Hi, I’m Akshita Mapari. I have done M.Sc. in Physics. I have worked on projects like Numerical modeling of winds and waves during cyclone, Physics of toys and mechanized thrill machines in amusement park based on Classical Mechanics. I have pursued a course on Arduino and have accomplished some mini projects on Arduino UNO. I always like to explore new zones in the field of science. I personally believe that learning is more enthusiastic when learnt with creativity. Apart from this, I like to read, travel, strumming on guitar, identifying rocks and strata, photography and playing chess.
The mechanical energy in companion with the object doing some work is transformed into radiant energy in different forms of energy.
The energy can be transformed from mechanical energy to radiant energy in various ways, like for example, giving out the kinetic energy in the form of heat, the irradiated waves from the objects, thermal energy, sound, and various other forms of energy.
What is a Transfer of Mechanical Energy to Radiant Energy?
Mechanical energy is a sum of the potential energy associated with the object and the kinetic energy acquired to do the work.
A transfer of mechanical energy to radiant energy is a conversion of the mechanical energy of the object in the form of radiant energy like heat, light, transverse waves, sound waves, etc.
The energy cannot be created or destroyed but it only transfers its form from one sort of energy to another. The energy used to do some activity is an addition of the potential and kinetic energy of the object. During the process, mechanical energy is transferred to some other form of energy due to the friction or the perturbation and vibrations produced in the object and the surrounding.
For example, on winter days, if you rub your hands together for a while, you will feel the warmth in your hands. The activity of rubbing the hands together is a form of mechanical energy. The motion of your hands is kinetic energy while the potential energy is inbuilt in your hand. The combination of both is mechanical energy that produces heat energy which is radiant energy.
What Process is Mechanical Energy to Radiant Energy?
There is a number of processes that radiates energy in various form converting mechanical energy.
The mechanical energy is converted into radiant energy producing sound, light, wind, and waves. There is also a lack of energy in the form of heat or radiation due to the friction of the object.
The mechanical energy is converted into a different form of radiant energy. We shall discuss some of the processes here below:-
Friction
The rubbing of two surfaces of the object with one another causes friction that radiates energy in the form of heat.
On continuously hitting an object such as made up of iron, the friction causes the creation of a spark of light due to the excitation of electrons, thus radiating light and heat.
Vibration
The vibrations produced in the object cause the production of sound and the radiations of microwaves from the vibrating molecules. The vibration produces the region of contraction and rarefaction that is carried by the surrounding molecules in the air and hence the sound is transmitted.
Rotation
The rotational motion of the object imposes pressure on the surrounding air thus setting the wind to blow around. For example, the rotation of the propellers of the ceiling fan is the mechanical energy that is transformed into radiating wind energy.
Tapping
It is a form of mechanical activity that is converted into radiant energy as tapping produces sound and also friction generates heat energy.
Applied Force
The force imposed on the object can convert the potential energy associated with the object into kinetic energy. This is also inevitable for the friction, sound, and translational for rotational motion of the object.
How to Convert Mechanical Energy to Radiant Energy?
The energy radiated in the form of waves of radiations imparting energy to the surrounding molecules in the form of radiation is radiant energy.
This energy is easily converted into radiant energy in the form of light, sound, waves, radiations, due to the friction or process involved while performing work.
Radiating heat energy from hairdryers; Image Credit: Pixabay
The coil heated due to the conversion of electrical energy to heat energy is radiated from the hairdryers because of the rotating fan. Thus, the heat energy is radiated due to the mechanical energy produced due to the rotating electrical fan.
The energy radiated is given out in the form of heat. The difference in the heat creates a pressure difference in the area and hence invites the mobility of the molecules from high pressure to low pressure thus used to generate mechanical energy.
The radiating microwaves in the oven are converted to the thermal energy used for cooking. The light rays received from the Sun convert this light energy to thermal energy.
Conversion of Light Energy to Electrical Energy; Image Credit: Pixabay
The turbines are set up in the direction of motion of the thermal heat radiated from the boreholes grasping the geothermal energy. Due to the temperature and hence the pressure difference, the turbine starts rotating. At this instant, the radiant energy is transformed into mechanical energy. These rotations are escalated by the shaft and motor attached to the turbine wheel. The electrical energy is produced is supplied to the houses, industries, and factories.
How does the mechanical energy of the windmill turn into radiant energy?
The rotations kinetic energy of the propellers of the wind and the potential of the windmill produces the mechanical energy.
This mechanical energy is a result of wind energy but is also responsible for conditioning the air in the surrounding. Also, this mechanical energy is converted into the electrical energy used to ignite the electrical filaments at home radiating light.
How can we store this radiant energy?
We can store the radiant energy by trapping the incident waves from the source.
The light energy radiated from the sun that we receive is harvested using solar cells and solar generators that are converted into electrical energy.
The kinetic energy can be transformed into mechanical energy to do the work or to generate another form of energy.
The kinetic energy of wind, waves, radiant energy is converted to mechanical energy using an object having enough potential energy to convert the kinetic energy to mechanical energy.
What is a transfer of kinetic energy to mechanical energy?
Mechanical energy is a form of the potential energy of the object and also kinetic energy while doing the work.
The kinetic energy is accompanied by mechanical energy. The translational kinetic energy is transferred to an object having the potential to convert this kinetic energy to a mechanical.
The energy can only be transformed into some other form of energy. In a process, the kinetic energy available in various forms like thermal energy converted to the kinetic energy of the vapours, the rotational, vibrational energy of the molecules, the velocity of the object, wind, waves, etc, is transferred to the mechanical energy to do the work.
When the air blows at high speed, the propellers of the windmill start rotating and the kinetic energy of the wind here is converted into the mechanical energy of the windmill. These rotations are escalated by the shaft attached to the propellers. The shaft is connected to the motor that increases the speed of rotation of propellers.
What Process is Kinetic Energy to Mechanical Energy?
There are a number of processes that convert kinetic energy into mechanical energy due to the work.
The kinetic energy of the particles is converted into mechanical energy based on the potential energy associated with the object.
The process that leads to the conversion of kinetic energy to mechanical energy is as follows:-
Vibrations:- The vibrational energy produced in the molecules due to the perturbation caused or the results of the external sources in the vibrations of the molecules of the systems. The vibration is due to the back and forth motion of the molecules and is converted into the mechanical energy of the system.
Rotations:- The rotational motion of the object accelerating in the centripetal motion due to the exertion of the external kinetic energy necessarily converted into the mechanical energy depending upon the potential of the object.
Translational motion:- The kinetic energy of the object results in the translational motion of the object doing the mechanical work. An example is a vehicle accelerating on a path. The kinetic energy of the vehicle helps to migrate it from one place to another in a translational motion, parallelly producing mechanical energy due to which the vehicle runs.
Temperature Gradient:- As the temperature of the system goes high, the thermal energy radiated in the form of steam is utilized to convert the kinetic energy of the molecules to mechanical energy by projecting the turbines. This evaporating steam is jounced on the wheel of the turbine due to which it starts rotating and the kinetic energy of the steam is converted into mechanical energy.
Chemical Process:- The helix motion of the charges exerting the electromagnetic field. This magnetic field produces results in the motion of the electric motors. There are electric batteries used in cars, machines, and other equipment that introduce mechanical energy in the system. Hence chemical energy is also utilized to grasp the mechanical energy from the object.
Electromagnetic Process: – The motion of magnetized charged particles in a magnetic field results in helix oscillations thus rotational kinetic motion of the device is converted into mechanical work.
How to Convert Kinetic Energy to Mechanical Energy?
The kinetic energy available in the form of wind and waves is converted to mechanical energy using turbines and generators.
The kinetic energy of the molecules available in a different form is converted into mechanical energy directly or by initially converting it into some other form of energy to derive the mechanical energy.
There are different processes to convert the kinetic energy of the particles into mechanical energy as we have discussed the few above.
The kinetic energy of the particles produces thermal energy which radiates the energy in the form of heat. This heat energy is given to the particles in the surrounding. This heat energy is incident on the turbine. The temperature difference makes the turbine rotate, thus converting the kinetic energy of the molecules to mechanical energy.
The same is in the case of deriving mechanical energy from the kinetic energy of the wind, waves, or thermal energy from the boreholes. The energy radiated is converted into mechanical energy by using a certain mechanized tool or any object.
Translation kinetic energy is the energy utilized to move the object in a rectilinear motion of a curvilinear path.
It is the energy required by the rigid object to do the work to accelerate from its state of rest position at a certain velocity ‘v’.
Does the motion of the particles due to the magnetic field result in the conversion to mechanical energy?
