless table, it becomes crucial to examine the concept of friction comprehensively. A frictionless table, as explored in the article “Principles of a frictionless table,” involves reducing or eliminating friction between the surfaces in contact. By understanding high friction examples, we can better appreciate the significance and benefits of a frictionless table. These principles contribute to the design and engineering of surfaces that minimize or eliminate friction, enhancing efficiency and reducing wear and tear.
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the definition of friction in mechanical engineering?
Friction in mechanical engineering is the resistance to motion of one object moving relative to another. It is caused by the interactions between the surfaces of the two objects and is divided into static friction (friction between two or more solid objects that are not moving relative to each other) and kinetic friction (friction between two or more solid objects that are moving relative to each other).
2. Can you provide 5 examples of high friction in everyday life?
Sure, here are five examples:
1. Rubbing hands together to generate heat.
2. A car’s brakes slowing the vehicle down.
3. Walking without slipping, as the friction between shoes and the ground prevents sliding.
4. Writing with a pencil, where friction between the pencil lead and paper allows the writing to appear.
5. Rock climbing, where friction between the climber’s hands/feet and the rock surface allows for grip.
3. What is the significance of friction in sports?
Friction plays a crucial role in sports. For instance, in games like football, basketball, or tennis, the friction between the ball and the playing surface affects the ball‘s speed and direction. In athletics, the friction between the athletes’ shoes and the track surface provides the grip needed for running. In sports like ice skating, low friction between the skates and ice surface is necessary for smooth movement.
4. How does friction relate to safety measures?
Friction is integral to many safety measures. For example, the high friction between tires and the road surface allows vehicles to stop safely when brakes are applied. Similarly, the friction between our shoes and the floor prevents us from slipping. In industrial safety, gloves with high friction surfaces are used to securely handle slippery objects.
5. What is a high friction surface and can you give an example?
A high friction surface is one that creates a large amount of resistance to the motion of another object sliding or moving over it. Examples include sandpaper, rubber, and concrete. These surfaces are often used in applications where it’s important to reduce slippage, such as in the soles of shoes or tires.
6. What is the role of friction in automotive brakes?
In automotive brakes, when the brake pedal is pressed, it creates friction between the brake pads and the brake disc. This friction slows down the rotation of the wheels, thereby slowing down or stopping the vehicle. The effectiveness of the braking system heavily depends on the high friction produced in this process.
7. How does the combination of surface materials affect friction?
The combination of surface materials can greatly affect the level of friction produced. For example, ice on metal (like in ice skating) produces low friction, allowing for smooth and fast movement. Conversely, rubber on concrete (like car tires on a road) produces high friction, providing grip and preventing slippage.
8. What is the frictional force and how is it related to motion?
Frictional force is the force exerted by a surface when an object moves across it or makes an effort to move across it. It opposes the motion of the object. Without frictional force, an object in motion would continue moving indefinitely. It is friction that slows down and eventually stops the motion of objects.
9. Can you provide examples where friction is not useful?
While friction is essential in many scenarios, there are situations where it is not useful or even harmful. For example, in machinery, friction between moving parts can cause wear and tear, leading to damage over time. Similarly, in vehicles, friction can reduce efficiency by causing resistance to motion, leading to increased fuel consumption.
10. What are high friction applications in the industry?
In the industry, high friction applications are numerous. They include braking systems in vehicles, conveyor belts, clutches, and any system where it’s necessary to control or stop the movement of machinery. High friction materials, such as certain types of rubber and metal alloys, are often used in these applications.
Every object or entity exerts a contact or non-contact force on another object or entity. There are two distinct categories of forces; Contact forces and non-contact forces. Here are some exert force examples of both types given below;
Frictional force is generated by an object’s interactions with a surface when it moves or attempts to move relative to it. Friction forces are divided into two types: rolling and stationary friction. The friction force typically opposes the motion of an item; however, this is not always the case. When a book slides across the face of a desk, the furniture creates friction in the reverse way of the book’s motion. Friction is caused by the close proximity of two surfaces, which creates intermolecular attractive interactions between molecules from distinct surfaces.
