AKSHITA MAPARI

Hi, I’m Akshita Mapari. I have done M.Sc. in Physics. I have worked on projects like Numerical modeling of winds and waves during cyclone, Physics of toys and mechanized thrill machines in amusement park based on Classical Mechanics. I have pursued a course on Arduino and have accomplished some mini projects on Arduino UNO. I always like to explore new zones in the field of science. I personally believe that learning is more enthusiastic when learnt with creativity. Apart from this, I like to read, travel, strumming on guitar, identifying rocks and strata, photography and playing chess.

15 Doppler Effect Examples: Detailed Explanations

January 20, 2024March 21, 2022 by AKSHITA MAPARI

The relative change in the frequency of the sound or light due to the motion of the observer and the source, this effect is termed as a Doppler effect after a scientist Christian Doppler. We shall discuss a few doppler effect examples below.

As the distance between the source and the observe decreases, the wavelength becomes shorter and frequency increases,

and if the distance between both increases the frequency decreases

, where v is a velocity of sound, f is a change in frequency, f₀ is a actual frequency, v₀ is a velocity of object, v_s is a velocity of source.

Vehicle Running on the Road

You must be familiar with the phenomenon of a Doppler Effect due to the moving vehicle in speed.

doppler effect examples — **Doppler Effect due to the vehicles in motion; Image Credit: Pixabay**

If you are standing on the roadside, you must have heard the variation in the sound wave of approaching vehicle and after it recedes away from you.

Trumpet

If you pass by a trumpet player, you will notice a variation in the sound as you walk away from the trumpet player. This is due to the Doppler Effect.

As you walk away, the distance between the source and the receiver increases thus decreasing the frequency of the sound of notes received by you.

Ultrasonic Sensor

The ultrasonic sensor generates and emits a wave; which is received back when these waves reflect on hitting the obstacles. This is used to detect the water level, distance from the obstacles, depth of the water, etc.

robot g32c72b18d 640 — **The ultrasonic sensor clamped on servo motors; Image Credit: Pixabay**

RADAR

Radio Detection and Ranging is devices used to detect obstacles from a far distance using electromagnetic waves. The waves received back on reflecting from the surface of the obstacle in case the obstacle comes in a range of the device.

sailor gf060a496d 640 — **RADAR technique used by sailors; Image Credit: Pixabay**

There are different software used to read the distance and the location of the obstacles from the source. RADARs are used as navigators for ships and airplanes during bad weather conditions.

Astronomy

Doppler Effect has also made it possible to calculate the distance of the comet or asteroids approaching the Earth. The variation in the frequency of the waves from the heavenly body can be used to determine the velocity of the body and the distance at which it is present.

Resonance from Pipe

A sound wave produced at one end of the pipe will set up the vibration in the air molecules inside a volume of a pipe producing a region of contraction and rarefaction. Due to this, the frequency of a sound wave will frequently differ.

Train

If you hear a sound of a whistle from a train approaching a station, the frequency of the sound decreases as the train pass by you. This is due to the Doppler Effect.

blur g6ddb51fc7 640 — **Whistle of a Train approaching the station; Image Credit: Pixabay**

Ambulance Sirens

If you are driving a vehicle in a lane and you hear a sound of a siren of an ambulance approaching you, the sound frequency will keep on increasing gradually until it pass by you and then the sound frequency reduces.

ambulance ged4211511 640 — **Sound waves from Ambulance Serin; Image Credit: Pixabay**

Blowing Horns

A bus driver overtaking a truck blows the horn for a while until it overtakes. The frequency of a horn heard by the truck driver before overtaking and after is different. While approaching the truck, the sound heard by the truck driver was of frequency

and once it overtakes the truck, the frequency of the sound now heard by the truck driver is

Music Instruments

When you heard nice pleasant music being played, and you try to follow the music from where it is played to find out who is the one playing such splendid music, you know that the frequency of the music keeps on increasing. In case it decreases then it is certain that you are moving on the wrong path away from your goal.

live music g0c2a56f08 640 — **Music Concert in Auditorium; Image Credit: Pixabay**

Person Shouting from the Valley Top

Consider a person standing on the top of the hill and talking in a loud voice with a person standing down the hill. The sound heard by the person and the actual frequency of a person on the hill will be different. This is also due to the Doppler Effect.