The magnets are widely used in different types of equipment and tools that result in the back and forth movement of the object and rotational motion.
The presence of magnetic field results in the motion of electrons either clockwise or anti-clockwise, this circular motion results in the conversion of electromagnetic energy into mechanical energy.
In this article, we will discuss the properties of the boiling point and is boiling point a physical property or not with detailed facts.
A boiling point is a physical property of a matter because we can measure the temperature of the boiling liquid without perturbing the chemical properties of the liquid.
How Is Boiling Point a Physical Property?
The boiling point is a temperature at which the system changes its phase from one form to another.
The heat energy supplied to the liquid from the external sources is converted into thermal energy raising the temperature of the liquid which is measured using the thermometer, hence is a physical property of the liquids.
Liquid to vapour phase on reaching the boiling point; Image Credit: Pixabay
The boiling point results in the change of the liquid state of the matter into the vapour state. This is evident due to the fact that the gap between the molecules increases, resulting in the physical change of the matter.
The boiling point leads to the change in the phase of the matter, and also the volume of the molecules occupying the space increases, and hence the density of the matter decreases.
The boiling point is directly proportional to the pressure to which the system is exposed. So, according to Ideal Gas Law,
“The product of the volume of the molecules present in the system and the pressure incident upon the system is equal to the temperature of the system and the universal gas constant.”
This is given by the relation, PV=nRT
Where P is a pressure
V is a volume of the system
T is a temperature
R is a gas constant that is equal to 8.314 J/mol K
n is a number of moles
At constant temperature, the volume is inversely proportional to the pressure on the system. As the pressure increases, the volume of the system decreases. And at constant pressure, the volume of the system increases the heat energy required to raise the temperature of a system escalates.
The heat of vaporization is the amount of heat required to convert the phase of the liquid to convert it into vapours.
We can frame the equation for the boiling point from this equation, hence we have
The change in the boiling point occurs due to the variations in the pressure, which is a physical property. Also, there are no variations in the chemical properties of the liquid or any other changes seen in the matter. Hence, the change in the boiling point is evidently a physical property of the liquid.
How Is Change in Boiling Point a Physical Property?
The boiling point of the liquid can be measured and the variation in the boiling point can also be determined.
The change in boiling point occurs due to a change in the pressure or adding impurities to the volume of a liquid. But the boiling point doesn’t bring any variations in a liquid although it elongates the distance of separation between the molecules.
The physical properties of the matter can be measured or noticed without changing any chemical properties of the matter. Upon exposing the system to the external heat source, the heat energy is converted into thermal energy. The molecules constituting the liquid, move further and further away from each other, reducing the density of the system per unit volume of the liquid. This energy is acquired by the molecules and escapes in the air gaining enough potential energy.
Calculate the temperature of the boiling point of a liquid having a temperature of 60 degrees building a vapour pressure of 1.2 atm. The heat of vaporization is 1420 J/g.
Given: T =600 C
R = 8.314 J/mol K
P =1.2 atm
P0 =1 atm
ΔHvap=1420 J/g
The equation to find the boiling point is
Inserting all the given values in this equation we get
= ((16.67 – 1.06) x 10-3 )-1
= (15.61 x 10-3 )-1
=103/16.23
=64.060 C
Hence, the boiling point of the liquid is 64.060C.
Does the boiling point of the liquid vary on adding salt?
On adding a grain of salt to the liquid, the temperature of the liquid is slightly lowered as the heat energy from the surrounding is absorbed by the salt and more time is required to reach the temperature at the boiling point.
Does the boiling point of the liquid change due to the presence of impurities?
The presence of impurities varies the boiling point of the liquid.
The heat energy supplied to the liquid is grasped by the particles of impurities present in the liquid and hence the boiling temperature of the liquid may increase.
What is an effect on the boiling point if the pressure increases?
Pressure is directly related to the temperature of the system.
As the pressure increases, the temperature required for the liquid to boil will also increase, thus raising the boiling point of the liquid.
“The equal and opposite forces are applied in two opposite directions results in the detachment of the object.”
This force could be an applied force, gravitational force, drag force, or tensional force. Here is a list of the law of detachment examples that we are going to discuss below:-
Tensional Force in a Rope due to Heavy Load
A tensional force is a force exerted in the rope or string equally and in the opposite direction. Suppose a man is pulling the object with the help of the rope, then the tensional force is created in the rope due to the pulling force by a man in the direction of the object and an equal amount of resistive force is generated from the object in the direction towards man.
If the tensional force in the rope is beyond the resistivity of the rope, then the rope will detach from the point of the center of equivalent force between the two.
Consider an object attached to one end of the rope and another end of the rope is held in the hand of the boy and he is rotating the object in a circular path. The object moving in circular motion experiences a torque on the object that keeps it rotating in a circular motion.
Object in centripetal motion
If the boy suddenly releases the rope from his hand, then the object will detach from his hand and will travel in the direction tangential to the circular path traced by the object.
Leaves shaded from a node of the tree also give an example of detachment law. When the leave gets wither, and the air resistive force is incident on the leaves, the leaves get detached from the nodes and falls down.
Plucking Fruits from the Tree
The force is applied to plug the fruit from the tree. The fruit is attached to the tree from the node.
Fruit detached from the tree; Image Credit: Pixabay
On applying the force to plug the fruit, the equal and opposite for the generated across the node of the tree bearing fruit. This force and the force due to gravity are responsible for the detachment of the fruit from the tree.
The destructive plate means the separation of the two plates apart from each other due to the exertion of the external forces in opposite directions that cause landslides or volcanic eruptions or other destructive activities along the boundary of the plates.
The activities in the asthenosphere are responsible for the migration of the plates floating over it that causes either the construction or destruction of the plate. Well, the destruction of plates is an example that follows the law of detachment.
Exfoliations
Exfoliations are seen in the rocks due to changing weather conditions. During hot days there is a rarefaction between the rock particles as the high intensity radiations cause the removal of water from the rock. While during cold nights, there is a contraction of the molecules in the rocks. Rigorous activities cause the exfoliations in the rock masses thus detaching the mass into groups.
Exfoliation seen in the old boat; Image Credit: Pixabay
Breaking a Glass
Breaking of glass is also an example of detachment, whereupon breaking the pieces of the glass detach from each other.
The force is applied to uproot the tree from the ground. At the same time, the equal and opposite force is exerted by the roots of the tree to keep the tree in place.
Tug of War
The force on the rope during the tug of war is removed when the tension force exerting on the opposite side is high enough to overcome the force exerted on the opposite side. The direction of the force is reversed and the feet of the players detached from the initial position.
The rocks detach from the original rock basin upon erosion and migrate to the other locality on carrying away by external agencies like air, or water flow.
Cutting
Cutting something apart from the matter is also an example of detachment. Upon cutting the part of an object with sharp weapons, the mass of the object gets detached from the remaining part of the mass. The pressure is exerted on the small surface of the object that is responsible for the cleavage to separate apart the object into two parts.
To cut a cello tap using a cutter or by hand, the tensional force is created on pulling the cello tap from both directions. Since it is very delicate, the tensional force exerted on the tap is minute and detaches easily on the application of small force.
Detachment of Handle of Bag
When the weight of the bag is heavier, it becomes difficult to manage the entire load on the tiny handles of the carry bag, because the tensional force supporting the handle is small. In that scenario, the handles of the bag may detach and roll down from the grip.
Unplugging the adapter or charger from the wire is also an example that explains the law of detachment.
Removing the plug from the socket; Image Credit: Pixabay
The force is applied outward to unplug the pin, while the equal force is exerted in the opposite direction within the wall by the socket.
Tearing
There are different types of tear that leads to the detachment caused by the pulling force. The force applied to the object can tear off the object if the density and the potential of the object are less.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is the gravitational force responsible for the detachment of objects?
The gravitational force pulls the object towards the surface of the Earth.
Due to this the object hanging above the surface of the Earth having greater potential energy tends to detach and accelerate down towards the ground if the tensional force holding the object cancels out due to some reason.
Does the elongation of the object lead to detachment?
The elongation of the object is due to the exertion of the force in opposite directions.
The elongation of the force will exert a tensional force across the object. If this force increases then the detachment will occur in the middle of the object.
In this article, we shall ponder upon the relation between the boiling point and the temperature taking an insight into different conditions.
Just like a melting point, the boiling point of the liquid is a temperature acquired by the liquid due to the application of the heat energy supplied to the liquid to turn its phase from liquid to the gaseous state.