As a result, friction is determined by the nature of the two surfaces and how tightly they are forced together. The equation below may be used to determine the highest amount of friction force that a material can exert on an object:
Ffrict=μ. Fnorm
Tension force
The tension force is carried via the string, rope, cable, wire or another similar device by pulling it tightly by both ends. The fact that tension force can only pull, not push does not make any difference. We normally presume that the tension in a cable is constant throughout the length of the wire.
Normal force
It’s a force that occurs when two surfaces come into touch with one another or it is the supporting force applied to a body that is in contact with another steady body. It always works out of the surface or perpendicular to the surface. It’s derived from the tiny displacement of molecules that mimics a spring system.
The normal force is the supporting force applied to a body in contact with another body that is steady. For example; When a book is rested on a material, that surface is applying an upward force on the book in order to sustain its mass. When a person leans against a wall, the wall pulls horizontally on the person. A normal force is sometimes exerted horizontally between two objects in touch with one other.
Air resistance forces
Air resistance force is the force that operates in the opposing direction of motion through a gas. It’s caused by a series of interactions with air molecules. It rises in lockstep with the rate of change in gas velocity. It also gets bigger when the region perpendicular to the motion gets bigger. The ability of air reluctance to obstruct an object’s motion is widely observed.
This power is sometimes neglected due to its tiny magnitude (because of this fact it is mathematically difficult to predict its value). It is especially visible in items that move at great velocities (e.g., a skydiver or a downhill skier) or have enormous surface areas (e.g., a skydiver or a downhill skier).
Applied forces
An applied force is a force that a person or another object applies to an entity or it is a force because of the movement of muscle mass. Muscle force is another name for it.. When a person pushes a desk across the room, the desk is subjected to an applied force. The applied force is the force that the person exerts on the desk.
Spring force
The force produced by a squeezed or extended spring on any item attached to it is known as the spring force. The dislocation of molecules provides spring force. It is constantly contrary to the displacement of spring. A pressure always acts on an item that compresses or extends a spring, restoring the item to its rest or balance state. The size of the force is precisely related to the degree of stretch or compression of most springs (particularly, those that are claimed to satisfy “Hooke’s Law”).
A force formed by action at a distance is the gravitational force. Even though the sun and other planets are separated by a great distance, the sun and planets exert a pull on each other. This interaction between the sun and the other planets is likewise an example of force-producing from afar.
Even when we move and our feet leave the earth’s surface and are no longer in contact with it, a gravitational pull exists between our feet and the Earth. According to the definition, it is the entity’s weight. All entities on Earth are subject to a gravitational pull that is directed “downward” towards the earth’s core. On Earth, the gravitational force is always equal to the object’s weight.
Electromagnetic force
The electromagnetic force is responsible for the linking of atoms and the form of materials. It is made up of basic electric and magnetic contacts. Electric forces act at some distance. Protons inside the nucleus and electrons outside the nucleus experience a force of attraction after a minimal distance difference. Magnetic forces, on the other hand, are action-at-a-distance forces. Despite being separated by only a few millimeters, two magnets may exert a magnetic pull on each other.
Weak nuclear force
The susceptible nuclear force reasons sure radioactive decay procedures and sure reactions the various maximum essential particles.
Strong nuclear force
The sturdy pressure operates the various essential particles and is liable for binding the nucleus together.
Difference between exert force examples
Let us find out the difference between contact force and non-contact force and the cause of different forces to exert. If two interacting objects that are exerting force on each other have physical touch or not, it distinguishes two types of forces from each other.
Contact forces:when two interacting objects are in physical touch with each other, contact forces occur. “Frictional forces, tensional forces, normal forces, air resistance forces, and applied forces are all examples of contact forces”
Non-contact forces:This type of force is experienced when two objects are not bodily engaged with each other but can still impose a push or pull regardless of their bodily separation. Gravitational force, Electromagnetic force, Weak nuclear force, Strong nuclear force are example of non contact forces.
How forces arise?
