AKSHITA MAPARI

Hi, I’m Akshita Mapari. I have done M.Sc. in Physics. I have worked on projects like Numerical modeling of winds and waves during cyclone, Physics of toys and mechanized thrill machines in amusement park based on Classical Mechanics. I have pursued a course on Arduino and have accomplished some mini projects on Arduino UNO. I always like to explore new zones in the field of science. I personally believe that learning is more enthusiastic when learnt with creativity. Apart from this, I like to read, travel, strumming on guitar, identifying rocks and strata, photography and playing chess.

Is Gravitational Force Positive Or Negative: What, When, How, Several Facts

January 21, 2024February 18, 2022 by AKSHITA MAPARI

The gravitational force is one of the fundamental forces of nature that governs the interactions between objects with mass. It is responsible for keeping our feet firmly planted on the ground, the moon orbiting around the Earth, and the planets revolving around the sun. In this article, we will explore the question of whether the gravitational force is positive or not. We will delve into the nature of gravitational force, its mathematical representation, and its effects on objects. So, let’s dive in and unravel the mysteries of this fascinating force.

Key Takeaways

Gravitational force is always positive in magnitude, regardless of the direction.
It is an attractive force that exists between any two objects with mass.
The force is directly proportional to the product of the masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Gravitational force plays a crucial role in determining the motion and stability of celestial bodies.

Is Gravitational Force Positive or Negative?

Explanation of the Positive Nature of Gravitational Force

When we think about gravity, we often associate it with the idea of attraction. We know that objects with mass are pulled towards each other, like the way the Earth pulls us towards its center. This force of attraction is known as gravitational force.

Gravitational force is always positive in nature. It is responsible for keeping our feet firmly planted on the ground and for holding the planets in their orbits around the Sun. The positive nature of gravitational force means that it always acts towards the center of mass of an object, pulling other objects towards it.

To understand why gravitational force is positive, let’s take a look at Newton’s law of universal gravitation. According to this law, the force of gravity between two objects is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers.

In simple terms, this means that the larger the mass of an object, the stronger its gravitational pull. Additionally, the closer two objects are to each other, the stronger the gravitational force between them. This positive nature of gravitational force ensures that objects are always attracted to each other, creating a stable and predictable universe.

Discussion on Why Gravitational Force is Denoted with a Negative Sign

While gravitational force itself is positive, it is often denoted with a negative sign in equations. This convention is used to indicate the direction of the force. In physics, it is common to use a negative sign to represent forces that act in the opposite direction of a chosen positive direction.

In the case of gravitational force, the chosen positive direction is usually upwards, away from the center of the Earth. Since gravity pulls objects towards the center of the Earth, which is in the opposite direction of the chosen positive direction, it is denoted with a negative sign.

By using a negative sign, we can easily differentiate between forces that act in the same direction as the chosen positive direction (which are positive) and forces that act in the opposite direction (which are negative). This convention helps us accurately represent and calculate the effects of gravitational force in various scenarios.

Explanation of Negative Gravity and Antigravity

Negative gravity and antigravity are concepts that often appear in science fiction and speculative theories. However, it is important to note that these concepts are not supported by current scientific understanding.

Negative gravity refers to a hypothetical scenario where gravity repels objects instead of attracting them. In this scenario, the force of gravity would act in the opposite direction, pushing objects away from each other. While this idea may seem intriguing, there is no evidence to suggest that negative gravity exists in our universe.

Antigravity, on the other hand, is a concept that involves the complete cancellation or neutralization of gravity. It suggests the ability to counteract or overcome the effects of gravitational force, allowing objects to float or levitate without any external support. While this concept is popular in science fiction, scientists have not yet discovered a way to achieve antigravity in reality.

What is Negative Gravitational Force?

Gravitational force is a fundamental force of nature that governs the interactions between objects with mass. It is responsible for the attraction between objects and plays a crucial role in determining the motion of celestial bodies, such as planets, stars, and galaxies. However, when we talk about negative gravitational force, things become a bit more intriguing.

Definition of Negative Gravitational Force

In the realm of classical physics, negative gravitational force is not a concept that exists. According to Newton’s law of universal gravitation, the gravitational force between two objects is always attractive and positive. It is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. This means that the force of gravity always pulls objects towards each other, never pushing them away.

Circumstances where Negative Gravitational Force Occurs

While negative gravitational force is not a part of classical physics, it does find its place in certain theoretical frameworks, such as general relativity and quantum physics. These theories explore the nature of gravity in extreme conditions, where the effects of gravity become more complex.

One such circumstance is the concept of anti-gravity, which suggests the existence of a repulsive gravitational force. In this scenario, objects would experience a force that pushes them away from each other, contrary to the attractive force we are familiar with. However, it is important to note that anti-gravity is purely theoretical at this point and has not been observed or proven in practice.

Another instance where negative gravitational force is discussed is in the context of dark energy. Dark energy is a hypothetical form of energy that is believed to be responsible for the observed accelerated expansion of the universe. It is thought to exert a negative pressure, which counteracts the attractive force of gravity, leading to the expansion of space itself. However, the exact nature of dark energy is still not fully understood, and further research is needed to unravel its mysteries.

When is Gravitational Force Positive?

Explanation of when gravitational force is positive

Gravitational force is a fundamental force of nature that governs the interaction between objects with mass. It is responsible for the attraction between two objects and is always positive in nature. The positive sign indicates that the force is attractive, pulling objects towards each other.

According to Newton’s law of universal gravitation, the gravitational force between two objects is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers. The formula for calculating the gravitational force is:

$F = \frac{{G \cdot m_1 \cdot m_2}}{{r^2}}$

In this equation, ( F ) represents the magnitude of the gravitational force, ( G ) is the gravitational constant, ( m_1 ) and ( m_2 ) are the masses of the two objects, and ( r ) is the distance between their centers.

The positive nature of the gravitational force implies that it always acts towards the center of mass of an object. This means that the force is attractive, pulling objects closer together.

Factors influencing the positivity of gravitational force

Several factors influence the positivity of the gravitational force between two objects. These factors include:

Mass: The greater the mass of an object, the stronger its gravitational pull. As the masses of two objects increase, the gravitational force between them also increases. This positive force is responsible for keeping celestial bodies, such as planets and stars, in their orbits.
Distance: The distance between two objects also affects the gravitational force between them. As the distance increases, the force of gravity decreases. However, regardless of the distance, the gravitational force remains positive, indicating an attractive force.
Direction: The direction of the gravitational force is always towards the center of mass of an object. This means that the force acts along the line connecting the centers of the two objects. The positive sign indicates that the force is attractive, pulling the objects closer together.

Examples of positive gravitational force

Positive gravitational force can be observed in various scenarios. Here are a few examples:

Falling objects: When an object is dropped from a height, it experiences a positive gravitational force that pulls it towards the Earth’s center. This force causes the object to accelerate downwards, leading to its fall.
Planetary motion: The positive gravitational force between the Sun and the planets in our solar system keeps them in their respective orbits. The force of gravity acts as a centripetal force, continuously pulling the planets towards the Sun.
Tides: The gravitational force between the Moon and the Earth causes the ocean tides. The Moon’s gravitational pull creates a bulge in the ocean on the side facing the Moon, resulting in high tide. On the opposite side, there is also a high tide due to the gravitational force pulling the Earth away from the water.

In all these examples, the positive gravitational force is responsible for the attractive interaction between objects, leading to various observable phenomena.

How is Gravitational Force Positive?

Explanation of work done due to gravitational force

Gravitational force is a fundamental force of nature that exists between any two objects with mass. It is responsible for the attraction between objects and plays a crucial role in determining the motion of celestial bodies, as well as everyday objects on Earth. But is gravitational force always positive? Let’s explore.

When we talk about the positivity of gravitational force, we are referring to the work done by this force. Work, in physics, is defined as the transfer of energy that occurs when a force is applied to an object and causes it to move in the direction of the force. In the case of gravitational force, work can be positive, negative, or zero, depending on the circumstances.

Gravitational force is generally considered positive when it does work on an object by causing it to move in the direction of the force. This occurs when an object is falling freely under the influence of gravity. For example, when you drop a ball from a height, gravity pulls it downward, and as a result, the ball gains kinetic energy. In this case, the work done by the gravitational force is positive because the force and the displacement of the ball are in the same direction.

Examples of positive work done by gravitational force

To further illustrate the concept of positive work done by gravitational force, let’s consider a few examples:

Waterfall: When water flows down a waterfall, gravity pulls it downward, causing it to gain kinetic energy. The work done by gravity in this case is positive because the force of gravity and the displacement of the water are in the same direction.
Roller Coaster: As a roller coaster car descends from a peak, gravity pulls it downward, accelerating it and increasing its speed. The work done by gravity is positive because the force of gravity and the displacement of the car are in the same direction.
Satellite Orbit: Satellites in orbit around the Earth experience a gravitational force that keeps them in their orbits. This force does positive work on the satellite because it continuously changes the direction of the satellite‘s velocity, keeping it in a stable orbit.

In all these examples, the gravitational force is positive because it does work on the objects involved, causing them to move in the direction of the force.

It’s important to note that gravitational force can also do negative work in certain situations. For instance, when an object is thrown upwards, gravity opposes its motion, and the work done by gravity is negative. Similarly, when an object is on an inclined plane and moves against the force of gravity, the work done by gravity is also negative.

Is Gravitational Force Negative?

Explanation of why gravitational force is not inherently negative

Gravitational force is a fundamental force of nature that governs the interaction between objects with mass. It is responsible for the attraction between objects and is described by Newton’s law of universal gravitation. While the gravitational force can be represented by a negative sign in the equation, it is important to understand that this negative sign does not imply that the force itself is negative.

The negative sign in the gravitational force equation signifies the direction of the force, rather than its positivity or negativity. It indicates that the force is attractive in nature, pulling objects towards each other. This convention helps us understand the behavior of objects under the influence of gravity.

Interpretation of negative sign in the gravitational force equation

In the equation for gravitational force, the negative sign is used to indicate the direction of the force. It signifies that the force acts in the opposite direction to the displacement between the two objects. For example, if we consider two masses, A and B, the negative sign indicates that the force of gravity between them acts towards each other.

This interpretation is consistent with our everyday experience of gravity. When we drop an object, it falls towards the Earth due to the gravitational pull. The negative sign in the equation helps us understand that the force of gravity is directed towards the center of the Earth.

Examples where gravitational force can be considered negative

While the gravitational force itself is not inherently negative, there are situations where it can be considered negative based on the relative positions and masses of the objects involved.

Gravitational Repulsion: In some cases, the gravitational force between two objects can be repulsive rather than attractive. This occurs when the objects have like charges or masses of the same sign. For example, if two positively charged particles are placed close to each other, the gravitational force between them would be repulsive.
Escape Velocity: When an object is launched with sufficient velocity from the surface of a planet, it can escape the planet’s gravitational pull. At this point, the gravitational force can be considered negative as it acts against the object’s motion, slowing it down until it eventually comes to a stop and starts moving away from the planet.
Gravitational Slingshot: In space missions, gravitational slingshot maneuvers are used to gain speed or change the trajectory of spacecraft. During these maneuvers, the gravitational force of a planet or other celestial body is used to accelerate the spacecraft. In some cases, the direction of the gravitational force can be considered negative as it opposes the initial motion of the spacecraft.