Boiling Point and Temperature Relationship
The relation between the boiling point and temperature of the liquid is given by the Clausius – Clapeyron equation:-
Where T2 is a temperature at which liquid starts boiling
T1 is the boiling point of liquid
R is an ideal gas constant which is equal to 8.314 J/mol K
The Clausius – Clapeyron equation represents the relation between the temperature and the pressure conditions along the line of phase equilibrium.
We can write the equation for boiling point from the above equation as
T1=1/T2-R ln P/P0 ΔHvap-1
According to which, the boiling point of a liquid is directly dependent on the temperature of a liquid.
The heat of vaporization is the amount of heat energy needed to be supplied to a unit volume of liquid to convert it to the vapour keeping the temperature constant.
Example: Calculate the boiling point of the mixture of salt with water kept at atmospheric pressure. The boiling temperature of the mixture is 110 degree Celsius and the vapour pressure is 4.24 atm. The heat of vaporization is 3420 J/g.
Given: T =1100 C
R = 8.314 J/mol K
P =4.24 atm
P0 =1 atm
ΔHvap=3420 J/g
The boiling point of the liquid is given by the relation
TB=1/T – R ln P/P0 ΔHvap-1
Where TB is a boiling point of the solution.
Inserting all values in the above equation, we have,
TB=1/110 – 8.314 ln 4.24/1 3420 -1
=1/110-8.314*1.445 * 3420-1
=9.09-3.51 * 10-3-1
=(5.58 * 10-3 )-1
=103 * 5.58
=179.21 C
This is the boiling of the mixture of salt and water.
The boiling point depends upon the temperature and the pressure and the heat of vaporization of the liquid. At higher altitudes, the time required to boil the water is less than the usual time needed for water to boil, this is because the pressure in the high mountain area is more and hence the water boils at low temperature.
As the heat energy supplied to the liquid increases, the temperature of the liquid goes high. This heat energy is required for the covalent bonds between the atoms to break apart that are essential to convert the phase of the liquid to gaseous.
At a certain point, the temperature acquired by the liquid is enough to change its phase is called the critical temperature. During this time, the temperature of the liquid does not rise further and the heat energy is released along with the steam generated on boiling the liquid.
For all the liquids the boiling point and the critical temperature varies. This is due to the fact that the element constituency and thus the energy required for the formation of bonds between the atoms varies, hence the variance amount of energy is required to break the bonds between different chemical components.
A simple example that I can give is boiling the milk adding a little water to it. When the temperature reaches 1000 C, the water present in the milk container will start evaporating leaving back the milk, and later after some time, the milk will start boiling.
The saturation temperature is a final temperature above which the temperature of the liquid cannot rise. It is actually the boiling point of the liquid, a temperature at which the phase change of the liquid occurs.
After reaching saturation temperature, the temperature of the liquid does not rise further. This is because the external heat energy supplied to the liquid is given off in the phase changing process. This energy is grasped by the vapours formed and evaporated upward.
You know that the water starts boiling at 100 degrees Celsius, and can further raise the temperature up to 100.52 degrees Celsius. This rise in the boiling point of water is a saturation temperature up to which the water can boil. Likewise, the initial temperature at which the gasoline boils is 35 degrees Celsius or 950 F and the final boiling temperature is 2000C or 3950F.
Beyond the saturation temperature, you will not see a further increase in the boiling temperature of the liquid, as the heat energy will be supplied to the molecules of the liquid which will take this extra energy and will utilize to escape from the liquid in the form of vapours.
The process of converting the liquid into the vapour form and then getting the vapours back to the liquid state on condensation is called distillation. The constant temperature at which the liquid turns to vapour and back to the liquid is called the distillation temperature.
This is a method used to separate the liquid from the mixture or to remove the impurities from the liquid. As the heat energy acquired by the liquid is sufficient enough, the temperature of the liquid reaches the boiling point. Henceforth, the steam is generated in the form of vapours which are evaporated vertically upward. This evaporated steam is collected in the container maintained at a certain pressure such that these vapours get condensed to turn into the liquid state.
Steam converted back to the liquid form at the same temperature; Image Credit: Pixabay
You must have noticed, the steam collected on the lid of the pan while cooking a curry. The water added to the curry is given out in the form of steam once the temperature reaches the boiling point of water. The steam collected on the lid then returns back to the main container by condensing the steam into the water again. This process continues until the temperature of the curry is high enough to supply the heat energy to the water molecules to escape from the curry.
What is the change in the boiling point of 150ml the water on adding 25 grams of salt to it at a temperature of 440C?
Suppose the density of the water at temperature 440C is 0.8 g/ml.
Boiling point elevation constant for water is
kb=0.570C
The atomic mass of sodium is 22.99
The atomic mass of chlorine is 35.45
Hence the atomic mass of the NaCl is 22.99+35.45 = 58.44
Hence, the moles of salt added to the boiling water is
Moles of NaCl= 25g*1mole/58.44g
Moles of NaCl= 0.4278 mole
The weight of the water at temperature T=440C is
Density ϱ =M/V
Hence, M= ϱV
M=0.8\times 150=0.12kg
The molality of solute in solvent is
m=moles of solute/mass of solvent
m=0.4278/0.12=3.565 mol/kg
The change in boiling point temperature on adding the salt to the water is given by
Δ T=ikbm
Where i is a Van’t Hoff factor that is defined as the amount of dissociation of solute in the solvent. Here, the solute is a sodium chloride and water is a solvent. Hence, two ions from NaCl will dissociate in the water and will be completely dissolve in the water. Therefore, Van’t Hoff factor here is 2.
Δ T=2*0.51*3.565=3.630C
Hence, the boiling point of the water will be raised to 3.650C.
The boiling point of the mixture will be 104.150C.
Does the presence of impurities in a liquid increase its boiling point?
This is definitely the truth; the impurities present in the liquid increase the boiling temperature.
The heat energy supplied to the liquid is taken up by the impurities present in the liquid thus increasing the temperature required for the liquid to boil.
If you add a solution ‘X’ having a temperature of 280 C to the boiling solution ‘X” reached at a temperature of 650 C, then will the boiling point of the solution will differ?
The boiling point of every solution is always the same and can vary only if the pressure of the liquid is different.
On adding the solution having low heat than compared to the boiling solution, the heat energy will be supplied to the added solution in the container. More amount of heat energy will be required to reach a boiling point, but the boiling point temperature will remain the same.
The density is the matter depends upon the number of atoms or molecules occupying the unit volume of the mass. In this article, we shall discuss how is density a physical property.
The density is a physical property of the object and is defined as the ratio of a mass of the matter constituting the unit volume of the object and is given by the relation:-
ϱ =m/v
Where ϱ denotes the density of the matter
m is the mass and
v is a volume of the matter
How is Density a Physical Property?
The smaller the volume and greater the mass of the object, the density of the object will be more.
The density of the object depends upon the mass and the volumes, which are the physical properties of the object; consequently, the density is a physical property.
The density of the object signifies the impenetrability of the molecules, such a tightly compact mass. The void spaces between the molecules keep some gaps between the molecules. If the object is suspended to the heat, the bonds between the molecules take this energy. When the energy acquired by the molecules is high enough, the bonds between the molecules break, and the distance between the separation of the two molecules increases. And hence the solid turns to liquid and liquid turns to gaseous form.
The density of the solid is more as compared to the liquid and the density of the liquid is more than that of gas. Likewise, the volume acquired by the same number of molecules in solid is less compared to the liquid and the molecules of a gas are suspended to a greater distance than that of the liquid.
The density of the object changes if the mass or volume of the object varies due to some external effects.
The variation due to the density is obviously the inevitable of the change in the volume or mass of the object; hence density change is also a physical property that is a cause for the physical change.
If you consider a simple example of the air conditioners there is basically the change in the phase from gaseous to liquid and then liquid state to back into the gaseous form. The compressor is used to compress the gas to form a liquid which then passes through a coil and gets cool and released out.
The rise in temperature breaks the molecular bonds between the atoms resulting in increasing the space and hence the volume of the matter.
As the volume of the object increases, the matter occupying per unit volume of the object will decrease, thus the density of the object will decrease, which is a physical change.
The density of the object will increase if the object is compressed. Upon compression, the vacant spaces between the object will be filled. This will reduce the gap between the molecules comprising the matter, and thus the mass per unit volume of the matter will be more and therefore the density of the object will increase on compressing. In short, we can say that the rise in pressure on the object will ascend the density of the object.
If the pressure on the object is lowered, then the molecules will spread in the surrounding region, which will result in a decrease in density. In this case, the change in the volume of the object will result in a variation in the density.
What is a density change of a container if some molecules of a gas escape from the container?
The molecules of a gas escape from the container; hence there is a decrease in the mass of the container.