Due to interaction of two objects
Force is a push or pull and it takes place due to interaction of two objects. This interaction can be bodily touching or without physical touch. On the basis of this interaction forces are put in two different categories
How to find force?
Force can be calculated by newton’s second law of motion that is F=ma
The dynamic technique of measuring force uses a stretched spring to apply acceleration to a typical object. Although useful for defining things, it isn’t necessarily the most practical approach to quantify forces. (Acceleration is difficult to quantify.) Another approach for evaluating forces is to measure the change in form or size of a body (such as a spring) on which the force is exerted when the body is not moving.
The static technique of force measurement is what it is termed. The stationary approach is founded on the idea whenever a body encounters zero acceleration as a result of numerous forces, the vector sum of all forces operating on it must likewise be zero. This is, in reality, merely the second law of motion. A single force exerted on a body causes it to accelerate; this acceleration may be reduced to zero by applying a force of equal size but opposite direction on the body.
Are forces everywhere around us?
Yes, forces are everywhere around us.
To lift, turn, move, open, close, push, pull, and so on, forces are required. When you toss a ball, you are exerting effort on it to propel it into the air. An item can be affected by many forces at the same time.
Consider how many various forces you’ll need to ride your bike. Your feet press down on the pedals, your hands pull and push on the handlebars, and your body’s muscles keep you balanced. The tyres are rubbing up against the pavement, which is forcing them back. Wow, that’s quite a collection of forces!
A force is defined by its strength and direction
A force’s strength and direction are both essential
Soccer players use a specified amount of force to propel the ball in a specific direction when they kick the ball to another player. Forces have strength and direction at all times. Forces can be weak, as shown in the video when Zoe hits the golf ball weakly. A force can also be powerful, such as when Izzy slammed the ball into the ground. Forces, like people, have a sense of direction. The direction in which a rocket is fired must be carefully considered by rocket scientists. If even a minor mathematical error is made, the rocket’s trajectory will be thrown off, and the mission would fail.
Frequently asked questions |FAQs
Q. Can unbalanced forces change an object’s motion?
Unbalanced forces cause a body’s motion to vary.
There are two ways to accomplish this. The body will move if it is at rest and is pushed or pulled by an uneven force. Unbalanced forces canalso cause an item in motion to shift its speed or direction.
After losing a tug of war, a guy fall. A tug-of-war game is an excellent approach to demonstrate an imbalanced force. The game will be won if the participants on one side of the rope exert more force than the other. Another nice example is tug-of-war between you and your dog. When you let go of the toy while the dog is tugging on it, the dog will tumble backwards due to an uneven force.
Q. Balanced force does not cause shift in motion
Balanced forces are two forces that have the same strength but operate in different directions.
A guy and a lady pulling on a rope. Tug-of-war is an excellent illustration once more. The forces are balanced if the persons on each side of the rope are tugging with equal power but in opposing directions. As a result, there is no movement. Forces that are in balance can cancel each other out. The item does not move when there is a balanced force.
Can an inanimate object exert a force In this article, we will discuss What Can Exert A force.
Force is a push or pull induced by the interaction between two objects. So, it is true to say that force can be exerted by the interaction of two objects. Once the interaction ends, objects do not experience the force anymore. Interaction is the fundamental way for forces to arise.
But the question arises that What Can Exert A force or of what kind of interaction should take place between two objects to exert force or Can an inanimate object exert a force . Do it necessary to establish a contact between two objects to exert force or force can be exerted by any kind of interaction.
To understand it in a better way, all interactions between objects are divided into two broad categories:
Contact force
When two interacting entities are considered to be bodily engaging with each other, contact forces occur.
The force produced from the action at a distance (non-contact force)
This type of force is experienced when two objects are not bodily engaged with each other but can still impose a push or pull regardless of their bodily separation.
Gravitational force is example of force produced due to action at a distance. Sun and other planets have a very large distance between them but still, there is a force exerted by the sun and planets on each other. This force between the sun and other planets is also an example of force-producing from the action at a distance.
When we walk and our feet leave the earth’s surface and are no more in touch with the earth, even then there remains a gravitational force between our feet and the Earth.