When is Gravitational Force Negative?

Description of circumstances leading to negative gravitational force

Gravitational force is a fundamental force of nature that governs the interactions between objects with mass. It is responsible for the attractive force between two objects and is always positive in magnitude. However, there are certain circumstances where the gravitational force can be considered negative in a relative sense.

One such circumstance is when there is a repulsive gravitational force between two objects. According to Newton’s law of universal gravitation, the gravitational force between two objects is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers. In cases where the masses have opposite signs, the gravitational force can be repulsive rather than attractive.

Another scenario where the gravitational force can be considered negative is when it opposes the motion of an object. For example, if an object is thrown upwards, the force of gravity acts in the opposite direction, opposing the object’s motion. In this case, the gravitational force can be seen as negative because it acts against the direction of the object’s velocity.

Examples of negative gravitational force

To better understand the concept of negative gravitational force, let’s consider a few examples:

Gravitational repulsion between two charged objects: In certain situations, objects can have a net charge, resulting in an additional force of repulsion or attraction alongside the gravitational force. If the repulsive force due to charge is greater than the attractive gravitational force, the net gravitational force can be negative.
Escape velocity: When an object is launched with sufficient velocity from the surface of a planet, it can overcome the gravitational pull and escape the planet’s gravitational field. At this point, the gravitational force can be considered negative as it acts against the motion of the object.
Gravitational force near a black hole: Near a black hole, the gravitational force is incredibly strong. As an object approaches the event horizon, the force of gravity becomes so intense that it can be considered negative, pulling objects inward with immense strength.

It’s important to note that while the gravitational force can be considered negative in these scenarios, the magnitude of the force remains positive. The negative sign simply indicates the direction of the force relative to the motion or interaction of the objects involved.

How is Gravitational Force Negative?

Explanation of work done leading to negative gravitational force

When we think about gravitational force, we often associate it with the idea of attraction between objects. However, it is important to note that gravitational force can also be negative. In this section, we will explore the concept of negative gravitational force and understand how it arises.

To understand negative gravitational force, we need to first grasp the concept of work done. In physics, work is defined as the transfer of energy that occurs when a force is applied to an object, causing it to move. The work done can be positive or negative, depending on the direction of the force and the displacement of the object.

In the case of gravitational force, the work done can be negative when the force acts in a direction opposite to the displacement of the object. This means that the gravitational force is doing work against the motion of the object, effectively slowing it down or bringing it to a stop.

Examples of negative work done by gravitational force

Let’s consider a few examples to better understand negative work done by gravitational force.

Throwing a ball upwards: When we throw a ball upwards, the force of gravity acts in the opposite direction to the ball’s displacement. As the ball rises, the gravitational force slows it down until it eventually comes to a stop at its highest point. During this upward motion, the work done by the gravitational force is negative.
Climbing a hill: Imagine climbing a steep hill. As you ascend, the force of gravity is acting against your upward motion, making it harder for you to climb. The work done by gravity in this case is negative because it is opposing your displacement.
Slowing down a moving object: Consider a car moving downhill. As the car descends, the force of gravity acts in the opposite direction to its motion, causing it to slow down. The work done by gravity in this situation is negative because it is acting against the car’s displacement.

In all these examples, the negative work done by gravitational force is a result of the force acting in a direction opposite to the displacement of the object. It is important to note that negative work done does not imply repulsion between objects, but rather a force that opposes the motion.

Is Gravitational Constant Negative or Positive?

Clarification that gravitational constant is a positive quantity

When discussing the nature of the gravitational constant, it is important to clarify that it is indeed a positive quantity. The gravitational constant, denoted by the symbol “G,” is a fundamental constant in physics that appears in Newton’s law of universal gravitation. It represents the strength of the gravitational force between two objects with mass.

The gravitational constant is a fixed value that does not change regardless of the masses involved. It is a fundamental property of the universe and plays a crucial role in determining the magnitude of the gravitational force. Despite its significance, the gravitational constant is not related to the positive or negative nature of the gravitational force itself.

Explanation of the role of gravitational constant in gravitational force equation

The gravitational constant is a key component in the equation that describes the gravitational force between two objects. This equation, known as Newton’s law of universal gravitation, states that the force of gravity between two objects is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

Mathematically, the equation can be expressed as:

F = G * (m1 * m2) / r^2

Where:
– F represents the magnitude of the gravitational force between the two objects,
– G is the gravitational constant,
– m1 and m2 are the masses of the two objects, and
– r is the distance between the centers of the two objects.

The gravitational constant, G, acts as a scaling factor in this equation. It determines the strength of the gravitational force between the objects. Without the gravitational constant, the equation would not accurately represent the magnitude of the force.

It is important to note that the gravitational constant, being a positive quantity, does not dictate the direction of the gravitational force. The direction of the force is always attractive, pulling objects towards each other. The positive value of the gravitational constant ensures that the force is always attractive and never repulsive.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the gravitational force between two objects of given masses and separation?

The gravitational force between two objects is the force of attraction that exists between them due to their masses. This force is described by Newton’s law of universal gravitation, which states that every particle in the universe attracts every other particle with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers.

To calculate the gravitational force between two objects, you can use the formula:

F = (G * m1 * m2) / r^2

Where:
– F is the gravitational force between the objects,
– G is the gravitational constant (approximately 6.67430 × 10^-11 N m^2/kg^2),
– m1 and m2 are the masses of the objects, and
– r is the distance between the centers of the objects.

What is the escape velocity of Earth?

The escape velocity of Earth is the minimum velocity an object needs to escape the gravitational pull of Earth and enter space. It is the speed required for an object to overcome the gravitational force pulling it back to Earth. The escape velocity depends on the mass and radius of the planet.

For Earth, the escape velocity is approximately 11.2 kilometers per second (km/s) or 40,270 kilometers per hour (km/h). This means that for an object to leave Earth’s gravitational field, it needs to be launched with a velocity of at least 11.2 km/s.

What is the gravity of an object with a given mass and radius on Earth?

The gravity of an object with a given mass and radius on Earth refers to the gravitational force experienced by that object when it is near the surface of the Earth. The force of gravity on an object depends on its mass and the mass of the Earth, as well as the distance between the object and the center of the Earth.

The formula to calculate the gravitational force on an object near the surface of the Earth is:

F = (G * m * M) / r^2

Where:
– F is the gravitational force on the object,
– G is the gravitational constant,
– m is the mass of the object,
– M is the mass of the Earth, and
– r is the distance between the object and the center of the Earth.

What is escape velocity?

Escape velocity is the minimum velocity required for an object to escape the gravitational pull of a celestial body, such as a planet or a moon. It is the speed at which an object needs to be launched in order to overcome the gravitational force and move away from the celestial body without being pulled back.

Escape velocity depends on the mass and radius of the celestial body. It is calculated using the formula:

v = sqrt((2 * G * M) / r)

Where:
– v is the escape velocity,
– G is the gravitational constant,
– M is the mass of the celestial body, and
– r is the distance between the object and the center of the celestial body.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. Is gravitational force positive or negative?

Gravitational force can be either positive or negative, depending on the direction of the force. It is positive when it acts towards the center of attraction and negative when it acts in the opposite direction.

2. Can gravitational potential be positive?

Yes, gravitational potential can be positive. Gravitational potential represents the potential energy per unit mass at a specific point in a gravitational field. It can be positive or negative depending on the reference point chosen.

3. Where is the gravitational force doing positive work?

The gravitational force does positive work when an object is moving in the same direction as the force. For example, when an object is falling towards the Earth, the gravitational force does positive work on the object.

4. Why is gravitational force negative?

Gravitational force can be negative when it acts in the opposite direction to the chosen positive direction. This convention is often used to indicate the opposing nature of the force.

5. Is gravitational force good or bad?

Gravitational force is neither good nor bad. It is a fundamental force of nature responsible for the attraction between objects with mass. It plays a crucial role in the formation and stability of celestial bodies.

6. Does gravitational force do positive work?

Yes, gravitational force can do positive work. When an object moves in the same direction as the gravitational force, the force does positive work on the object, increasing its kinetic energy.

7. Can gravity be positive?

Gravity itself is not positive or negative. It is a natural phenomenon that arises due to the presence of mass. However, the effects of gravity can be positive or negative depending on the context and direction of the force.

8. What is gravitational potential force?

Gravitational potential force is a term that is not commonly used. However, gravitational potential energy is a concept related to the force of gravity. It represents the potential energy stored in an object due to its position in a gravitational field.

9. Is work done by gravitational force positive or negative?

The work done by gravitational force can be either positive or negative. It depends on the displacement of the object and the direction of the force. If the displacement is in the same direction as the force, the work is positive; otherwise, it is negative.

10. Is gravitational force negative?

Gravitational force can be negative when it acts in the opposite direction to the chosen positive direction. This convention is often used to indicate the opposing nature of the force.

Also Read:

Is Gravitational Field Negative: What, When, How, Several Facts

January 21, 2024February 18, 2022 by AKSHITA MAPARI

After reading this article, you will understand what is the negative gravitational field, is gravitational field negative or not, and some detailed facts.

The region of antigravity, where the objects don’t feel the gravitational pull on them instead they will repel away from each other present in this field then it is a negative gravitational field.

What is Negative Gravitational Field?

The gravitational force is basically a force of attraction between the two objects and acts equal and opposite in magnitude and direction.

Due to some circumstantial forces, the objects will exert a force on the other objects in close vicinity to move them away from the gravitational field; this is known as the negative gravitational field.

The gravitational field region is a space within which the force is experienced on every object present in this field. Due to this, every object is bonded with each other with a tiny force that is not felt on the body but does exist. This gravitation force decreases as the distance from the object constituting its gravitational field increases, as the gravitational force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance among them.

F=G m₁m₂/r²

Where G=6.67*10^-11

m¹ is mass of object 1

m² is mass of object 2

‘r’ is a distance between the two objects

If the object is present in the negative gravitational field, then the objects will repel away from each other. Every object will exert a push force on the other object to push it away from its surrounding region.

The gravitational field is a region showing the force of attraction which is very small between the objects having a mass and is present in this field, and this gravitational force diminishes as the object moves away from another object or from the gravitational field.

How is Gravitational Field Negative?

The negative gravitational force is a very tiny repulsive force between the objects having masses due to the presence of dark matter.

The gravitational field is defined by the change in the gravitational potential of the field in every orbit around the massive mass which is equal to the negative gradient of the field strength; hence the gravitational field is negative.