While the volume of the container remains the same and gas molecules can easily spread all around the container. Therefore the change in the density is due to the decrease in the mass of the gas in a container, given by,
A gas of volume 0.3m3 is compressed at a pressure of 1.2atm. The gas is converted into the liquid upon compression giving a final volume of 0.08m3. What is a density change of a matter having a mass of 25 grams?
Four ice cubes of dimensions 3cm ×4cm ×5cm and mass 55.2 grams each are kept in a cylindrical tray of diameter 8 cm and height 10cm. The ice cubes are completely melted to form water and the cylinder is filled to the height of 4cm. What is the density change of ice to water?
Why does the density of ice is lighter being in a solid state as compared to the water?
The solid is usually denser than the liquid, but so is not true in the case of water and ice.
The bonds formed between the hydrogen and oxygen atoms are in a tetrahydrate structure. The orientation of bonds between the molecules in ice makes a void thus decreasing the density of the water in the solid form.
How does the temperature affect the density of the object?
The temperature may increase or decrease the density of the object.
The rise in temperature provides the heat energy to the mass that essentially breaks the bonds between the molecules and the phase change occurs, reducing the density of the object. While lowering the temperature increases the density of the object.
How does the pressure affect the density of the object?
The rise in pressure increases the density of the object.
On imposing the pressure on the object, the molecules in the object exert a force that basically brings them closer to each other forming a compact structure; this increases the number of molecules per unit volume of the object.
The density of the object increases on compression due to the pressure imposed over it and varies with changing state of the object.
The density of the object varies when the molecules constituting the object per unit volume varies due to changing pressure and temperature condition of the object. Here is a list of example of density change that we are going to discuss in this article:-
Sponge
The sponge is filled with air molecules. On pressing the sponge, the empty space filled with the air molecules passes out from the sponge. The density of the sponge increases on compressing as the sponge gets compactly packed on compression.
Filling the Balloon with Air
The density of the balloons decreases by filling the balloon with air. The density of the same before filling the air in it is more compared to the air filled balloons.
Hot air balloon on filling the air; Image Credit: Pixabay
These air molecules exert a force on the surface of the air filled balloon.
Compression is an act of applying force on the two opposite surfaces of the object in two different and opposite directions thus reducing the volume of the object.
Compression of object
Compressing any elastic object increases its density. The mass of the molecules per unit volume of the object rises upon compression.
Elongation
The stretching of the object from two opposite points applying equal and opposite force on the object results in the elongation of the object. The size of the object increases upon stretching, thus the volume of the object also increases. The increase in the volume implies that the molecules constituting the object spreads in the extra space generated and hence the mass per unit volume that is the density of the object decreases.
Freezing
The transformation of the liquid state of an object into a solid state is called freezing. The conversion of the state of the substance directly signifies the change in the density of the object.
The density of the water that solidifies in the ice is lower than as compared to the ice. The molecules of water per unit volume in the container will be increased by the formation of ice.
Boiling
The density of the substance decreases on boiling. This is because, on boiling, the heat energy is supplied to the liquid.
This heat energy is utilized to break the bonds between the molecules of the substance. As a result, the distance of separation of the molecules increases, and hence the density of the substance also decreases.
Condensation
It is a process of condensing two or more water vapours to form a cloud. Due to the surface tension between the water droplets, the molecules nearby condense together. The density of the water vapour is light compared to the water droplet which is formed due to the condensation of vapours.
The heat energy acquired by the particle on the surface of the water results in the rise of the water molecules in the form of vapours. The density of the system changes with the evaporation of the liquid. The density of the fog created due to the conversion of water into the vapour decreases. While the density of the air increases as the aerosol particles per unit volume of the air increases.
Burning
The burning of any substance results in the formation of ash and smog. The density of the solid object is more compared to the ash or smog which is the outcome.
You must have noticed that as the object gets wet the weight of the object increases. This is because the water is absorbed by the object filling the vacant spaces inside the object thus increasing the density of the object.
Rise in Aerosol Particle in Air
The rise in aerosol particles in the air symbolizes the pollution ratio in the atmosphere. If the number f aerosol in the unit volume of the air is more, then the density of the air is increased due to the aerosol particle.
The density of the air also rises while raining, because of the presence of the water droplets in the atmosphere and due to the cold temperature. During the rainy season, the aerosol particles in the air are high.
Drying is the process of extraction of water molecules present in the object. When the liquid droplets are evaporated from the object, the vacant spaces are formed in the object as the molecules leave those spaces thus reducing the density of the molecules per unit volume of the object.
Decomposition/Decay
The organic substance is decayed when exposed to heat. The bonds between the molecules constituting the organic matter brakes to form a decomposed. Hence, decaying results in lowering the density of the substance.
A soap bubble is a thin film enclosing the air within the bubble and burst easily as the force is imposed on the surface of the bubble. Hence the froth is lighter in weight and density which is formed due to water and soap.
Melting
Melting is a process of conversion of a solid into a liquid phase. Consider a simple example of melting ice to form water. The ice takes the heat from the surroundings and breaks the covalent bond releasing the energy. This heat energy is responsible for the conversion of ice into water.
Sublimation
It is a process of directly converting the solid form of a substance into the gaseous form without changing into a liquid phase. A simple example is a camphor; the solid camphor is directly changed into the gaseous form on burning.
It is a process of deposition of the suspended particle in the liquid at a base. This is possible when the particles in the liquid are hydrophobic, that is the particles are water repellant. The density of the molecules, when mixed in the liquid, is less as compared to the substance deposited at the bottom of the container.
Sedimentation
It is a process of deposition of the sediments one above the other. The sedimentary rocks are formed when the sediments get deposited in the basin and form at high pressure and temperature.
The density of the sediments increases as the pressure on the sediments lying beneath the layer of the rock increases as they are compressed due to the overlying mass.
Heating
Warming, or heating results in the rise of the temperature of the system. The increase in the heat energy results in the breaking of the bonds between the molecules and increases the spacing between the molecules thus reducing the density of the object.
Withering Leaves
The dry leaves are light in weight as compared to the green leaves; hence the dry leaves are easily carried away by the air resistance.
Removing water from the leaves of the tree results in the withering of leaves. As the water molecules are expelled from the leaves, the density of the leaves decreases.
Mixing Compound in the Solution
On mixing the compound into the liquid the density of the solution is increased. The hydroponic compound gets easily mixed and absorbed into the water. This results in the rise of the density of the water.
Does the temperature responsible for the change in the density of the object?
The density of the temperature increases as the temperature falls down.
During cold temperature the distance between the covalent bonds between the molecules inside the material increases, while in the hot temperate condition the bonds between the molecules break thus decreasing the density of molecules per unit volume.
Does the pressure responsible for the change in the density of the object?
The density of the object increases at high pressure conditions.
Due to high pressure, the molecules constituting the object compresses thus increasing the number of molecules per unit volume of the object. The compressor is even used to compress the gas to convert it into a liquid state.
How does the density of the object change on compression?
The two equal forces imposed on the object on two opposite side results in the compression of the object.
Compression results in the reduction of the shape and dimension of the object. This results in the change in the volume of the object and hence the density per unit volume of the object increases.
Inertia is the reluctance of an object to alter its state of motion. This key idea, first elucidated by Sir Isaac Newton in his Laws of Motion, underlines how objects move and stay still unless acted on by a force.
Mass is a critical element when thinking about inertia. The bigger the mass of the object, the greater its inertia. For instance, if you push a small toy car with not much force, it will budge easily due to its small mass and low inertia. However, if you attempt to push a hefty desk with the same force, it will require more effort because of its hefty mass and greater inertia.
In daily life, we see examples of inertia everywhere. When you drive your car and abruptly hit the brakes, your body has a tendency to keep going forward due to its inertia. Likewise, when you are inside a moving train that comes to an abrupt halt, you may feel yourself being pushed ahead because your body wants to keep going in the same direction as before.
To conquer or shift an object’s inertia, an unbalanced force is needed. If no net force acts upon an object, it will either stay still or continue moving in a straight line at a steady speed. This is referred to as Newton’s First Law of Motion or the Law of Inertia.
To comprehend this concept better, think about moving a book across a table. It eventually stops because friction acts as an opposing force and slows it down gradually. Similarly, if you want to switch the direction of an object’s motion or bring it to rest completely, you must put in enough force in the opposite direction.
In a nutshell, inertia explains an object’s reluctance to alter its state of motion. The concept of inertia originated from Sir Isaac Newton’s Laws of Motion and is now extensively used in classical physics. By understanding how mass and force interrelate, we can more accurately explain the motion of objects and estimate their behavior in various situations. So, the next time you feel yourself being propelled forward when a vehicle stops suddenly, remember that it is due to the inertia acting upon your body.