Loudspeaker in a Room

The amplified sound emerging from the loudspeaker will emit the audio waves in all directions. The sound waves received by the listener sitting at different areas in the room will receive different numbers of audio waves and thus different frequencies. Also, the person standing behind the loudspeaker will receive the reflected wave thus sound waves of low frequency.

Boating in a Pond Water

Suppose there is a square shape pond and two people are standing exactly opposite to each other at pole A and pole B respectively and a group of people are on a paddleboat in a pond. The boat is traveling from pole A to B.

Capture 2 — **A boat traveling from pole A to B**

As the boat crosses halfway, a person standing at pole A will see that the speed of the boat is reduced than its actual speed and a person at pole B will see that boat is traveling slightly at a greater speed than its normal speed. This is due to the Doppler Effect.

River Side

If there is a noise from the land across the river, the frequency of the audio waves received at all the points at different angles will vary greatly.

Music Band Passes by the Roadside

The sound frequency increases steadily as the band cross by the roadside and then decreases gradually as the band recedes away from you.

Frequently Asked Questions

Does the Doppler Effect of sound, waves, or light depend upon the distance?

The Doppler Effect relies upon the distance between the source and the receiver.

The frequency of the waves differs as the distance between the two changes. The frequency of the waves is higher when the distance between the two is lessening whereas the frequency decreases as the spacing between the two rises.

What is reverberation?

It is a resonance of sound waves heard for a prolonged time.

It is due to the echoing that is the reflection of sound waves on hitting the obstacles and the waves are thrown back and received by the listener; that is the audio wave passes back to the source.

Read more about Doppler Effect For Moving Observer.

Also Read:

Does Static Electricity Move: How, Why And Facts

January 20, 2024March 20, 2022 by AKSHITA MAPARI

The static electricity is produced due to the presence of imbalance of the charges on the availability of foreign charged particles.

The static charges are stationary charges and the electric current is produced when these charges migrate on coming in contact with other bodies due to friction, external electric field, or on receiving the radiations.

How Much Does Static Electricity Move?

The static electricity is produced due to the induction of the charged particles which are stationary.

The static electricity is present in a region where the electrons migrate or show the force of attraction or repulsion between the available charges in the surrounding.

discharge gf1b5b0615 640 — **Static Electricity; Image Credit: Pixabay**

The charged particles attract or repel the unlike and like charges respectively thus producing induction current in a range within which this electrostatic force between the charged particles is felt.

Does Static Electricity Move in a Path?

Static electricity is unlike a current flowing across a wire.

The static electricity is short-range mobility or discharge of the charges and travels through the shortest path as possible for a short span of time.

If there is an availability of the excess number of electrons with a particular object, then the object will look at a favorable situation to release these extra electrons to the matter which has a deficiency of the electrons. Accordingly, this object will show the electrostatic force of attraction towards the object which is deficient in electrons, and repulsion from the object which constitutes more number of electrons.

On coming in contact with the positively charged object or ground, these extra electrons will migrate towards the ground with sudden dispersion. It is obvious that the charges will flow in a path during their dissipation.

Does Static Electricity Move Through a Current?

Static electricity is a result of a flow of ions through a conducting medium.

The flow of charges produces a current; well the direction of a current is in a direction opposite to the motion of electrons. A current produced due to the mobility of static charges produces static electricity.

You must have experienced a shock while ringing a doorbell, from the nerves of your bones, touching lever-type doorknobs, during dry summers; this is due to the static current observed at a short-range and a weak electric force that occurs for a short span of time. A current produced due to the static charges depends upon their number of availability. If there is more number of electrons available then the current produced will be wide and the static electricity produced will have great potential.

How Does Static Electricity Move?

The static electricity moves when the objects undergo friction, radiations, or comes in close contact with each other.

When the two objects are in close contact having efficiency or deficiency of some charged particles, then to balance the charge the object will show the force of attraction towards the other object to either accept or donate the charges.

For static electricity to occur there should be the availability of positive and negative charged objects. This phenomenon is continued until the objects are neutralized.

Can Static Electricity Move Objects?

Indeed there is a motion seen in the objects due to the attraction or repulsion between the excess charge carriers.