The gravitational field strength is given as the force exerted by the object of mass ‘M’ on the object having mass ‘m’ at a distance ‘r’, given by the relation,

g=F/m

The gravitational force is formulated as, F=G mM/r²

Substituting this in the above equation, we get,

g=G M/r²

When the object is in the negative gravitational field, every object in this negative field will exert a force on every object to push it away from its own gravitational field as shown in the below figure.

is gravitational field negative — **Negative Gravitational Field**

If the object with mass ‘M’ has a greater gravitational potential field as compared to the object with mass ‘m’ present in the negative gravitational field, then the force applied by the mass ‘M’ will be greater than the object with mass ‘m’. If so is the case, then the object with mass ‘m’ will be displaced away from this massive object as it will repel from its negative gravitational field. The same is shown in the below figure. The object is displaced from its original position to a distance r+dr from the massive object having a mass ‘M’.

The work done by the mass ‘M’ to push the object away at a distance ‘dr’ is equal to the gravitational potential energy. Consider an object is repelled from the distance ‘r’ to ‘∞’, then the potential energy is,

The gravitational potential energy is positive. This signifies that this is a repulsive force between the two objects. We knew that the negative sign implies the force of attraction between the two bodies.

This gravitational potential energy is inversely proportional to the distance between the two objects, and hence we can say that the gravitational potential energy will decrease as the distance of separation of two objects increase further and further.

If we step into the next equipotential orbit, the variation in the gravitational potential energy of the object will be equal to the negative gravitational force.

dU/dr = -GMm/r²

The negative gravitational force decreases with subsequent orbits, and if these objects come in close vicinity of the positive gravitational field, then they will show the force of attraction towards these positive gravitational fields.

When is Gravitational Field Negative?

The gravitational force always shows a tiny force of attraction, but if the object is in the negative field then the objects will show a force of repulsion.

The gravitational force is negative if the object imposes a force on the other object to repel it away from its field instead of attracting and the potential energy of the field is positive.

The gravitational field becomes negative at an infinite distance where it becomes difficult to impose the force of attraction due to hindrance. The object will repel away from the gravitational field region of a certain massive mass if the potential energy of that object becomes equal to its kinetic energy. If the object gains enough kinetic energy to escape from the gravitational pull of that body, then the object will show repulsion from the massive object.

Read more on Gravitational Field.

Frequently Asked Questions

Does a dark energy is responsible for the negative gravitational field?

Dark energy is a theoretically postulated form of energy that is found in the entire universe and is considered a cause for the expansion of the universe.

The presence of dark energy leads to the opposition of the gravitational force due to it, thus causing an expansion and accelerating the object away from the gravitational field of the massive objects.

How is the gravitational force negative?

The gravitational force is not exerted on the object if it is present at an infinite distance from the gravitational field produced by the massive object.

The magnitude of the gravitational force is F = G m₁m₂/r² but in vector form the force due to one mass is reacting in the direction opposite to the force due to another object, that is, F =-G m₁m₂(r₂-r₁)3/r₂-r₁ thus denoted as negative.

How can the gravitational force be repulsive?

If the object is at an infinite distance from the source object then the gravitational force will be a minimum due to that object.

At the same sequence if that object falls near the gravitational field region due to another massive object, then it will be attracted towards it and repel away from the gravitational field of another object present at an infinite position.

Does the explosion of supernovas signify negative gravitational force?

The gravitational force always points towards the center of any object having mass.

At the time of the explosion, the force due to gravity is very less compared to the centrifugal force acting outward, thus causing the explosion, and the gravitational field during this time is negative.

Does the work done by the negative gravitational field on the object is negative?

The work is done by the gravitational force present in the negative gravitational field to push the object away from its region to the low potential space.

The work done by the object will be the force imposed on the object to displace it at a distance ‘d’ which is Work done=-G m₁m₂/r² d

Also Read:

Intensity Of Radiation Equation: Exhaustive Insights

January 21, 2024February 16, 2022 by AKSHITA MAPARI

In this article, we will see different factors on which the intensity of the radiation depends and what is the intensity of the radiation equation.

The intensity of radiation is the power radiated from the object on which the light waves are incident at a certain angle. The energy radiated from the unit area of the object depends upon its rate of emissivity, the temperature of the object, and its dimensions.

Intensity of Radiation Equation and the Solid Angle

The intensity of the radiation is the energy radiated from the system per unit area making a solid angle of radiations. Thus given by the equation,

I=E/Aθ

Where I is the intensity,

A is an area,

E is the energy radiated,

θ is a solid angle

When we measure an angle in three dimensional, we call it a solid angle and is measured in terms of steradians.

The area covered by the cone making an angle ‘θ’ is A=θ r². The radiated waves at an angle ‘θ’ are emitted in this area ‘A’.

Does the intensity of Radiation depend upon Emissivity?

The emissivity of the object depends upon the intensity of the incident waves on the object, dimensions, composition, and colour.

The intensity of the radiation depends upon the emissivity of the object. The dark coloured objects emit very few radiations as compared to bright coloured objects. Hence, the intensity of the radiation will be more in the case of bright coloured objects.

Does the intensity of Radiation depend upon the Temperature?

The intensity of radiation depends upon the intensity of incident waves and the angle at which these waves are incident.

If the temperature of the system is high then the emission of radiation is more from the system. The intensity of light will be responsible for the rise in temperature of the system as the agility of the molecules will increase and thus escalating the radiation intensity.

The power of radiation is directly proportional to the fourth power of the temperature by the formula,

P=ɛ Σ AT⁴

Where P is a radiation power

ɛ is the emissivity of the object

Σ=5.67* 10^-8 W/m²K⁴ is a Stefan’s Constant

A is the area

T is a temperature

As the temperature of the system increases, the intensity of radiation of the system also increases.

Does the Intensity of Radiation depend upon the Wavelength?

The radiation with high intensity basically comprises of waves having high frequency and energy.

As the frequency of the refracted waves decreases on giving off the energy to the system, the emitted waves are of long wavelength and thus less intensity.

If we consider the wavelength of the radiated waves, then now we can write the relation between the intensity and the wavelength by the equation,

I=E/A λθ

Where λ is a wavelength

The wavelength of the waves emitted by the system is always less than the wavelength of the incident waves absorbs by the system. This is because the energy of the incident light is reduced by entering into the denser medium and the energy is absorbed by the system converting it into thermal energy thus raising the temperature of the system.

Graph of Intensity of Radiation v/s Wavelength

The intensity of the wave will be more if the wavelength is small, and as the wavelength increases, the intensity will get reduced. If the wavelength is more, the frequency of the radiation is very less.

Here is a graph of intensity v/s the wavelength of the radiation plotted at different temperatures.

intensity of radiation equation — **Graph of Intensity v/s Wavelength**

The above graph clearly indicates that as the temperature of the system increases, the intensity of the emitted radiations also increases.

The intensity of the radiation is more in the visible spectra this is because the sunlight entering the Earth’s atmosphere has a greater intensity which gets absorbed in the object. Upon emitting, the intensity of the radiated waves is very less as the emitted waves possess a higher wavelength.

Read more on Radiant Intensity.

Does the Intensity of the Radiation depend upon the Distance?

If the object is closer to the source, the radiation incident on the object will be more.

The rays of light received by the object when placed near the source are more, but as the object is moved away from the source, the intensity of the light receiving by the object decreases.

When the object is closer to the source from where the light is incident on the object, then the radiations received per unit area of the object are more. As we increase the distance from the source and the object, the area covered by the rays emitted from the source increases but the radiations received by per unit area is less, thus reducing the intensity of the light.

Graph of Intensity of Radiation v/s Distance

Here is a graph plotted for the variation in the intensity of the radiations seen by increasing the gap between the light source and the luminous object.

As the intensity of the light decreases on expanding the distance from the source, the graph of intensity v/s distance shows a slightly exponential curve.

The intensity of the light depends upon how much light is incident on the object. It is equivalent to brightness. If the intensity of the light is more, then the brightness will be more, and if it is less, then we will have a deem source of light.

Frequency Asked Questions

Does the light reflected from the water have the same intensity as the incident light?

The wavelength of the emitted radiation is more compared to the incident waves.

As the photon of light is incident on the object, the energy of the photon is absorbed by the system due to which the intensity of the radiation is reduced.

Why the intensity of the infrared radiation is less than the visible light?

The intensity of the radiation depends upon the energy of the photon carried by the wave and its frequency.

When the visible ray is absorbed by any object, the radiated waves from the object are of bigger wavelength as compared to visible light, thus the intensity of IR is less than the visible light.

How does the intensity depend upon the area of the object?

The intensity is inversely related to the area of the object.

The smaller the area of the object, the less will be its capacity to absorb the radiation, due to which it will emit the radiation faster than the object will bigger size, on contrary, the intensity of the emitted radiation will be more.

How does the intensity depend upon the energy of the radiation?

If the intensity of the incident light is more, then it is evident that the energy associated with the photon is high.

Intensity is directly proportional to the energy of the radiation. Upon incident, this energy is transmitted to the object on which it is incident, hence the emitted radiations have less energy and are emitted at smaller frequencies.

Also Read:

What is diffuse reflection of radiation

Negative Electrostatic Force: What, When And Facts

January 20, 2024February 16, 2022 by AKSHITA MAPARI

In this article, we shall learn about the negative electrostatic force, what makes the electrostatic force negative, with detailed facts.

The electrostatic force is a force imposed on other charged particles due to the presence of that charge in the electric field produced by the electric charge in that area.

What is Negative Electrostatic Force?

The electrostatic force is given by the equation F=1/4 ɛπ (q₁q₂/r²)

Where 1/4 ɛπ=9*10⁹Nm²/C² is a constant.

ɛ₀=8.85*10^-12C²/Nm²

q₁ and q₂ are two charged particles, and

d is a distance between the two charges

If the product of the two charges is negative then the electrostatic force between the two charges is negative, hence the force is said to be a negative electrostatic force.

Problem 1: Calculate the electrostatic force between the charge q₁ and q₂ possessing charge -1C and +3C respectively. These two charges are separated by a distance of 2.5 cm.

Given: q₁= -1C q₂= +3C d= 2.5cm

negative electrostatic force — **Negative Electrostatic Force**

We have, F=1/4 ɛπ (q₁q₂/r²)

=9*10⁹ * {(-1C)* 3C/(2.5)²}

=9*10⁹*{-3/6.25}

=-4.32*10⁹N

The electrostatic force is negative due to the negative charge of the particle.

When Electrostatic Force is Negative?

The force between the two oppositely charged particles is always attractive.

If the two charged particles separated by some distance shows the force of attraction towards each other then the electrostatic force is negative.

The electrostatic force is F∝ q₁q₂ and F∝ 1/d.

The distance cannot be negative; hence, the condition for the electrostatic force to be negative completely relies upon the product of the two charges among which the electrostatic force is imposed.

If one charge is positive the other must be negatively charged. That is if q₁=+ve then q₂=-ve; and if q₁=-ve then q₂=+ve.