Newton’s First Law of Motion
To understand Newton’s First Law of Motion with its sub-sections of “Definition of Inertia” and “Examples of Inertia in Everyday Life,” let’s dive into this fundamental concept. Inertia describes an object’s tendency to remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force. The definition elaborates on this property, while the examples illustrate how inertia influences various aspects of our daily lives.
Definition of Inertia
Inertia is a key part of Newton’s First Law of Motion. It describes how objects resist changes to their state of motion. The more mass an object has, the more force is needed to make it change. An example of this is when a heavy book stays on a table until something pushes it.
Inertia is not just about objects staying still or going straight. It also applies to rotational motion. For example, a top keeps spinning unless something interrupts it.
Johannes Kepler named the concept ‘inertia’ in his 1609 book ‘Astronomia Nova‘. But it was Isaac Newton who explained the three laws of motion and gave a mathematical explanation for inertia and its effects.
So, inertia covers everything about an object’s motion and how it resists change. If you need a reminder, just think ‘The Law of Ultimate Inertia’ when you don’t want to get out of bed!
Examples of Inertia in Everyday Life
Here is a list of examples of inertia of motion that we are going to discuss ahead in this article:-
Slides
You must have noticed that when you slide from the slider, your body continues to slide down even after your feet touches the ground. This is because your body tends to remain in the same state of motion until it felt the opposing force from the feet.
Spinning Top
When you rotate the spinning top, it rotates making a number of rotations for a while to minutes conserving its momentum due to its center of gravity.
It continues to rotate until it loses its momentum as the torque experienced on the top is more and due to air resistance force.
Hula Hoop
As you suddenly stop while dancing with a hula hoop rotating it around your body which is possible because of the centripetal force, you must have noticed that the hoop doesn’t fall down on the ground or stop rotating as you stop exerting a force on it, but it actually continues to move in the centripetal motion before it loses its momentum.
Acrobat performing with hula hoop; Image Credit: Pixabay
Tug of War
Two teams playing a game of tug of war and if one side players applied more force as compared to the other team, then you must have noticed that the winning team player mostly falls in the direction in which they had applied a force. This is also an example of inertia of motion where the motion of the body remains in the direction in which it was exerted.
Hitting the Volleyball
While hitting the volleyball, you feel the sudden impact on your hands while you are trying to oppose the force exerted on the volleyball due to gravity and the energy associated with the volleyball, and due to the movement of inertia.
Running at Fast Speed
The athletic running at a fast speed during the race takes time to control her speed once she crosses a finish line at a very high speed. Her body tends to be in the same state of motion for a while due to the inertia of motion.
Fan
You must have noticed that the propellers of the fan continue to rotate for a while even after turning off the power. This is also due to inertial motion.
Stopping the Vehicle
The passenger standing in the bus that is waiting at the bus stop experiences a sudden jerk backward as the bus starts accelerating. Also, as the brakes are applied to the vehicle, the passengers sitting inside a vehicle exert a forward jerk. This is due to the fact that the body in contact with the vehicle, tends to remain in the direction of motion of the vehicle unless exert by a certain external force.
Football
Football once kick travels a certain distance and comes to rest due to the frictional force exerted on the surface area of the ball by the ground and the air which drags the motion of the ball, or when another player interrupts the direction of the motion of the football.
Flowing Water
The water body has immense potential energy which is converted into kinetic energy while flowing. The water continues to flow in the same direction until finds an obstacle in between its flow.
Variation in the direction of flow of water, Image Credit: Pixabay
Catching the Cricket Ball
While catching a cricket ball approaching from a height the field keeper slightly bends his hands while taking a catch to release the impact of the force by increasing the time of catch and reducing the speed of the ball. Due to gravity, the motion of the ball is downward and the force exerted on the ball is also downward.
Skiing
Skiing is an activity performed on a snow sleigh. It keeps on carrying the person standing over it until the resistive force is applied to the person.
Consider an accelerating car hit on a tree. The person sitting inside the car will experience a forward jerk while the direction of motion will be still in the same direction. The body of the person sitting inside the car will be parallel to the direction of motion of the car. Once the car hits at a great force, the body of a person is still in the direction of motion of the car as it realizes the force little lately that the car has now stopped.
Stirring
You must have noticed while adding sugar to your tea or making any drinks and stirring it, the mixture continues to swirl in the circular force for some time even after removing the spoon or stirrer from it. The motion of the solution is retained for a while.
Coin drops inside the glass on removing the underneath card
Consider a coin kept on the card over a glass. The center of mass of the coin is pointing downward, hence upon applying the force on the card to accelerate away; the card doesn’t take the coin along with it, instead of falling inside the glass. This is because the inertia of motion of the coin was downward.
Hitting Marbles
Upon hitting the target marble with the marble, the direction of the motion of the marble changes but it continues to be in motion even after hitting the target marble.
When a lift stops, you must have felt the divergence from your state of rest position in the lift. Your body is in motion with respect to the speed of the lift and continues to remain in the uniform direction until your body feels that the lift has come to a rest, hence a slight force is experienced on the body.
Pendulum
The oscillating pendulum continues to oscillate decreasing the angle of oscillation at a constant rate with every oscillation.
The motion of the pendulum is opposed by the air resistance acting on the bob attached to the pendulum. If there was no air drag, then the pendulum would have continued to be in the oscillation if no other external force was imposed on it.
Satellites
The satellite around the planets keeps on revolving around the Earth at a constant velocity and momentum. The satellites are of two types, polar satellites, and geostationary satellites. The satellite is an example of opposing the gravitational force but to keep the satellites moving around the planet is possible only because of the gravitation force.
Slipping
Have you ever slipped accidentally? Most of the time, you must have noticed that you slipped in the direction in which you were proceeding. Even after losing the momentum of your body, your moment of inertia pertains to being in the same direction as your motion. Hence, you slide forward after slipping.
Object Rolling on the Ground
If I am talking about rolling objects then it signifies that the shape of the object is rounded or the surface of the object is curved.
Object rolling down the slope; Image Credit: Pixabay
The rounded, cone or cylindrical-shaped objects can easily be rolled; hence some other heavy object has to be placed near it to resist the acceleration of such object. If this object starts its motion, then it continues to be in a uniform state of motion until some external agent of force is exerted upon them.
Hot Air Balloon
The direction of motion of the hot air balloon relies upon the direction of the flow of wind. The balloon continues to move in the same direction until the force is applied to the string to change the direction of the path accordingly.
Swing
The swing comes to rest either if you touch your feet to the ground or slowly by the air drag and the mass of the person sitting on the swing.
Girl applying force to keep the swing oscillating; Image Credit: Pixabay
Pulling a Trolley
Walking with the trolley and stopping on the way, the trolley still moves towards you a few cms as the trolley travels in the uniform motion with the force applied on it before, until now the external force is imposed on it.
Car Taking a Turn
While taking a sharp turn, the passenger sitting inside the car bends towards the direction of a turn. Upon changing the direction of acceleration of a car, the body of the passenger in close contact with the seat of a car is thrown in its direction of motion.
Forward jerk on stopping a drive or backward jerk while accelerating
You must have experienced the forward jerk of the body as you stop the bike. Your body tends to remain in the same direction of motion along with the bike with respect to its previous motion.
Jumping out from the moving bus
When one jumps out from a moving vehicle, the motion of the person’s body is in the direction of the motion of the vehicle. Upon hitting the feet on the ground, it acts as resistance to the motion of your body in the direction of the bus. But, your upper body is still in motion in the direction of the bus and hence you may tend to fall.
Applying brakes on the bicycle
When you stop pedaling and apply cycle brake, the bicycle doesn’t come to rest directly, but it is carried away a little forward and comes to rest when the frictional force acting on the bicycle tires slows down the bicycle.
The kite is very light in weight and easily carried away by the air resistance force and sways in the air at a far height. The direction of motion of the kite remains constant throughout. If the kite detaches from the tread due to an external source then it will be carried away in the air in any direction along with the speed of the wind.
Skating
You must have observed the skaters jumping and landing on their skateboards though attached to their shoes. Why must they be doing so? This is to change the direction of their motion from the previous direction.
Otherwise, they will tend to fall as the direction of the motion of the person changes but the direction of motion of the skates remains uniform which has to be changed parallel to the direction of motion of a person. Hence the skater jumps frequently while changing the direction of his motion.