Electric forces also act at some distance. After having short distance separation, protons inside the nucleus and electrons outside the nucleus feel a force of attraction with each other.
Onthe other hand, Magnetic forces are action-at-a-distance forces. Two magnets, for example, can exert a magnetic force on each other despite being distanced by only a few centimeters.
Do all objects exert force ?
What Can Exert A force?
All objects exert force on each other while they are bodily engaged but even if two objects are not in physical touch, they exert a gravitational force of attraction on each other.
True, however, humans aren’t aware of such forces since nobody on Earth has an enormously high mass. As a result, the force of gravity among the two items is so small that they are undetectable. Since the attractive force of gravity between two bodies in a place is relatively low due to their modest masses, they do not push or pull towards one other.
The force of gravity is used by objects with mass to exert forces on one other.
“Magnitude of this force is directly proportional to the product of masses of two interacting objects and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.”
Newton’s law of Gravitation:
For all masses at the Earth’s surface, the parameters G, M, and r are the same. These components are added together to get the constant g, which we refer to as the acceleration due to gravity.
The force of gravity imposed by the Earth on a body of mass m has a value of mg and is aimed downwards at the Earth’s surface.
Can an inanimate object exert a force ?
Yes, even inanimate objects can exert force. When you stand on a trampoline, for example, the trampoline deforms under your weight, exerting an upwards pressure on you to keep you from falling through.
Because the interactions between atoms and molecules are similar to those between the spring and stretchable fabric that make up a trampoline, when a pencil is placed on a desk, both the pencil and the desk are somewhat distorted. Although the distortion is too slight to see, the forces that cause it to keep the pen from going through the desk.
Does a physical object have to exert force ?
As we discussed before that the force is a push or pull and occurs due to interactions of two bodies.
Equal and opposing action-reaction force pairings are always present. For example; Nature has a wide range of action-reaction force pairings. Consider a fish’s ability to move across the water. The fins of a fish are used to push water backward. On the other hand, a push on the water will simply serve to speed it.
Because reciprocal contacts produce forces, the water sh\uld likewise be forcing the fish ahead, propelling it through the water. The pressure felt by water is same as the pressure felt by fish in magnitude but the direction of the pressure felt on water is backwards while direction of pressure felt by fish is forward. There is an equivalent (in size) and opposing (in direction) response force for every action. Fish can swim because of action-reaction force pairings.
According to newton’s third law, “For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.” Or Force occurs in pairs and they act on different bodies.
This law means that for every interaction, two main forces are operating on the two engaging bodies in each interaction.
“The forces acting on the first object are equivalent to the forces acting on the second object. The force on the first object is directed in the opposite direction as the force on the second object.”
Can a particle exert force on itself ?
In classical physics, particles do not apply forces to themselves since the classical models that were efficient at forecasting the state of systems did not need them to do so.
In classical mechanics, one might now establish a rationale. According to Newton’s laws, every action has an equaland opposite response. If I exert 100N of force on my table, it responds by exerting 100N of force in the other direction.
Consider this: a particle that exerts a force on itself is then pushed back in the opposite direction by itself with an equal force. It’s as though you’re squeezing your hands together tightly. You exert a great deal of power, yet your hands don’t move since you’re simply pushing against yourself. You push back every time someone pushes you.
Inquantum mechanics, things are starting to get more fascinating. Avoiding digging into the finer details, quantum physics reveals that particles do interact with one another. And they have to interact with their interactions, and so forth. So, if we get down to the most basic levels, we can witness significant particle self-interactions. This self- interaction of particle is not observed in classical mechanics.
Can a block exert a force on itself ?
A body cannot accelerate itself by exerting a force on itself. If it could, things would’ve been able to speed without having contact with their surroundings. Pulling on your bootstraps will not help you get up.
The conservation of momentum is similar to the statement that the resultant force in a closed system is zero, and the law of conservation of momentum may be inferred from the uniformity of space. A mathematician named Emmy Noether confirmed this fact a long time ago.