Both the charges should not have unique charges. If the charges are like charges then the product of the two will be positive. That is if q₁=+ve and q₂=+ve; then q₁ q₂=+ve and if q₁=-ve and q₂=-ve, then q₁ q₂=+ve. Hence, both the charges should not have similar charges for the electrostatic force to be negative.

Negative Electrostatic Force Point

The negative electrostatic force is due to the negative charge carriers that produce negative electric fields. The force on the positively charged particle present in this negative electric field is a negative electrostatic force and the point of origin of the negative electrostatic force that is the point charge which is negatively charged generating the electric field resembles the negative electrostatic force point.

The positive charge in the electric field produced by the negative point charge will show the forces of attraction towards the point charge; hence the electrostatic force will be negative. All the other negative charges in this field area will repel away from each exerting positive electrostatic force on negative charges.

Can Electrostatic Force be Negative?

Basically, if we see, the presence of force implies the positive quantity of force, so the force can be either zero in the absence or positive.

But the electrostatic force is a vector quantity and can be negative depending upon the charge of the particle imposing force on the other charges.

Every charged particle produced an electric field in proportionate with the charge that they carry, given by the relation

E=1/4 ɛπ (q/r²)

The electric field is related to the electrostatic force between the two charged particle by the relation,

F= qE

Where F is an electrostatic force

Q is a charge and

E is the electric field

The electrostatic force will be negative, if the positively charged carriers are present in the electric field generated by the negative charge, or if the negative charge is present in the field produced by positively charged particles.

The negative electrostatic force indicates that the force acting between the two charged particles is the attractive force. If the electric field is positive, then the electrostatic force imposed on the negative charge in this field will be negative.

Let us understand this with an example.

Consider a charge particle present at a point A as shown in the below figure. The electric field produced by this particle is 14 × 10²² N/C. Two other particles q₁ and q₂ having charge of -2C and +2C are placed in this field region separated by some distance. Calculate the electrostatic force imposed on each of these charged particles due to the electric field produced by a particle at point A.

Given: E =14 × 10²² N/C, q₁ = -2C, q₂ = +2C

We know F=qE

Hence, the electrostatic force on charge q1 in electric field is

F₁=q₁E

=(-2)*14*10²²

=-28*10²²N

The electrostatic force is negative; this implies that the force between the charge q1 and the source point charge is attractive. The charge at point A is exerting a force on q1 to bring it closer to point A.

The electrostatic force on charge q₂ in electric field is

F₂=q₂E

=(2)*14*10²²

=28*10²²N

The electrostatic force between the charge place at point A and the charge q₂ is positive, which indicates that the force between the two is repulsive as they constitute similar charges.

Negative vs Positive Electrostatic Force

The negative electrostatic force is an attractive force existing between the two unlike charges whereas the positive electrostatic force is a repulsive force between the two like charges, that says, both the charges are either positively charged or negatively charged.

The negative electrostatic force increases if the distance separating the two charges increases apart and the positive electrostatic force increases if the distance separating the two charges decreases.

Read more on Electrostatics.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is the work done by the negative electrostatic force?

The negative electrostatic force is an attractive force exerted on each by two unlike charges.

The work is done by the particles on each other to get them closer to each other, hence exerting the force of attraction.

Is negative electrostatic force an attractive force?

The negative electrostatic force resembles the attractive force between the unlike charges.

The unlike charged particles always tend to attract towards each other as the empty holes that give a positive charge to the particles due to lack of electrons are ready to fill this vacancy by attracting electrons.

Also Read:

Electrostatic Force And Charge: What, How And Detailed Facts

January 20, 2024February 15, 2022 by AKSHITA MAPARI

In this article, we will discuss how the electrostatic force and charge of the particle between which the electrostatic force acts are dependent on each other.

The electrostatic force is the force of attraction and repulsion between the two unlike and like charges respectively and is directly dependent on the product of the charged particles.

Is electric force directly proportional to charge?

The electric force directly depends on the product of the two charges and on the distance separating the both.

If q₁ and q₂ both are like charged particles, then the electrostatic force is positive and repulsive; and if both consist of different charges, that is, if one is positive and the other is negative then the electrostatic force will be negative and attractive.

The electric force is related to the charge of the particle by the formula,

F=1/ 4πɛ (q₁q₂/r²)

Where 1/ 4πɛ=9*10⁹Nm²/C²

ɛ =8.85*10^-12Nm²/C²

q₁ and q₂ are two charged particles, and

d is a distance between the two charges

Since,FA∝Bq₁q₂

If the product of the charges is negative then electrostatic force is negative and the force between the two charges is attraction.

And if the product is positive then the force between the two charges is the repulsive force and the force is positive.

Analogous to the product of charges, the electrostatic force also depends upon the distance allying the two charged particles inversely. If the gap between the two like charges increases then the effect of the electrostatic force between the two decreases. If the distance of separation of two unlike charges increases then the force of attraction also increases along with the distance.

Problem 1: Consider two charged particles Q₁, Q₂, Q₃,and Q₄ carrying a charge of -1C, 3C, -2C, and 1C respectively. Calculate the electrostatic force on particle Q₁.

electrostatic force and charge — **Fig. Electrostatic force between the charged particles**

Solution: The electrostatic force on a particle Q₁ due to charge Q₂ is

F₁=1/ 4πɛ (q₁q₂/r²)

=9*10⁹(-3/4)

=-6.75*10⁹N

The electrostatic force on a particle Q₁ due to charge Q₃ is

F₂=1/ 4πɛ (q₁q₂/r²)

=9*10⁹ (-1C)* (-2C)(2.8)²

=9*10⁹*{2/7.84}

=2.3*9*10⁹N

The electrostatic force on a particle Q₁ due to charge Q₄ is

F₂=1/ 4πɛ (q₁q₂/r²)

=9*10⁹ (-1C)* (-2C)(2)²

=9*10⁹*{1/4}

=-2.25*10⁹N

Hence, the net force acting on the charge Q1 is

F=F₁+F₂+F₃

=(-6.75+2.3+(-2.25))*10⁹

=-6.7*10⁹N

Thus, we can see that if the product of the two charges is positive then the electrostatic force will be positive, otherwise, it is negative that is the attractive force.

Electrostatic Force on Charge in Electric Field

The electrostatic force is a force experienced between the charged particles separated by some distance.

The force imposed by one charged particle on the other charge carrier is directly proportional to the electric field produced by itself and the total charge of the particle on which the force is exerted.

If the force due to two charge carriers is given by the relation F=1/ 4πɛ (q₁q₂/r²), then the electric field due to charge q₁ is E₁=1/ 4πɛ (q₁/r₁²) and the electric field due to charge q₂ is E₂=1/ 4πɛ (q₂/r₂²)

Hence, the electrostatic force experienced on charge q₁ due to charge q₂ is F=q₁E₁, and the electrostatic force experienced on charge q₂ due to charge q₁ is F=q₂E₂.

Now we can say that E=F/q

The electric field is the ratio of the electrostatic force and the charge of the carrier. The electrostatic force persists within the range of the electric field produced by the charged particle.

Read more on Electrostatics.

Problem 2: What is the electric field due to a particle of charge +3C at a distance of 3cm? How much force will it exert on the charge of +1C separated by a distance of 5cm?

Given: q₁=+3C

q₂=+1C

r₁=3cm

r₂=5cm

The electric field due to charge +3C at a distance 3cm is

E₁=1/ 4πɛ (q₁/r₁²)

=9*10⁹(3/3²)

=3*10⁹N

The electrostatic force between the two particles is

F=1/ 4πɛ (q₁q₂/r²)

=9*10⁹*{3*1/5²}

=9*10⁹*{3/25}

=1.08*10⁹ N

How Electrostatic Force Acts on Charges?

The charged particles produce their own electric field on mobility and are confined to the charge of the particle and the gap of separation from other charges.

The negative charge carrier will exert an attractive force on the positively charged particle and the repulsive force on the negatively charged particle.

The charge carrier will form an electric field within which this force of attraction or repulsion will be influenced. The electrostatic force between the like charges is always repulsive force because they tend to move away from each other as the charge carriers of the two is the same and they spin in the opposite direction to apart.

If the two particles consist of unlike charges, then they will show the force of attraction towards each other as the negative charge wants to binds with the positive charge to get neutral.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the electrostatic force between the proton and electron separated by a distance of 1fm?

We have, d=1fm=10^-15m

The charge of proton q₁=1.6*10^-19

The charge of electron q₁=-1.6*10^-19

Hence, the electrostatic force between the two charge particles is

E=1/ 4πɛ (q₁q₂/r²)

=9*10⁹* 1.6*10^-19 * 1.6 * 10^-19/ (10^-15)²

=230.4 N

The electrostatic force between the electron and proton is 230.4N.

How electrostatic force is different from gravitational force?

The electrostatic force is given as F=K.q₁q₂/r² whereK=9*10⁹Nm²/C² and the gravitational force is given by the relation F_G=G m₁m₂/r² where G=6.67*10^-11 Nm²Kg².

The force between the two charges is called the electrostatic force which can b attractive or repulsive, whereas the force of gravity between the two objects having masses is called the gravitational force and is always attractive force.

How does the electric field depend upon the electrostatic force?

Even a single charged particle can generate its own electric field range within which it exerts the electrostatic force on the other charged particles.

The electrostatic forces reacting between the particles cause the particles to either repel away from each other or attract, hence the electric field is directly proportional to the electrostatic force.

What does the negative electrostatic force signify?

The negative electrostatic force implies the force of attraction between the two charged particles.

It says that the product of the two charged particles is negative, that is one of the charges is positive and another one is negatively charged.

How many types of electrostatic forces are there?

Depending upon the majority of charge carriers the electrostatic force is classified into an attractive force and a repulsive force.

These forces completely rely upon the charge that the particle carries. The negative charge will show the force of attraction towards the positive charge particle and the force of repulsion towards the negatively charged particle.

Also Read:

Electrostatic Force And Distance: What, When, How And Detailed Facts

January 21, 2024February 14, 2022 by AKSHITA MAPARI

In this article, we are going to discuss about the electrostatic force, and how it is dependent on the distance exhaustively.

A force between the two charged particles is known as the electrostatic force and the strength of the force relies upon the amount of charge held by the particle and the distance separating it from the other charged particle.

Electrostatic Force and Distance Graph

The electrostatic force between the two charges at rest is given by the relation:-

E=1/4 πɛ (q₁q₂/r²)

If the distance between the two charges increases, then the electrostatic force between the like charges will decrease, and that of between unlike charges the electrostatic force will increase on expanding the distance between the two charges.

If the two charges are the like charges then the product of the two charges will be positive and hence the electrostatic force will be positive.

As the distance between the two charges increases, the force will sharply fall initially and then gradually decrease further. Therefore, the above graph shows an exponential curve.

Example: Consider two charges q₁ and q₂ having charges of 1C and 2C respectively. Find out the variation in the electrostatic force between these two charges is the distance between the two changes, and then plot the graph.