Inertia and Mass
To understand inertia and mass, let’s delve into the relationship between them and the role mass plays in inertia. The first sub-section explores the connection between inertia and mass, while the second sub-section focuses on how mass influences the concept of inertia. Both aspects shed light on the fascinating interplay between these fundamental factors in the laws of motion.
Relationship Between Inertia and Mass
Inertia and mass are interconnected. Inertia is an object’s resistance to changes in its motion, and mass is the amount of matter within an object. The more mass an object has, the more inertia it has.
To explain this, a table of objects and their inertia based on their mass is below:
Object
Mass (kg)
Inertia
Tennis ball
0.057
Low
Soccer ball
0.43
Moderate
Bowling ball
7.26
High
Car
1200
Very high
The table shows that objects with higher masses have more inertia than those with lower masses. However, mass isn’t the only factor that affects an object’s inertia, shape, and mass distribution come into play too.
Here are some suggestions when dealing with objects of different masses:
Handle heavy objects with care: More force is needed to move or stop heavy objects due to their higher inertia. Be cautious to avoid injury or damage.
Pay attention to weight distribution: Uneven weight distribution can cause unexpected movement patterns. Make sure they’re balanced or secured.
Consider rotational motion: Both mass and mass distribution affect rotational motion. Remember to factor these in.
Make use of inertia: Utilizing inertia can help in activities like sports and transportation. For example, driving a vehicle around curves.
The mass has a major impact on an object’s inertia, so it’s important to understand their relationship. Mass is like a stubborn friend that won’t change.
The Role of Mass in Inertia
Inertia and mass go hand in hand. The greater the mass, the more resistant it is to changes in motion. Mass directly influences inertia, more mass = more inertia, less mass = less inertia. But inertia affects objects differently depending on their mass. From cars to stars, this concept is fundamental in understanding physical behavior.
Sir Isaac Newton’s work set the stage for classical mechanics. His second law states that force exerted on an object is proportional to its acceleration and inversely proportional to its mass (F = ma). This has enabled remarkable advancements across many disciplines.
By studying mass and inertia, scientists have uncovered great insights about our world. More exploration and observation will help us learn more and push the boundaries of human understanding.
Inertia in Rest and Motion
To understand how inertia behaves in rest and motion, let’s delve into three key sub-sections. First, we’ll explore the concept of inertia at rest, where objects tend to remain stationary unless acted upon by an external force. Then, we’ll discuss inertia in motion, which describes how objects in motion tend to stay in motion unless acted upon by an outside force. Lastly, we’ll examine the tendency of inertia to maintain the state of motion, regardless of its speed or direction.
Inertia at Rest
We often ignore the hidden forces keeping objects at rest. Inertia at Rest explains why an object stays still unless compelled to move. This property shows great stability and resistance to movement. It’s amazing to explore the realm of physics.
Behind this phenomenon, there are intricate dynamics. Inertia at Rest examines factors like mass and gravitational pull that impact an object’s resistance. These insights highlight the beauty and complexity of our physical world.
Galileo Galilei’s experiments with inclined planes and rolling balls in the late 16th century showed varied tendencies towards motion or stillness. This discovery changed the field of physics forever.
My laziness has more inertia than a runaway truck.
Inertia in Motion
Inertia in motion is when an object resists changes in its velocity. It stays at the same speed and direction unless acted upon by a force. We experience this in everyday life. For example, when cycling, we feel our body’s inertia when cornering or suddenly stopping. Also, vehicles on highways keep their momentum due to inertia.
This concept has many applications. Athletes use inertia in sports like running and swimming. Engineers use it to design efficient brakes for vehicles. However, if you don’t manage inertia correctly, it can lead to accidents and injuries. So, people across different fields need to understand it and take the right measures.
By recognizing the importance of inertia in motion, we can ensure safety and efficiency in many areas. Whether it’s optimizing transportation or improving athletic performance, understanding inertia will help us create amazing advancements without putting people at risk. Let’s use this power to open up new opportunities and explore new possibilities.
Inertia’s Tendency to Maintain State of Motion
Inertia is the tendency of an object to stay in its state of motion. Objects at rest resist change; objects in motion keep going until an outside force acts on them. This applies to all objects, regardless of size, shape, or mass. Heavier things have more inertia, so they need a stronger force to move them.
We use our knowledge of inertia in sports, like baseball and soccer. Players apply forces in certain directions to control the ball’s motion.
Pro Tip: To beat inertia, start small and work up momentum. Don’t try to do too much at once!
Inertia and External Forces
To understand inertia and external forces, let’s delve into two key sub-sections: Resisting Changes in Motion and Unbalanced Forces and Inertia. Resisting Changes in Motion explores how objects tend to maintain their state of rest or uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force. Unbalanced Forces and Inertia, on the other hand, sheds light on how external forces can disrupt the equilibrium of an object, affecting its motion.
Resisting Changes in Motion
Inertia is when objects prefer to stay in their current state of motion. To resist changes in motion, these 4 steps will help:
Identify the outside force trying to change the object’s motion.
Check the object’s mass. Heavier objects are harder to move.
Look at the surface resistance. Different surfaces offer different levels of resistance.
Consider other external factors. Friction and air resistance can hinder or help the object.
Inertia is important, but the object’s shape, size, material composition, and more also affect how it resists changes. This concept can be used in engineering, transport, and sports performance. Take advantage of inertia and see how resisting changes in motion can help you succeed!
Unbalanced Forces and Inertia
Unbalanced forces and inertia are linked in the world of physics. Inertia is a property of matter that resists changes to its motion, and unbalanced forces alter the state of motion. This interesting relationship shows the role external forces play in disrupting or keeping an object’s velocity.
When unbalanced forces are acting on an object, its state of motion changes. If the net force acting on it is bigger than zero, the object will speed up in the direction of the force. Whereas, if the net force is zero, the object won’t move or continue moving with the same velocity due to inertia. This principle can be seen in everyday situations, for example, pushing a book across a table or kicking a soccer ball.
Going deeper into this connection, we learn more about how inertia affects diverse objects. Objects with more mass have more inertia and need more force to change their motion compared to lighter objects. Also, objects with strange shapes may experience rotational inertia, which helps them resist changes in angular velocity. These nuances illustrate the richness and complexity of the connection between unbalanced forces and inertia.
To understand this concept better, let’s look at a true story:
When people ride a roller coaster, they experience unbalanced forces and inertia. As the roller coaster climbs a steep slope, it slows down because of gravitational forces working against its forward motion. At this moment, riders feel pushed backward into their seats as they resist changes in their motion caused by gravity, backward
When the roller coaster reaches the peak of the slope, it starts going down quickly under gravity’s power. Here, riders have a fleeting feeling of being weightless as their bodies stay still due to inertia while gravity pulls them down faster than free fall acceleration! This thrilling experience with unbalanced forces and inertia gives thrill-seekers a new appreciation for the physics involved.
If inertia was a person, they would want to go in circles to avoid any unnecessary changes of direction.
Inertia and Circular Motion
To understand the role of inertia in circular motion, let’s explore two sub-sections: “Principles of Inertia in Circular Motion” and “Role of Inertia in Keeping Objects Moving in a Circle.” These sections will shed light on how inertia influences the behavior of objects in a circular motion and why they tend to keep moving in a curved path.
Principles of Inertia in Circular Motion
Inertia is key to understanding circular motion in physics. Objects experience a centripetal force when moving in a circle. Newton’s first law of motion states: objects at rest stay at rest, and moving objects stay in motion unless acted upon by an external force. This is relevant in a circular motion as inertia resists any change in velocity.
Inertia resists changes in velocity & direction. If a ball is attached to a string & swung around, you need to exert force on the string to create the circle. But if you suddenly let go, the ball will continue in a straight line, not its circular path. This shows how inertia affects circular motion.
Inertia’s impact on circular motion is seen everywhere, from amusement park rides to planets orbiting the sun. So next time you experience or witness circular motion, take a moment to appreciate inertia & how it shapes the physical world, letting objects follow their course despite external forces. Who needs a personal trainer when you have inertia?!
Role of Inertia in Keeping Objects Moving in a Circle
Inertia, the tendency of a thing to resist changes in its motion, is a key factor in keeping it moving in a circle. When an object moves in a circle, it needs to switch direction and velocity. Its inertia allows this to happen.
Centripetal acceleration causes the object to move toward the center of the circle. This acceleration is caused by an inward force, which is necessary to keep the circle going around. The law of motion states that an object either stays at rest or stays in motion, unless acted upon by external force. Inertia is that outside force that keeps the circle going.
The amount of inertia depends on mass. The more mass, the more inertia. This means that more force is needed to keep the object moving in a circle.