Newton’s Second Law states, “the time rate of change of the momentum of a body is equal in both magnitude and direction to the force imposed on it.”
So by this law, a body cannot exert a net force on itself. If you exert a force F on your body with your hands, your body will exert an equal and opposite force F on your hands, resulting to the net zero force on your body.
Why do particles exert force
Because of the close proximity of particles, particles exert a powerful force force.
The particles are held very held together and they interact with each other. Their connection resulted in an attractive force between them. The intermolecular force of attraction attracts particles.This force is very powerful.
Why do charges exert forces on each other
As we study electrodynamics, charged particles interact with each other.
Charged particles have an intrinsic fundamental property that like charges repel each other and unlike charges attract each other, a force called electrostatic force is brought among charges due to this intrinsic property of charges.
This force is quite similar to the Gravitational force of attraction but the basic difference between the two is coulombs force can be repulsive as well as attractive while the gravitational force is only an attractive force.
“This force is directly proportional to the product of the mass of charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between those two charges”.
The electric field might also explain this. The features of the space enclosing a charged body vary, allowing it to function as an interaction channel among two charged bodies applying force on one another.
How does air inside a container exert pressure
Because of high kinetic energy and negligible force of attraction or weak intermolecular forces, gas particles can move in every direction at very high speed.
Due to the strong random mobility of the particles, they collide with one another and with the container’s walls. The pressure on the container walls is caused by the interactions of the air molecules with the container walls.
If you exert a force F on your body with your hands, your body will exert an equal and opposite force F on your hands. As a result, there is no net force operating on your body.
So by this law, a body cannotexert a net force on itself.
Frequently asked questions| FAQs
Q. How do you find the force an object exerts?
One can calculate the force exerted on an object using newton’s second law of motion
Newtons are used to measure force, kilograms are used to measure mass, and meters per second squared are used to measure acceleration.
“The force applied by a body is proportional to its mass times its acceleration”: F = m a. You must use SI units to use this formula
Q. What are some examples of force pairs?
Cars can travel along a highway surface thanks to action-reaction force couples.
As a car moves on the road, the wheel holds the road and exerts a force backward on-road, and the road exerts a force on wheal in forwarding direction. This is a classic example of action-reaction force.
“For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.”
Q. What force the object will apply in reaction of the force applied by you on object?
Will be equal and opposite
All forces acting on two objects are of equal magnitude and opposing direction. Only one of the two bodies determines the amount and direction of the forces in particular cases. If you apply a force on an inanimate item, you will also define the force that the object imposes on you – a force that is equal to and opposite to yours.
Q. How many types of fundamental force are there?
Fundamental forces are divided into four categories. Four basic forces determine how things or particles engage and how some particles decline: gravitational, electromagnetic, strong, and weak.
Magnetic field and magnetic force go hand in hand. In this article, we will discuss the fascinating relationship between these two.
A magnetic field is an actual entity that fills up the space around a current-carrying conductor or moving charge, or magnet. In addition to this the force acted by a magnetic field upon a moving charged particle is magnetic force.
How magnetic field is connected to magnetic force
To understand it more precisely, if we place a static charge in amagnetic field, the charge experiences no force, so to define a magnetic field, we take a chargeq which is moving with velocity v in such a field
When a magnetic field is exactly equal to magnetic force
If we consider q=1, v=1 and θ = 90⁰
From equation (1), Fm= B
So here, we can say that the magnetic field at a point is thus equal to the magnetic force acting on a unit charge when it is moving with unit velocity in a direction perpendicular to the magnetic field.
In vector notation, Fm= q(B x v)
Obviously, Fmknown as magnetic Lorentz force, is perpendicular to the plane containing v and B.
In case,
In that case,Fm= qvB
As, Fm= qvB
B= Fm/qv
If Fm = 1N, q=1C and v = 1m/s
Then, 1T= N/C(m/s)
1T= N/Ampere
The SI unit of B is called tesla(T)
So, the magnetic field at a point is thus said to be one tesla if a charge of 1 coulomb when moving perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field with a velocity of 1 meter/second, experiences a force of 1 newton.