Given: q₁ = 1C

q₂ = 2C

At d=1cm

E₁=1/4πɛ q₁q₂/r²

E₁=9*10⁹*{1C*2C/(1)²}

=9*10⁹*2=18*10⁹N

At d=2cm

E₂=1/4πɛ(q₁q₂/r²)

E₂=9*10⁹*(1C*2C/(2)²)

E₂=9*10⁹*frac{2/4}

=9* 10⁹*0.5=4.5*10⁹ N

At d=3cm

E₃= 1/4πɛ(q₁q₂/r²)

=9*10⁹*(2/9)

=2* 10⁹ N

At d=4cm

E₄= 1/4πɛ(q₁q₂/r²)

E₄=9*10⁹*{1C*2C/(4)²}

=9*10⁹*{2/16}

=1.125*10⁹ N

At d=5cm

E₅= 1/4πɛ(q₁q₂/r²)

E₅=9*10⁹*{1C* 2C/(5)²}

=9*10⁹*{2/25}

=0.72*10⁹N

Now, let us plot the graph for the above

We have,

Distance (cm)	Electrostatic Force (× 10⁹ N)
1	18
2	4.5
3	2
4	1.125
5	0.72

**Graph of Electrostatic Force v/s Distance**

Hence, it is clear that the electrostatic force will exponentially decrease with expanding distance if the two charges are like charged particles.

Further, let us see the relationship between the electrostatic force and the distance if the two charges are unlike charges. We are very well known that the two unlike charges shows the forces of attraction towards each other, and hence this force will increase if the distance between them increases and the graph will look like as shown below:-

**Graph of Electrostatic Energy v/s Distance for Unlike Charges**

The product of one negatively charged and one positively charged particle will give a product negative and hence the electrostatic force is negative. As the distance separating the two rises, the force of attraction between the two will increase per square distance.

Let us understand why the graph shows an exponential curve in this case too, by taking a simple example given below.

Example: Consider two charges q₁ and q₂ having charges of -1C and 2C respectively. Find the electrostatic force with the variable distance separating the two charged particles and then plot the graph for the same.

Given: q₁ = -1C

q₂ = 2C

At d=1cm

E₅= 1/4πɛ(q₁q₂/r²)

E₅=9*10⁹*{-1C*2C/(1)²}

=9*10⁹ * (-2)=-18*10⁹N

At d=2cm

E₂= 1/4πɛ(q₁q₂/r²)

E₂=9*10⁹*{-1C*2C/(2)²}

E₂=9* 10⁹*{-2/4}

=9*10⁹(-0.5)=-4.5*10⁹N

At d=3cm

E₃= 1/4πɛ(q₁q₂/r²)

E₃=9*10⁹*{-1C*2C/(3)²}

=9*10⁹*{-2/9}

=-2*10⁹ N

At d=4cm

E₄= 1/4πɛ(q₁q₂/r²)

E₄=9* 10⁹*{-1C*2C/(4)²}

=9*10⁹*{-2/16}

=-1.125*10⁹N

At d=5cm

E₅= 1/4πɛ(q₁q₂/r²)

E₅=9*10⁹*{-1C*2C/(5)²}

=9*10⁹*{-2/25}

=-0.72*10⁹N

Now, let us plot the graph for the above

We have,

Distance (cm)	Electrostatic Force (× 10⁹ N)
1	-18
2	-4.5
3	-2
4	-1.125
5	-0.72

Hence, it is clear from the graph that as the distance between the two unlike charges increases, the electrostatic force increases along with the distance.

The electrostatic force is related to a distance by the relation E= 1/4πɛ(q₁q₂/r²)

The force of attraction between the two will increase if we separate the two charges apart and the force of repulsion will rise if the charges are placed near each other.

The electrostatic force primarily depends upon the charge of the particles depending upon which the force of attraction or repulsion comes into the picture. It completely relies upon the charge of the particle and the distance.

Problem: Three charged particles are separated by a distance having different charges as shown in the below figure. Calculate the electrostatic force on charge Q₁.

**Fig. Electrostatic Force between Three Charged Particles**

The electrostatic force between charge Q₁ and Q₂ is

E₁=1/4πɛ₀(q₁q₂/r²)

=9*10⁹*{1C*3C/(2)²}

=9*10⁹*{3/4}

=6.75*10⁹N

The electrostatic force between charge Q₁ and Q₃ is

E₂=1/4πɛ₀(q₁q₂/r²)

=9*10⁹*{1C*(-2)/(3)²}

=9*10⁹* {(-2)/9}

=-2*10⁹N

Hence the net force acting on the point

F=E₁+ E₂

=(6.75-2)*10⁹

=4.75*10⁹N

The net force on the point charge Q₁ is 4.75 × 10⁹ N.

Does Electrostatic Force Increase with Distance?

The electrostatic force increases with the distance if the two electric charges kept are unlike charges.

As the electrostatic force is inversely related to the distance separating the two electric charges, the force of attraction will increase when this distance will lengthen to a greater and greater extent.

This is not the case between the repulsive charges. If the distance increases separating the two electric charges, this force of repulsion between the two charges will decrease. So, in the case of like charges, the electrostatic force will decrease as the gap between the two electric charges will reduce.

How does Distance Increase Force?

The force is increased if the distance between the like charges is reduced and between unlike charges is extended.

The force of attraction between the two unlike charges increases if the distance separating the two charges increases, and the repulsive electrostatic force will be more when the two like charges will be very close to each other, that is if the distance between the two charges will be minimum.

How does Electrostatic Force Work?

A force of attraction or repulsion between the two charges is called the electrostatic force.

The electrostatic force directly relies upon the charge that a particle carries depending upon the number of protons and electrons constituted by the particle.

Depending upon a charge there is a force of attraction or repulsion between the two charges separated by some distance. The unlike charges show the electrostatic force of attraction as the electron carriers in the particle attract towards the particle that has maximum carriers of the protons which are positively charged because the electrons can fill the vacant spaces in the positively charged particle.

Well, the like charges will apply a force on each other to push away contrarily. This is because two positively charged particles will have the maximum number of protons and hence will move away if there is no availability of electrons. The same is the case when two charges are negatively charged and they have more number of electrons, the particle will no longer take more number of electrons hence does not show attraction towards each other.

Read more on Electrostatics.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the electrostatic potential?

The potential of the electric charges to do the work or to get the work done defines the electric potential of that charge.

The electrostatic potential is the energy required to bring a charged particle from an infinite position to a finite distance by the application of the electrostatic force between the point charge and that particle at an infinite distance.

How electric potential is different from electric force?

The electric potential is the energy of one particle whereas the electric force is a force imposed due to two or more charged particles.

The energy required for a charged particle to do the work is called the electric potential, and on contrary, the force acquired between the two charged particles is the electric force.

What is electrostatics?

The term electrostatics deal with the electric charge carriers, and their characteristics.

There is always a force of attraction and repulsion depending upon the number of charge carriers in the particle which is known as electrostatic force.

Also Read:

17 Air Resistance Force Examples: Detailed Explanations

January 20, 2024February 12, 2022 by AKSHITA MAPARI

Air resistance force, also known as drag force, is a type of frictional force that opposes the motion of an object through a fluid medium, such as air or water. It is caused by the interaction between the object and the molecules of the fluid. Air resistance force can have a significant impact on the motion of objects, particularly those moving at high speeds or with large surface areas.

Key Takeaways:

Object	Example
Car	Driving against a strong headwind
Parachute	Descending through the air
Baseball	Pitched with a curveball
Airplane	Flying through the atmosphere
Cyclist	Riding a bike at high speeds

Please note that the table above provides a concise overview of some common examples of air resistance force.

Understanding Air Resistance Force

Air resistance force, also known as drag force, is a phenomenon that occurs when an object moves through a fluid medium, such as air or water. It is a contact force that opposes the motion of the object and is influenced by various factors such as the shape and size of the object, the speed at which it is moving, and the properties of the fluid.

Air Resistance Force Explained

When an object moves through the air, it experiences a resistance force due to the collision of air molecules with its surface. This force is called air resistance force. The magnitude of the air resistance force depends on the speed of the object. As the speed increases, so does the air resistance force.

To understand air resistance force, let’s consider the example of a falling object. When an object is in free fall, it accelerates due to the force of gravity. However, as the object gains speed, the air resistance force also increases. Eventually, the air resistance force becomes equal to the force of gravity, resulting in a net force of zero. This is known as the terminal velocity, the maximum speed at which the object can fall.

Air Resistance Contact Force Example

To further illustrate the concept of air resistance force, let’s consider the example of a skydiver. When a skydiver jumps out of an airplane, they experience air resistance force. Initially, as the skydiver falls, the air resistance force is relatively small compared to the force of gravity. However, as the skydiver gains speed, the air resistance force increases, eventually reaching a point where it balances out the force of gravity. This allows the skydiver to reach a constant velocity, known as terminal velocity.

Another example of air resistance force can be seen in the flight of birds. Birds have streamlined bodies and wings that are designed to minimize air resistance. By adjusting the shape and angle of their wings, birds can control the amount of air resistance they experience, allowing them to maneuver and fly efficiently.

Difference between Air Resistance Force and Frictional Force

While air resistance force and frictional force both involve the resistance to motion, there are some key differences between the two.

Air resistance force specifically refers to the resistance experienced by objects moving through a fluid medium, such as air. It depends on factors like the speed and shape of the object, as well as the properties of the fluid. On the other hand, frictional force is the resistance that occurs when two surfaces come into contact and slide against each other. It is influenced by factors such as the roughness of the surfaces and the force pressing them together.

In terms of their effects, air resistance force can cause objects to slow down or reach a terminal velocity, while frictional force can cause objects to come to a stop or experience a change in motion.

Real Life Examples of Air Resistance Force

Closing of Unlatched Doors and Windows

Have you ever noticed how a door or window tends to close on its own when there’s a strong breeze? This phenomenon is a result of air resistance force. When the wind blows, it exerts a force on the door or window, pushing it in the opposite direction. The air resistance force acts as a resistance to the motion of the door or window, causing it to close.

Blowing a Candle

When you blow out a candle, you are also experiencing the effects of air resistance force. As you blow air towards the flame, the air molecules collide with the flame, causing it to flicker and eventually extinguish. The air resistance force created by the movement of air disrupts the balance of heat and oxygen required for the flame to sustain itself.

Windmill

Windmills are a classic example of harnessing the power of air resistance force. The blades of a windmill are designed to catch the wind and convert its kinetic energy into mechanical energy. As the wind blows, it exerts a force on the blades, causing them to rotate. This rotation is then used to generate electricity or perform other tasks.

Shading Dry Leaves of Trees

On a windy day, you may notice that the dry leaves of trees tend to flutter and shake. This is due to the air resistance force acting on the leaves. As the wind blows, it creates a drag force on the leaves, causing them to move and shake. The air resistance force helps in dispersing the leaves, preventing them from accumulating in one place.

Sand Dunes

Sand dunes are formed by the movement of wind-blown sand particles. The air resistance force plays a crucial role in shaping the dunes. As the wind blows, it carries sand particles and deposits them in certain areas, creating dunes. The air resistance force acting on the sand particles determines their movement and deposition, resulting in the formation of unique sand dune landscapes.