To make circular motion easier, follow these suggestions:
Controlling any external forces also helps make sure the object stays in its circular trajectory.
By understanding how inertia influences circular motion, and following these suggestions, one can maintain circular motion with less effort. Inertia is very important for this kind of motion.
Inertia and Friction
To understand the inertia of motion, let’s explore the section on “Inertia and Friction.” In this section, we will delve into the effects of friction on inertia and the methods of overcoming friction with external forces. We will examine how friction can affect the motion of objects and the role of external forces in counteracting the effects of friction.
Effects of Friction on Inertia
Friction, a force that opposes the motion, has interesting effects on inertia. Let’s check them out.
Friction:
Reduces inertia, making it harder to start or stop an object from moving. Example: Pushing a heavy box on a carpet takes more force than pushing it on a smooth surface.
Increases inertia, making it harder to change an object’s state of motion. Example: When a car suddenly spins out of control on a slippery road, regaining control is difficult due to increased inertia caused by friction.
Did you know? Friction is essential in our everyday lives. We use it in car brakes and to grip objects with our hands. It helps us interact safely with our environment and manipulate objects with ease.
Fun Fact! People have been fascinated by friction and its effects on inertia for centuries. First to recognize and study this phenomenon was Leonardo da Vinci during the Renaissance period. His observations opened the door for further research and understanding of friction’s impact on motion.
Ready to tackle friction? Get set, because this is about to get complicated with the addition of external forces.
Overcoming Friction with External Forces
Text: Use external forces to combat friction! Examples include pushing a heavy object, applying oil or grease, increasing the normal force between surfaces, and reducing weight. All must be done with safety guidelines in mind.
These techniques can minimize the effects of friction and enhance efficiency in industrial machinery, transportation systems, and more.
Maximize your performance and reduce energy wastage by applying suitable external forces that combat friction effectively. Don’t miss out on these benefits, use external forces today.
Experience a real-life example of inertia battling air resistance, why did the physics textbook go skydiving? Just for the thrill of it.
Inertia and Air Resistance
To understand the impact of air resistance on inertia, let’s delve into two sub-sections: “How Air Resistance Impacts Inertia” and “Impact of Air Resistance on Moving Objects.” These sections will shed light on how the presence of air affects the tendency of objects to stay in motion or come to a rest. Get ready to explore the fascinating interplay between inertia and air resistance.
How Air Resistance Impacts Inertia
Air resistance has a major effect on inertia – an object’s resistance to changes in motion. When moving through a fluid medium, like air, opposing forces drag the object down. This affects its inertia, reducing its ability to keep its speed.
Check out this table to understand air resistance’s impact on inertia:
Velocity (m/s)
Mass (kg)
Inertia (kg m/s^2)
10
5
50
20
5
100
10
10
100
20
10
200
As you can see, higher velocities and masses increase inertia. But air resistance is key here – opposing forces of air get stronger with speed, reducing the net force on the object. This means less force and more deceleration, resulting in lower inertia.
The shape of the object and surface area exposed to air also matter. Streamlined shapes experience less air resistance than irregular shapes or large surfaces.
Air resistance’s effect on inertia is essential in physics and aerodynamics. Taking it into account helps engineers and scientists be more accurate when working out motion and develop better solutions.
Unlock the intricacies of this phenomenon and discover new insights into movement. Start exploring air resistance’s influence on inertia now.
Impact of Air Resistance on Moving Objects
Air resistance has a major effect on objects moving through the air. This is also called drag and is against the direction of motion, making the object slower. The magnitude of this force depends on the size, shape, speed, and density of the air around it.
As an object moves, air particles hit its surface and create resistance. The faster it moves, the more collisions it will experience in a unit of time, thus more resistance. Also, larger objects will meet more air particles and have more resistance.
The shape of the object affects air resistance too. Streamlined objects like airplanes are designed for less drag, as air flows around them without turbulence. On the other hand, rough shapes or surfaces generate turbulence, so there’s more resistance.
Air density also influences how much an object is affected by air resistance. Higher altitudes have fewer air particles due to lower pressure, so objects experience less resistance.
Let’s look at skydiving as an example. When the skydiver jumps out of the plane, their body faces a lot of air resistance because of its large surface area. This makes them slow down until they reach a constant speed, where the force of gravity and air resistance are equal.
Therefore, air resistance plays a big role in how objects move in relation to their environment. Knowing this helps engineers and designers make more efficient sports and transportation equipment.
Inertia and Changes in Motion
To better understand the concept of inertia and its role in changes in motion, let’s explore two key sub-sections. Firstly, we’ll delve into how inertia plays a crucial role in resisting changes in speed or direction. Secondly, we’ll discuss how we can overcome inertia to change the state of motion. By examining these sub-sections, we can gain a deeper insight into the fascinating nature of inertia and its impact on the dynamics of motion.
Inertia’s Role in Resisting Changes in Speed or Direction
Inertia is essential in stopping or maintaining an object’s speed and direction. This property of objects keeps them still or moving until an outside force acts on them. Basically, if something is stationary, it’ll stay that way unless a force moves it. Similarly, if it’s moving, it won’t change direction or slow down unless another force interferes.
Let’s look at the example of a car driving down a straight road. When the driver slams on the brakes, the car quickly stops. This sudden change in movement causes the passengers to lurch forward due to their inertia. Their bodies strive to stay in motion until something stops them – like the seatbelt or dashboard.
Inertia also applies to a change in direction. Imagine you’re biking and suddenly turn sharply to avoid an obstacle. Your body will keep going forward due to its inertia, while the bike changes direction. That’s why you’ll feel like you’re being pulled towards the outside of the turn, known as centrifugal force.
We witness the effects of inertia in our everyday lives. Knowing this helps us predict and comprehend certain situations.
So the next time you’re behind the wheel or engaging in any activity involving motion, take a moment to appreciate how inertia keeps us still or pushes us forward. By recognizing its power, we can make sure our experiences are safe and our decisions are based on an understanding of this fundamental force.
Let’s keep discovering the wonders of physics. With each newfound knowledge comes a greater appreciation for the intricate mechanisms of our universe. Don’t miss out on these amazing revelations.
Overcoming Inertia to Change the State of Motion
Need to change motion? Overcome inertia! Inertia is when an object resists change in its motion, starting, stopping, or changing direction. To beat it, you need external forces.
One way to overcome inertia is by applying a force opposite the object’s current motion. Like brakes on a car, applying them gives a force opposite to the car’s motion, slowing it down.
You can also overcome inertia by changing the magnitude of the force. Increase the force, and you’ll have an easier time changing motion. Decrease it, and the object’s resistance increases.
Remember, overcoming inertia needs effort and determination. Without external forces or enough magnitude, objects will just stay the same. So don’t get held back! Push through and open up to new possibilities.
Conquer inertia with opposing forces or adjusting magnitudes. Break free from its grip and unlock a realm of dynamic movements and changes. Take control and make your journey happen.
Frequently Asked Questions about Inertia
Q: What is inertia?
A: Inertia is the name given to the natural tendency of an object at rest to remain at rest or an object in motion to keep moving in a straight line at a constant speed unless acted upon by an external force.
Q: Who discovered the concept of inertia?
A: The Italian physicist Galileo Galilei was the first to describe the motion of objects and the concept of inertia, although Sir Isaac Newton later formalized it in his laws of motion.
Q: What is the law of inertia?
A: Newton’s first law of motion, also known as the law of inertia, states that an object will remain at rest or in constant velocity in a straight line unless acted upon by a force.
Q: How does inertia affect motion?
A: Inertia is often used today to describe the motion of objects, as it determines how an object will behave when a force is applied. The greater the mass of an object, the more inertia it has and the harder it is to set in motion or stop.
Q: What is the inertia of an object?
A: The inertia of an object refers to its resistance to changes in motion, whether that be a change in speed or direction. This inertia is proportional to the mass of the object.
Q: How does the force affect inertia?
A: Force is required to overcome an object’s inertia and set it in motion or stop it. The force needed is proportional to the mass of the object, meaning that the more massive the object, the greater the force required to change its motion.
Q: Can an object with no force acting upon it continue moving forever?
A: Yes, if there are no external forces acting upon an object, it would eventually come to rest due to the force of friction acting on the object. However, in the absence of friction, the object would retain that motion indefinitely.
Q: What is rotational inertia?
A: Rotational inertia is the name given to an object’s resistance to changes in rotational motion, also known as its moment of inertia. This inertia is determined by the object’s mass, shape, and distribution of mass.
Q: How does inertia affect the surface of the earth?