Direction of magnetic field and magnetic force
Magnetic field does not flow in direction of its source that is current; instead, it flows normal to the direction of current. Additionally, the magnetic force act perpendicular to magnetic field.
Direction of magnetic field can be detected using right hand thumb rule. According to right hand thumb rule; If a current carrying wire kept in hand, then direction of thumb implies direction of current and direction of fingers indicates direction of flow of magnetic field.
Example
If we take a bar magnet and bring it to an iron nail, at some point, the nail moves towards the magnet and sticks to it. Moreover, it remains there until we manually separate it from the magnet. So why does an iron nail stick to the magnet?
Reason behind is the force of attraction that connects the nail and magnet together. This force is applied by the magnet on the nail, and hence it’s called a magnetic force.
Here is one interesting question that I want you to answer; Is magnetic force is contact force, or in other words, is the contact between a magnet and nail necessary for the magnet to attract the nail?
When we move the magnet slowly towards the iron nail, and at this point, the nail also begins to move towards the magnet, it means the force came into action even when there was no contact between the magnet and nail. Hence, we can say that magnetic force is not a contact force.
What does this non-contact natureof magnetic force tell us
It tells us that there is an invisible field produced by the magnet in the space around it, and if you bring any ferromagnetic material in this field, then it experiences that force of attraction. We cannot see this field, but it exists.
Now one more interesting question, do you think that strength of this field is constant throughout the area around the magnet?
Let me explain it in easy way, suppose that there is a operating wireless fidelity router at some location. It provides us a signal altogether directions in some distance. currently so as to connect mobile to the net, we’d like to bring it to during this vary solely. This signal is stronger nearer the router.
“The nearer you bring your cellular phone to the router, the stronger the signal are”.
One can understand the magnet with same approach. magnet contains a field of force around it. The strength of this field is bigger nearer to the magnet and reduces as we tend to go more far away from it.
As you bring any ferromagnetic object during this field, it experiences an attractive force. The nearer we tend to bring that object to the magnet, the larger the force it’ll expertise till at some purpose once the force are massive enough to create the item leap towards the magnet.
Problems on magnetic field and magnetic force
Let us understand the relationship of magnetic field and magnetic force by solving some basic problems.
Problem 1
Find magnetic field exerted on a charge of 20 coulomb is moving perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field with velocity 2m/s and experiences a force of 5 newton.
Find magnetic force experienced by a charge particle with 50coulomb charge moving with unit velocity at right angle to magnetic field of strength 2 tesla.
Q. How magnetic field and magnetic force varies with each other?
Ans: “The magnetic force F is directly proportional to the strength of magnetic field.” As magnetic field gets stronger, magnetic force also increase and vice versa.
Q. At which point in magnetic field, the charge particle experiences strongest the magnetic force?
Ans: Magnetic field lines enter through south pole of magnet and leaves from north pole. Due to this magnetic force can be experienced strongest at either of the pole in comparison with opposite pole.
Q. Does magnetic field affect magnetic force?
Ans: Force experienced by moving charge is different at different points in magnetic field.
Magnetic forces of attraction or repulsion caused by movement of electrically charged particles is responsible for electric motor and attraction of iron towards magnet like effects. Static charges experience electric field whereas electric field and magnetic field can be experiences among moving charges. This magnetic force among two moving charges can be understand as the effect on either charge by a magnetic field by other.
Q. Why magnetic force is perpendicular to magnetic field?
Ans: If two objects or entities are at right angle with each other that means they are perpendicular to each other.
Because magnetic (Lorentz) field is directly proportional to v x B, where v is velocity of moving charge and B is magnetic field strength. As we know, vector cross product is always at right angles to each other of the vector factors, the force is perpendicular to v.
Q. Do magnetic force work?
Ans: Magnetic forces do not work.
For if Q moves an amount dl= vdt, the work done is
It happens because (B x v) is perpendicular to v,so (B x v).v= 0
“Magnetic forces may reverse the direction in which charges particle moves but cannot speed it up or slow it down.”