Air Resistance Force in Everyday Objects

Umbrella

When you open an umbrella on a windy day, you can feel the force of air resistance pushing against it. This force, also known as drag force, is caused by the interaction between the umbrella and the air molecules. The shape and size of the umbrella, as well as the speed and direction of the wind, determine the amount of air resistance it experiences.

Curtains in Flight

Have you ever noticed how curtains flutter when a window is open? This is due to the air resistance force acting on them. As the air flows through the window, it creates a breeze that pushes against the curtains. The frictional force between the air and the fabric of the curtains causes them to move and sway in the air.

Unfiled Papers

If you’ve ever held a stack of unfiled papers and walked outside on a windy day, you know how easily they can be blown away. The air resistance force acting on the papers is responsible for this. As the wind blows, it exerts a force on the papers, causing them to experience drag. The lighter the papers and the stronger the wind, the greater the air resistance they will encounter.

Balloon

When you release a balloon without tying it, you’ll notice that it quickly flies away. This is because of the air resistance force acting on the balloon. As the air rushes past the balloon, it creates a drag force that opposes its motion. The shape and size of the balloon, as well as the speed and direction of the wind, determine how much air resistance it experiences.

Air Resistance Force in Transportation

Airplane

gerlitz glacier g17d6afe6b 640 — Pixabay

When it comes to transportation, air resistance force plays a significant role in various modes of travel. Let’s start by exploring the impact of air resistance on airplanes.

In the realm of flight physics, aerodynamics and the concept of drag force are crucial. Drag force is the resistance encountered by an object moving through a fluid, in this case, the air. The magnitude of drag force depends on several factors, including the shape of the object, its velocity, and the density of the air.

For an airplane, the drag force is primarily caused by frictional forces and the pressure difference between the upper and lower surfaces of the wings. As the airplane moves through the air, the wings generate lift to counteract the force of gravity. However, this lift also creates a drag force that opposes the forward motion of the aircraft.

To minimize drag and improve fuel efficiency, engineers design airplanes with streamlined shapes and smooth surfaces. They also consider factors such as the drag coefficient, which quantifies the drag-producing characteristics of an object. By optimizing these factors, airplanes can achieve higher speeds and better performance.

Driving

Air resistance also affects land transportation, particularly when it comes to driving vehicles. When you drive a car, for example, the shape and design of the vehicle influence the amount of air resistance it encounters. Cars with sleek and aerodynamic designs experience less drag, allowing them to move more efficiently through the air.

Frictional forces between the tires and the road also contribute to the overall resistance experienced by a moving vehicle. This resistance can be influenced by factors such as tire pressure, tire tread, and the type of surface the vehicle is driving on.

To improve fuel efficiency and reduce air resistance, car manufacturers conduct wind tunnel experiments to test different designs and configurations. By minimizing drag and optimizing aerodynamics, vehicles can achieve better fuel economy and higher speeds.

Paragliding

In the realm of recreational activities, paragliding is an exhilarating sport that relies on air resistance to stay aloft. Paragliders use specially designed canopies that resemble parachutes to harness the forces of air resistance and gravity.

When a paraglider takes off, the canopy catches the wind, creating an upward force that allows the pilot to gain altitude. By manipulating the shape and orientation of the canopy, paragliders can control their speed and direction.

Paragliders also utilize techniques such as weight shifting and brake input to adjust their flight path. These maneuvers help them navigate through the air and take advantage of thermals, which are columns of rising warm air that can provide additional lift.

Air Resistance Force in Nature

Air resistance is a force that acts against the motion of an object as it moves through the air. It is also known as drag force and is influenced by factors such as the shape, size, and speed of the object. In nature, air resistance plays a significant role in various phenomena, including cyclones and storms, breeze from trees, and even the flight of a feather.

Cyclones & Storms

Cyclones and storms are powerful weather phenomena that are greatly influenced by air resistance. As air moves in circular patterns, it encounters resistance from the surrounding air. This resistance, combined with other factors such as temperature and pressure gradients, leads to the formation and intensification of cyclones and storms. The understanding of fluid dynamics and aerodynamics helps us comprehend the intricate processes involved in these atmospheric disturbances.

Breeze from Trees

Have you ever wondered why you feel a gentle breeze when standing under a tree on a hot day? The movement of air, known as a breeze, is a result of air resistance. As the wind blows, it encounters the leaves and branches of the tree, causing frictional forces. This frictional force slows down the wind, creating a breeze that provides relief from the heat. It’s fascinating how something as simple as a tree can influence the air around it and create a pleasant sensation.

Feather

Even something as light as a feather experiences the effects of air resistance. When a feather falls through the air, it encounters resistance due to its shape and the air molecules it interacts with. This resistance, also known as drag, slows down the feather’s descent, causing it to fall at a slower speed than if it were in a vacuum. The concept of air resistance is crucial in understanding the motion of falling objects and the forces acting upon them.

Air resistance is a force that affects various aspects of our daily lives, from the flight of an airplane to the floating of a balloon. It plays a significant role in determining the terminal velocity of objects, the effectiveness of parachutes, and the aerodynamics of vehicles. Understanding the principles of air resistance and its interaction with other forces, such as gravity, is essential in fields like physics, sports, and engineering.

Air Resistance Force in Recreational Activities

Kite Flying

When it comes to recreational activities, one fascinating aspect is the interaction between air and objects. Air resistance force plays a significant role in various activities, including kite flying.

When you fly a kite, you might have noticed how it tugs against the string. This tug is caused by the drag force, which is a type of air resistance. Drag force is the resistance that objects experience when moving through a fluid, in this case, the air. The amount of drag force depends on factors such as the shape and size of the kite, as well as the speed at which it is flying.

As the kite moves through the air, it experiences a force that opposes its motion. This force is known as wind resistance or air resistance. The kite’s shape and design are crucial in determining the amount of air resistance it encounters. Kites with larger surface areas or those with more complex designs tend to experience greater air resistance.

The drag force acting on a kite can affect its flight dynamics. For instance, if the drag force is too high, it can cause the kite to slow down or even stall. On the other hand, if the drag force is too low, the kite may become difficult to control. Finding the right balance between lift and drag is essential for a successful kite flying experience.

Hot Air Balloon

Hot air balloons are another recreational activity where air resistance force comes into play. These majestic flying vessels rely on the principles of fluid dynamics and aerodynamics to stay afloat.

When a hot air balloon is inflated, the hot air inside the balloon is less dense than the surrounding air. This difference in density creates an upward force known as buoyancy, which allows the balloon to rise. However, the balloon also experiences air resistance due to the frictional force between the balloon’s surface and the air molecules.

The shape of the hot air balloon plays a crucial role in determining the amount of air resistance it encounters. The balloon’s envelope, which is typically made of nylon or polyester, is designed to minimize drag and maximize lift. The balloon’s shape allows it to move through the air with minimal resistance, enabling it to float gracefully.

To control the ascent and descent of a hot air balloon, the pilot adjusts the temperature of the air inside the envelope. By heating the air, the balloon becomes less dense and rises. Conversely, by allowing the air to cool, the balloon becomes denser and descends. This manipulation of air density helps the pilot navigate the balloon through the sky.

In addition to the drag force and buoyancy, hot air balloons also experience the force of wind. Wind can affect the balloon’s speed and direction, requiring the pilot to make adjustments to maintain control. Understanding the principles of air resistance and fluid dynamics is crucial for a safe and enjoyable hot air balloon experience.

Frequently Asked Questions

5 Examples of Air Resistance Force

Air resistance force, also known as drag force, is a phenomenon that occurs when an object moves through a fluid medium, such as air. It is a force that opposes the motion of the object and is influenced by various factors such as the shape and size of the object, the speed at which it is moving, and the properties of the fluid. Here are five examples of air resistance force in action:

Parachute Resistance: When a person jumps out of an airplane and deploys a parachute, the large surface area of the parachute creates a significant amount of air resistance. This air resistance slows down the person’s descent, allowing them to land safely.
Falling Objects: When objects fall from a height, air resistance plays a role in determining their speed of descent. As objects accelerate due to gravity, the air resistance force increases until it reaches a point where it balances out the force of gravity. This is known as terminal velocity.
Bird Flight: Birds utilize their wings to generate lift and counteract the force of gravity. However, as they move through the air, they also experience air resistance. The shape and structure of their wings are designed to minimize drag and maximize lift, allowing them to fly efficiently.
Car Aerodynamics: Car manufacturers invest significant effort in designing vehicles with optimal aerodynamics. By reducing drag, they can improve fuel efficiency and overall performance. Streamlined shapes, spoilers, and other aerodynamic features help minimize air resistance and improve the car’s speed and handling.
Bicycle Resistance: When riding a bicycle, air resistance can significantly impact the speed and effort required. Cyclists often adopt an aerodynamic posture to minimize drag and increase efficiency. Factors such as wind speed, direction, and the cyclist’s position on the bike all influence the air resistance force experienced.

Air Resistance Force Examples in Our Daily Life

Air resistance force is present in various aspects of our daily lives, often without us even realizing it. Here are a few examples of how air resistance affects our day-to-day activities:

Ballistics: In sports such as baseball, soccer, or golf, the flight of a ball is influenced by air resistance. The shape and spin of the ball interact with the air, causing it to experience drag and altering its trajectory.
Skydiving: When skydiving, the position of the body and the shape of the parachute play a crucial role in managing air resistance. Skydivers adjust their body position to control their descent speed and direction, while the parachute helps create additional drag to slow down their fall.
Flight Physics: The principles of aerodynamics and air resistance are fundamental to aviation. Aircraft designers consider drag reduction techniques to improve fuel efficiency and increase speed. Understanding air resistance is essential for safe and efficient flight.
Wind Tunnel Experiments: Scientists and engineers use wind tunnels to study the effects of air resistance on various objects, from airplane wings to car designs. These experiments help optimize shapes and structures to minimize drag and improve performance.
Physics of Sports: Air resistance affects various sports, such as cycling, skiing, and swimming. Athletes and equipment manufacturers strive to reduce drag to enhance performance. For example, swimmers wear streamlined swimsuits, and cyclists use aerodynamic helmets and clothing.

Mention 5 Air Resistance Force Examples in Daily Life

Air resistance force is present in numerous everyday situations. Here are five examples of how air resistance affects our daily lives:

Balloons: When a balloon is released into the air, the air resistance force acts against its upward motion. The drag force slows down the balloon’s ascent, causing it to float in the air.
Blowing on Hot Food: When we blow on hot food to cool it down, the air resistance force helps in the cooling process. The moving air increases the rate of heat transfer from the food to the surroundings, making it cool faster.
Falling Leaves: As leaves detach from trees and fall to the ground, they experience air resistance. The drag force opposes their downward motion, causing them to flutter and descend more slowly.
Wind Turbines: Wind turbines harness the power of air resistance to generate electricity. The blades of the turbine are designed to capture the kinetic energy of the wind, and the air resistance force on the blades causes them to rotate, converting wind energy into electrical energy.
Driving with Open Windows: When driving with open windows, the air resistance force acts on the vehicle, creating drag. This drag force can increase fuel consumption, especially at higher speeds.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the definition of electromagnetism?