A: Inertia is what causes objects on the surface of the earth to remain in motion with the rest of the earth, as the force of the earth’s rotation keeps them moving along with it. Without this force, objects on the surface of the earth would move away from the center of the earth and continue moving in a straight line.
Q: What force causes an object at rest to remain at rest?
A: An object at rest will remain at rest unless acted upon by an external force. In the absence of any external force, the forces acting on the object balance each other out, resulting in the object remaining at rest.
Conclusion
Inertia, as described by Newton’s first law of motion, is the tendency of an object to stay still or move in a straight line, unless acted upon by an external force. It is still used today to explain the motion of objects. The bigger the mass of an object, the more inertia it has. For instance, a moving object will keep going in a straight line at the same speed until it is impacted by another force.
This property of inertia is affected by the applied forces, along with the effects of friction and air resistance. It also applies to rotational motion, known as rotational inertia, which defines an object’s resistance to changes in its rotational motion.
The principle of inertia has been known for centuries before Isaac Newton had formulated his laws of motion. Galileo observed that a body in motion will stay in motion until something stops it, while an object at rest will stay put unless acted upon by an external force.
In our everyday lives, we can see examples of inertia all around us. When stopping a car suddenly, our bodies carry on moving forward due to inertia. Also, when turning suddenly on a bike, our bodies tend to lean outward because of the principle of inertia.
Realizing and utilizing the concept of inertia has been very important in many areas of study, including classical physics and engineering. It helps us describe and anticipate the behavior of objects in motion, no matter if they are on inclined planes or curved paths.
So the next time you observe an object starting to move or coming to rest, remember it is all due to the interesting property called inertia.
The energy radiated from the source to a surrounding area in the form of a wave and transmits the energy is called radiant energy.
The radiation of the energy is due to the kinetic energy that is transmitted through the air molecules. In this article, we will discuss some example of kinetic to radiant energy as listed below:-
Sunlight
Light is an electromagnetic wave. The electromagnetic ray emitted from the Sun enters the Earth’s atmosphere and undergoes various phenomena of light.
The light is radiant energy and is radiated in all directions. Well, a human eye can see the light only in the visible range of wavelength.
Tuning Fork
The tuning fork creates vibrational patterns in the surrounding air that travels through the medium and the sound reaches the listener’s ears. The vibration created in the fork is transferred to the air molecules. The molecules then oscillate back and forth and sound is radiated in the air.
The incident light on any object retains the radiations received in the form of heat energy. The continuous exposure to the light increases the internal energy of the object and hence gives out the heat energy which is radiated in the form of a wave of longer wavelengths.
That is the reason, why the pictures captured by the satellites during the night appear black and white, is because of the infrared radiations received by the satellites from those objects during the night.
Remote Control
Remote controls work based on the wave transmitted from the transmitter and the signal received by the receiver. The remote control uses either radio waves or infrared waves.
The waves are transmitted from the remote controller and are received by the receiver fitted on the device. We use the remote control on TV, air conditioners, car, DVD players, etc.
Wireless Chargers
The wireless chargers are more trending today. The radio waves are received by the received planted on the charger that converts these radio waves into alternating current which is then rectified to produce a direct current hence charging the devices.
The propeller starts rotating converting the wind energy to mechanical energy and these rotations are intensified by the motor connected to the propeller through a shaft. This helps to convert mechanical energy produced to electrical energy using a generator which is then supplied to the home appliances.
Turbines
Turbines are used to derive energy from the wind, waves, and steam to convert it to electrical energy. The rotating turbine is attached to the shaft which is further attached to the motor that helps to intensify the rotational motion of the turbine. This mechanical energy thus produced is converted to electrical energy with the help of the generator.
This energy is trapped by the turbines and generates kinetic energy. This energy is increased by the motor and transferred to the generator to produce the electrical energy which is then used to light the bulb.
String Helicopter
A string helicopter is a toy that consists of a number of gears and one gear is wounded with a string. Upon stretching and releasing the string the gear moves and sets the helicopter into motion, at the same time, the LED inbuilt in the copter glows as enough energy is created by the motion of the gears.
The air flowing from the dryer then takes this heat from the hot coil and gives out the warm air. Hence, due to the kinetic energy of the electric fan, the heat in the form of radiant energy is given out.
Rubbing
When you rub your hands across each other, the heat energy is generated on rubbing hence you feel your hand warm on rubbing. This is due to the friction between the two hands.
Fire is generated upon hitting the stones together continuously. Hence, the kinetic energy of the two stones in the motion radiates the light when the friction between the two stones produces a fire.
Hammering the Nail
By continuously hammering the nail with a hammer, a spark is generated due to the friction between the nail and the hammer.
Thermal energy is heat energy produced due to the rise in temperature.
This energy is radiated in the form of heat in the surrounding system to attain equilibrium with the surrounding. Hence thermal energy is also a form of radiant energy.
The vibration generated is transmitted in the surrounding region creating the back and forth motion of the molecules thus radiating in the surrounding.
The kinetic energy of any object can be turned into electrical energy with the help of turbines, generators, or by the motion of the charged particles.
The electrical energy is produced when the free electrons get enough energy to dislocate and set into motion. Below is a list of the example of kinetic to electrical energy that we are going to discuss in this article:-
Redox Reaction
The redox reaction is of two types, the oxidation or reduction reaction. The cations and anions are swapped between the two reactants.
The breaking of the bonds and formation of new bonds with the cation or anion of another reactant results in the mobility of the ions. If the two reactants are kept in separate containers with the wire inserted in both, then the mobility of the charges will result in the production of electrical energy.
Lightning
Lightning is a result of the bombardment of the two masses of clouds that gives the discharge of the electrons.
The energy is driven from the kinetic energy of the flow of water with the help of a turbine. The running water sets the turbine into motion. This is escalated by the shaft which is further connected to the generator where this mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy.
Magnetic Field
In presence of the magnetic field, the charged particles get aligned in the direction of the magnetic field. The motion of the electrons results in the generation of electric current in the conductor.
The electricity is generated by the photovoltaic cell when the photons are incident on the solar panel. These photons are associated with kinetic energy.
Upon incident, this energy is transferred to the free electrons and then the electrons start their mobility towards the protons, but due to the heavy repulsion force formed between the empty holes, the electrons could not penetrate through the p-n junction.
Hot Springs
The water vapours evaporated from the spring have potential energy which is converted into the kinetic energy that drifts it above the height in the atmosphere.
These vapors are made to pass through the turbines that rotate the turbines. The shaft attached to the turbine increases the speed of rotation. This mechanical energy is then converted to electrical energy.
Vehicles
The motion of the piston produces a lot of energy on the combustion of fuel, which is transferred to the electrons in the car batteries.
Thermal power plants supply a huge amount of energy in the form of electrical energy. This energy is released due to the fission of the nuclei. Upon fission, the daughter nuclei move in two different directions.
Solar Batteries
Solar batteries are used to convert solar radiation into electrical energy. The batteries get charged when they are exposed to the sunlight. The energies photons incident on the solar cells charges the batteries.
This kinetic energy of the propellers is increased by using a motor. The generator connected to the motor then converts the kinetic energy to electrical energy.
This way, the power is transmitted from one shaft to another. Thus, the kinetic energy from one gear transferred to another is converted to electrical energy.
Geothermal Power Plant
Geothermal is heat energy derived from beneath the Earth. The temperature gradient of the earth increases down the Earth, this radiated heat energy from the mobile vapor particles is derived by making boreholes deep in the ground. The evaporated vapors make their way upward towards the turbine and this energy is converted into electrical energy by the generator.
Radio Waves
The radio waves are the electromagnetic waves that are received by the receivers and are converted into alternating signals and are rectified to the direct current. This technique is used in wireless chargers.
A turbine is a mechanical tool made up of a wheel and rotors fitted with vanes which are rotated by flowing water, heavy wind, steam, gas, or any fluid.
The wind or thermal energy is converted into mechanical energy by rotating the turbine and then to the electrical energy by the generator.
Motors
The motor intensifies the rotational speed of any object. Mechanical energy is associated with kinetic energy. This mechanical energy is converted to electrical energy by connecting the motor to the electrical generator.
Frequently Asked Questions
How can kinetic energy be turned into electrical energy?
The electricity can be generated if the kinetic energy is driven from the object by some method.
The generator transforms mechanical energy into electrical energy. At the microscopic level, the energy supplied to the electrons can also result in the mobility of the electrons that produce the electric currents.
Does steam has heat energy or kinetic energy?
The steam is produced due to the pressure difference and rise in the temperature.
The particle of steam possesses the highest amount of kinetic energy and also has thermal energy with it. This energy is utilized to convert into electrical energy.