Electromagnetism is a branch of physics that deals with the study of electromagnetic forces. These forces are generated by the interaction between electrically charged particles. The electromagnetic force is one of the four fundamental forces and it includes phenomena like electricity, magnetism, light, and radio waves.

Can you explain the definition of Resistance in physics?

Resistance in physics is the opposition that a substance offers to the flow of electric current. It is a property of the substance itself, depending on factors such as its length, cross-sectional area, and the type of material. The unit of resistance is the ohm (Ω).

What is paragliding and how does air resistance affect it?

Paragliding is a recreational and competitive adventure sport of flying paragliders, which are lightweight, free-flying, foot-launched glider aircraft. Air resistance, also known as drag, plays a crucial role in paragliding. It opposes the motion of the paraglider through the air, affecting its speed and direction. The paraglider must work with and against this force to control their flight.

What is the role of frictional force in our daily life?

Frictional force is a force that opposes the relative motion between two surfaces in contact. In our daily life, it allows us to walk without slipping, hold objects, write with a pen or pencil, and stop vehicles by applying brakes. Without frictional force, these common tasks would be impossible.

What is air resistance and how does it impact motion?

Air resistance is a type of frictional force that acts against the motion of an object moving through the air. It depends on factors like the object’s shape, size, and speed, as well as the air’s density. Air resistance can slow down the motion of an object, change its trajectory, or even stop it completely if the force is large enough.

Can you provide 5 examples of air resistance force in our daily life?

Sure, here are five examples:
1. When you ride a bicycle, you feel a force pushing against you. This is air resistance.
2. When a parachute opens, it slows the fall of a skydiver due to air resistance.
3. Birds and airplanes must overcome air resistance to fly.
4. When you throw a ball, its trajectory is affected by air resistance.
5. Wind resistance, a type of air resistance, can make it harder to walk or run against the wind.

What is the definition and examples of air resistance force?

Air resistance force, also known as drag, is a force that opposes the motion of an object through the air. Examples of air resistance force include a parachute slowing a skydiver’s fall, a bird flying against the wind, or the resistance you feel when riding a bicycle at high speed.

How does air resistance affect the terminal velocity of a falling object?

Air resistance affects the terminal velocity of a falling object by opposing the force of gravity. As an object falls, it accelerates due to gravity until it reaches a point where the air resistance equals the gravitational force. At this point, the object stops accelerating and falls at a constant speed, known as the terminal velocity.

How does aerodynamics relate to air resistance?

Aerodynamics is the study of how gases interact with moving bodies. When an object moves through the air, it experiences air resistance. The principles of aerodynamics are used to design objects, like cars or airplanes, to minimize air resistance and improve efficiency.

How does friction in the air or air resistance affect the flight of a bird?

Friction in the air, or air resistance, plays a crucial role in bird flight. Birds have evolved streamlined body shapes to minimize this resistance. When a bird flaps its wings, it creates lift to overcome gravity and drag to overcome air resistance. The balance of these forces allows the bird to fly, glide, and maneuver in the air.

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Is Support Force A Contact Force: Why, How And Several Facts

January 20, 2024February 11, 2022 by AKSHITA MAPARI

In this article, we are going to discuss whether is support force a contact force or not and what are the various facts behind it.

The word itself explains that it is an additional force used to sustain the force that is imposed on the body. This supporting force helps the object to withstand the forces that are imposed on it balancing the object to the rest.

How is Support Force a Contact Force?

A force is said to be a contact force when it is imposed on the object by being in its contact without which the force is not imploding on the object.

A support force is definitely a contact force because without coming in contact with the object to which the support has to be given, this force can’t be imposed on the object.

Consider a vehicle park on the hill as shown in the below figure. The stones are kept infront of the tires to prevent the car from slipping down the hill.

is support force a contact force — **A stone applying Support Force**

As the weight of a car due to gravity is acting in a slightly backward direction of the car, and also the force due to air resistance is imposing on the car that may lead to the downward acceleration of the car from the hill top. That is why a support force is applied by placing a stone near the tires of the car to prevent the tires from accelerating.

A support force acting on the tire by the stone relates to Newton’s Third Law of Motion, which states,

“Every action has equal and opposite reaction”

If it doesn’t follow the law then a car will accelerate down the hill. This means that the support force on the tires has to be less or equal and opposite to the force acting on the car due to air drag. This force comes into action only when the stone is in contact with the tires of the car.

The force due to air resistance is normally very less exerting on the car. In case the speed of the wind rises due to some climatic conditions and is greater than the support force that the stone might exert on the car, then the car might accelerate down along with the stone.

What is Essential for any Object to give a Support Force?

An object is able to provide a support force to the other object depending on the shape, size, and mass.

Not only the mass, but even the compressive strength, its rigidity, and the tension it can sustain help to provide greater supportive force to the object to resist the motion.

paintings gcf8b089a5 640 — **Support Force by Tripod;**
**Image Credit: Pixabay**

Just imagine a feather; it is so light and delicate that the air resistance can easily drag it from place to place and float in the air. Do you think that it is able to impose supportive force on any object? Why do you think that the feathers will not be a suitable thing to levy a supportive force?

Yes, indeed it is very light in mass, and the force due to gravity is also very finite. Plus, it doesn’t have resistivity to even resist the wind and is easily carried away by the breeze. Therefore, it is obvious that it will not provide any supportive force to any.

Examples of Support Force

Some examples of support forces are a strong foundation for buildings to support the force incident from the concrete of the building slab, stone placed at the tires of the car when parked on hills to resist the accidental downward motion of the car, latches of the window to support window panels to resist the wind speed, poles of the bridges, handles on the drawers, latches of a door, clothes hanging on rope support force comes from the poles to which the rope is tied, hanger on metallic rod, preventing a person from falling, etc.

Does Support Force Act as Resistive Force?

The force required by the object to maintain its position to the rest irrespective of different forces acting on it is called a support force.

Support force does act as a resistive force by resisting the forces acting on the object and helping the objects to withstand those forces.

The support force resists the movement of the object by exerting a force on the body that binds the object to the rest unless some higher force is imposed on the object against the support force and puts the object into acceleration.

Frequently Asked Questions

How do the window latches impose support force on the windows?

If the window does have hooks or latches, then on the heavy blow of breeze, the windows might bang on grills and get damaged.

Hence, latches help to prevent this by providing a supportive force for the windows by resisting the force imposing on the windows due to heavy blow of breeze.

How does the support force is measured?

The support force is measured in terms of Newton and is equal to the force imposing on the object.

The support force imposed on the object is equal to the amount of force the supporting object is resisting that is being imposed on the object.

Also Read:

Is Push A Contact Force: Why, How And Several Facts

January 20, 2024February 11, 2022 by AKSHITA MAPARI

In this article, we are going to discuss about a push force, is push a contact force or not, and the reason behind it in detailed facts.

The object push from its position of rest is called push force and is imposed only by coming in physical contact with that object; therefore it is a contact force.

How is Push a Contact Force?

Contact forces are those where the force can be applied only on coming in contact with the object on which the force has to be imposed.

To push any object one needs to apply force on it to make it displace, hence to push it is necessary to come in contact with that object which is to be pushed. Hence, a push is definitely a contact force.

Without coming in physical contact we aren’t able to push any objects, isn’t it? There must be a force imposing on the object for it to move from the place, whether you apply it using your own hands or utilizing some other object, physical touch has to be there for the object to impel it from the rest position. It is just opposite to the force required for pulling the object.

What are the different forces that come into reactions on the application of push force?

The force due to gravity and the normal force acting opposite to the weight of the object is an evidential force acting on the object on Earth.

Depending upon the coefficient of friction of the surface the friction force is acting on the surface of the object on displacement due to pushing that resists the motion of the object. Along with it, there is a force due to air drag that is acting on the object.

Does Pushing Lead to Compression?

A force is said to be a compressive force if the equal forces are inflicting on the object from two opposite directions as action-reaction forces.

Indeed, the pushing may result in compression of the object if the push force is applied to the object from the opposite directions.

Consider a man pushing an object from one side, and another man is also putting equal force from the opposite side as shown in the below figure.

is push a contact force — **Compression due to Pushing**

Due to the equal and opposite force acting on the object, this is exerting the compression force on the object. From both sides, the push force is imposed on the object, but that results in compressive force.

How to Calculate Push Force?

Push force is equal to the force levied upon the object and is measured in Newton.

Basically, the force imposed on the object is the net force applied on the object while pushing and the force reacting on the base of the object due to frictional force.

Lets us find how to measure a push force by solving some examples below:-

A force is applied on a block of mass 105kg to displace it at a distance ‘x’. The coefficient of friction of the surface is 0.25 and the acceleration of the block is 0.05m/s². Calculate the total force and the push force applied on the block.

Given: a=0.05m/s²

m=105kg

mu =0.25

The total force on the block is

F=ma+f_mu

F=ma+u N

Since the friction is acting on the object is

f_mu =mu mg

F=ma+mu mg

=m(a+mu g)

Substituting the value in the equation,

F=105kg*0.05+0.25* 9.8

=105kg*(0.05+2.45)

=105kg* 2.50

=262.5N

The total force acting on the object is 262.5N.

The force due to push is equal to

F=ma

=105kg*0.05

=5.25

Hence, the force of only 5.25 Newton is imposed on the object due to pushing.

A woman in a shopping mall is pushing a shopping trolley of weight 2.3 kg. The acceleration of the trolley on the application of the push force is 0.5m/s². Calculate the push force applied on the trolley.

Given: m=2.3kg

a=0.5m/s²

The push force imposed on the shopping trolley is

F=ma

=2.3*0.5

=1.15N

A woman is applying the push force of 1.15N from her hand to push the trolley.

Does Pushing Results in Contraction?

Contraction is relevant to the shrinking or tightening of the object and relies upon the compression strength of the object.

If the push force is applied on the object across the rigid object whose compressive stress the very high then the object which is been push then the object will show contraction.

We can relate this to the geotectonic plates. Two plates converging shows contraction of plates along the line converging two plates. On further application of push force, and contracting, the small hills and mountains are developed.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is a pull force?

A pull force is exactly the opposite of a push force.

The force applied on the object while pulling the object with the help of string or any equipment that creates a tension creates a pull force.

What are some examples of push force?

There are various examples of push forces in our day-to-day life.

Some examples of push forces are a person pushing another man, pushing a load, pushing a shopping trolley, pushing a car, pushing a table, etc.

On what factor does the push force depends?

The push force is levied upon the object to displace it from one place to another.

The force applied to do so relies upon the mass, shape, and size of the object. The circular objects can be displaced easily compared to other shaped objects.

Also Read:

23 Example Of Compression: Detailed Explanations

January 21, 2024February 10, 2022 by AKSHITA MAPARI

A compression is an act of applying force on the object that results in the reduction of volume and dimensions of the object.

The force has to equal and oppositely react on the object in order to be a compressive force. Here, is a list of example of compression that we are going to discuss in this article:-

Sponge

A sponge has pores that are filled with air molecules. On compressing the sponge, these air molecules are removed as the space between the gaps is reduced by compression.

Draining out Water from Wet Clothes

The wet clothes are compressed to drain out water from the clothes. On applying compression force the volume of water is reduced from the cloth.

Compression of Bed Mattress

If you have noticed, that on sitting on the bed mattress, or keeping any load, the area of the mattress underneath and near the surrounding gets compressed.

example of compression — **Compression of bed mattress; Image Credit: Stocksnap**

Your body weight is imposed on the mattress and an equal and opposite force is reacting from down that is resisting the force due to weight.

Deposition of Sediments

The sediments are carried by the river streams and are deposited in the basin while making a fall from the cliffs.

sedimentation gf0b948104 640 — **Sedimentary rocks;**
**Image Credit: Pixabay**

The sediments underneath the stack of sediments go under compression due to overlying weight. These grains are compressed and the sedimentary rocks are formed.

Compression of Spring

Spring is an elastic item that on compression built enough potential energy which is then converted into tremendous kinetic energy on releasing the pressure. On compression, the length of the spring is decreased.

Hydraulic compression

Hydro means water. Any object underwater goes under hydraulic pressure. The pressure acting on the object from all the dimensions results in the compression of the object. Hence is called hydraulic pressure.

Condensation

Condensation is also a phenomenon of compression. The water vapours scattered around the area are condensed into a cloud, thus reducing the area of water vapours. The water molecules go under compressive force to condense into a cloud.

Laddoo

While preparing laddoo we compress the mixture together to hold it tight.

Air Conditioner

The air conditioner has a compressor that compresses the low pressure air to the high pressure air cooling it down, which is then travels to the condenser and turns into liquid under high pressure only.

condenser unit gbc9cf5727 640 — **Air Conditioner;**
**Image Credit: Pixabay**

This liquid is then transferred to the evaporator, where it takes the heat to convert liquid back into the air, and the cool air is released back into the room.

Himalayan Mountains

The two plates on the asthenosphere attracting towards each other are called constructive plates.

himalayas gc7eefdb49 640 — **Himalayan Mountains;**
**Image Credits: Pixabay**

Upon joining the plates together and compressing further, the mountains are developed in consequences. The Great Himalayan Mountains is an example of such constructive plates when the Indian plate met the Asian plate.

Jumping Shoes

This shoe comes with a spring underneath the shoe that helps to take a long leap, hence called jumping shoes. On application of the force on the spring due to body weight, the spring is compressed, the potential energy is built in the spring and that is converted into kinetic energy and is given off on a jump.

Mud balls

When two balls collapse together, both the balls compress due to the force imposed from the opposite direction. The shape of the mud balls changes as they are not elastic bodies, they are deformed on compression.

Filling the Sugar Containers Tightly

Container tightly filled by filling all the gaps within, the sugar inside the containers feels the pressure from the walls of the container from all sides.

jam g3754d62fb 640 — **Tightly filled Containers;**
**Image Credits: Pixabay**

The density of the sugar per unit cross-sectional area increases on tightly filling the container. The sugar in the lower part of the container is compressed more than the overlying volume.

Packing Clothes in the Suitcase Tightly

If you want to pack lots of clothes in a single suitcase, then you compress the clothes to zip them inside the suitcase in order to get all the clothes packed. The compressive force is acted from all sides of the suitcase and equal force is acting outward.

Rolling a Chapatti

While rolling a chapatti you are actually compressing the dough to roll it into a thin layered chapatti.

Rubber Ball

A rubber ball is an elastic item that on compression reduces its size. If you place the ball on the ground and apply pressure on it, the equal and opposite force will act on the ball on its other side from the ground, hence the rubber ball will compress.

Squeezing

To squeeze anything like lemon, orange, etc. we apply a force from two opposite directions called compression to squeeze out the juice from it.

beef g0709a0b10 640 — **Squeezing lemon;**
**Image Credit: Pixabay**

The volume of juice from the lemon is reduced on compression.

Road Rollers

A road roller is a vehicle designed to compact the soil, gravel, and concrete for the construction of the road.

roller g004ec1442 640 — **Road rollers;**
**Image Credit: Pixabay**

On rolling the surface with the rollers, the soil or concrete is compressed, thus giving a solid and a rigid metallic road.

Mortar and Pestle

A mortar and pestle are used for grinding the spices, herbs, nuts, etc into fine particles. The pestle puts a force on the mortal and the equal force is acting on the area to resist this force thus causing compression of the food item encountering in between the portal and pestle which can’t resist this force and gets crushed into finer particles.

Gym Ball

A gym ball is used for balancing exercises. If you put palm pressure on the ball, then the compression force will be experienced on the gym ball showing its impression on putting a force. The air inside the ball is compressed due to this force.

Longitudinal Waves

The longitudinal waves propagate in the direction of motion of the vibrating particles and thus producing the region of compression and rarefaction. In the region of compression, the density of the waves is high and appears as a compaction of the waves.

Pump

On pulling the piston the air is filled in the gap created in the chamber by opening the inlet. While pushing the piston down, this inlet gets close and no air can escape from the chamber, due to which the air is compressed and is pumped.

Bridges

The bridges undergo compression when the heavy load approaches bridges.

The tension is generated across the length of the bridge structure between the poles of the bridge adds to the compression strength to withstand compression. This compression may result in cracks on the bridges.

Shoe Soles

The entire body weight is exerted on the shoe soles while walking, running, jumping, due to which the shoe soles undergo compression that further leads to warping of soles.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is compressive stress?

A stress the restoring force acting in the object that resists the external imposing force.

The compressive stress is a restoring force acting in opposition to the force applied on the object that results in the deformation of the object reducing its volume and dimensions.

What is compression strength?

Compression strength is the ability of the material to resist compression.

On application of the compression force, the stress is built inside the object. The object will deform if the strength of the object is very less to resist this levied force.

What is the SI unit of compression?

The formula to measure a compression is F(c)=ma.

The compression is the force on the object from two or more directions, and hence the SI unit of compression is Newton.

Why does the object get deformed on compression?

The compression of the object results due to the action of forces from different dimensions.

If the compressive strength of the object is not enough to resist the compressive strain then the object will be deformed.

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Key Takeaways

Is Gravitational Force Positive or Negative?

Explanation of the Positive Nature of Gravitational Force

Discussion on Why Gravitational Force is Denoted with a Negative Sign

Explanation of Negative Gravity and Antigravity

What is Negative Gravitational Force?

Definition of Negative Gravitational Force

Circumstances where Negative Gravitational Force Occurs

When is Gravitational Force Positive?

Explanation of when gravitational force is positive

Factors influencing the positivity of gravitational force

Examples of positive gravitational force

How is Gravitational Force Positive?

Explanation of work done due to gravitational force

Examples of positive work done by gravitational force

Is Gravitational Force Negative?

Explanation of why gravitational force is not inherently negative

Interpretation of negative sign in the gravitational force equation

Examples where gravitational force can be considered negative

When is Gravitational Force Negative?

Description of circumstances leading to negative gravitational force

Examples of negative gravitational force

How is Gravitational Force Negative?

Explanation of work done leading to negative gravitational force

Examples of negative work done by gravitational force

Is Gravitational Constant Negative or Positive?

Clarification that gravitational constant is a positive quantity

Explanation of the role of gravitational constant in gravitational force equation

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the gravitational force between two objects of given masses and separation?

What is the escape velocity of Earth?

What is the gravity of an object with a given mass and radius on Earth?

What is escape velocity?

Frequently Asked Questions

1. Is gravitational force positive or negative?

2. Can gravitational potential be positive?

3. Where is the gravitational force doing positive work?

4. Why is gravitational force negative?

5. Is gravitational force good or bad?

6. Does gravitational force do positive work?

7. Can gravity be positive?

8. What is gravitational potential force?

9. Is work done by gravitational force positive or negative?

10. Is gravitational force negative?

What is Negative Gravitational Field?

How is Gravitational Field Negative?

When is Gravitational Field Negative?

Frequently Asked Questions

Does a dark energy is responsible for the negative gravitational field?

How is the gravitational force negative?

How can the gravitational force be repulsive?

Does the explosion of supernovas signify negative gravitational force?

Does the work done by the negative gravitational field on the object is negative?

Intensity of Radiation Equation and the Solid Angle

Does the intensity of Radiation depend upon Emissivity?

Does the intensity of Radiation depend upon the Temperature?

Does the Intensity of Radiation depend upon the Wavelength?

Graph of Intensity of Radiation v/s Wavelength

Does the Intensity of the Radiation depend upon the Distance?

Graph of Intensity of Radiation v/s Distance

Frequency Asked Questions

Does the light reflected from the water have the same intensity as the incident light?

Why the intensity of the infrared radiation is less than the visible light?

How does the intensity depend upon the area of the object?

How does the intensity depend upon the energy of the radiation?

What is Negative Electrostatic Force?

Problem 1: Calculate the electrostatic force between the charge q1 and q2 possessing charge -1C and +3C respectively. These two charges are separated by a distance of 2.5 cm.

When Electrostatic Force is Negative?

Negative Electrostatic Force Point

Can Electrostatic Force be Negative?

Negative vs Positive Electrostatic Force

Frequently Asked Questions

Is the work done by the negative electrostatic force?

Is negative electrostatic force an attractive force?

Is electric force directly proportional to charge?

Problem 1: Consider two charged particles Q1, Q2, Q3,and Q4 carrying a charge of -1C, 3C, -2C, and 1C respectively. Calculate the electrostatic force on particle Q1.

Electrostatic Force on Charge in Electric Field

Problem 2: What is the electric field due to a particle of charge +3C at a distance of 3cm? How much force will it exert on the charge of +1C separated by a distance of 5cm?

How Electrostatic Force Acts on Charges?

Frequently Asked Questions

Problem 1: Calculate the electrostatic force between the charge q₁ and q₂ possessing charge -1C and +3C respectively. These two charges are separated by a distance of 2.5 cm.

Problem 1: Consider two charged particles Q₁, Q₂, Q₃,and Q₄ carrying a charge of -1C, 3C, -2C, and 1C respectively. Calculate the electrostatic force on particle Q₁.

Example: Consider two charges q₁ and q₂ having charges of 1C and 2C respectively. Find out the variation in the electrostatic force between these two charges is the distance between the two changes, and then plot the graph.

Example: Consider two charges q₁ and q₂ having charges of -1C and 2C respectively. Find the electrostatic force with the variable distance separating the two charged particles and then plot the graph for the same.

Problem: Three charged particles are separated by a distance having different charges as shown in the below figure. Calculate the electrostatic force on charge Q₁.