The object constituting more electrons will show the attractive force on placing an object having a deficiency of electrons, while a repulsive force on an object has a majority of electrons too.

You must be thinking, that if the static charges are stationary then how they will cause the objects to move. But they remain stable unless coming in close vicinity with another object.

If you rub a balloon across wool and hold it near your hair, then you will notice that the hair will attract towards the balloon. This is because on rubbing a balloon on wool the negatively charged particles are settled on the surface of the balloon which now attracts the hair towards itself as there is the deficiency of electrons in the hair.

How do Electrons Move in Static Electricity?

The electrons remain stable until there is a way to escape and neutralize the object.

As the object possessing more electrons comes in close contact with another object, these electrons quickly migrate towards the object generating static electricity.

What Causes the Electrons to Move and Form Static Electricity?

The motion of the electrons results in the production of a static current and forms static electricity.

The mobility of the charged particles is seen to balance the charges, thus accepting or donating the charges from one matter to another.

There are probably of receiving the migrating charges through a medium by every object. This efficiency or deficiency of electrons makes the object negative or positively charged respectively. The extra available electrons tend to fill the vacancy of electrons in positively charged objects. Hence, displaces from one object to another when comes in close contact with the majority of photons carriers. This migration results in the creation of current, this is called static current because it is a sudden discharging of electrons and static. The building up of current forms static electricity.

Frequently Asked Questions

On what factor does the impact of static electricity depend?

The static electricity is produced due to the migration of stationary charges from one object to another.

The impact of static electricity basically depends upon the cluster of the extra available electron or protons in a matter.

What do you mean by the static current?

The current is generally produced due to the flow of charges.

The static current is generated as the electrons from one object jump over the surface of another object when placed near it.

Also Read:

Is Static Electricity A Contact Force: How And Why

January 20, 2024March 18, 2022 by AKSHITA MAPARI

A force is said to be a contact force if the force is exerted on the object on coming in contact with that object. Let us discuss, whether is static electricity a contact force or a non-contact.

Static electricity is a non-contact force and occurs due to the imbalance of charges and displacement of charged particles. If the oppositely charged particles come in contact with zero space in between, then there will be no static electricity.

Does Static Electricity Move?

The word static means stable, the charges are not in a mobile state.

This is not like the normal electricity carried through a wire or any other components. When there is an imbalance of the charges, the charged particles may displace from one surface to another called an electric discharge.

The static current is generated when there is an extra number of protons or electrons available on the surface of the object or within it. Due to the vacancy or excess of charge, the object shows the force of attraction or repulsion towards oppositely charged particles same as the behavior of two poles of bar magnets.

Like electrostatics, this static force will be seen only when the two objects will be separated by some distance. If the two objects come in close contact with no gap in between then this static force will vanish as the particles will lose the charge and becomes balanced.

Will a Humidifier Help with Static Electricity?

The humidifiers are used as precautious in a dry climate and also help to reduce the influences of static electricity.

Moisture in the air does not allow static electricity to be built in. The presence of air molecules in a greater density absorbs the excess number of charges suspended in the air and terminates the flow of static electricity.

During the dry climate, the temperature is high and the spacing between the molecules increases. Due to this, the density of the molecules in the air per cubic volume decreases. Hence there are more chances of feeling static current in dry areas. Using humidifiers enhances the density of molecules in the air and makes the molecules more conductive thus reducing the effect of static electricity.

How can you create static electricity?

The static current can be generated when there are more electrons or protons available on the object.

On rubbing the two surfaces or hitting one object on the surface of another, can migrate some charges thus producing static electricity.

See the source image — **Balloon stuck on a wall; Image Credit: Flickr**

You must have noticed that a balloon gets stuck on the wall after rubbing it on wool, sticking a piece of paper on the scale on rubbing the scale on your hair. This is because, on rubbing, a few electrons which are negatively charged particles get stuck on the surface of the ruler or balloon, due to which it shows the static force of attraction towards other objects, as every object constitute both positive as well as negatively charged particles and these charges respond in accordance to the charges available in the surrounding.

You must have also noticed that when you go out in the hot sun, after a prolonged time your hair stands up vertically. This is because the charges incident on the hair absorbs these charges and becomes charged and attracts other aerosol particles in the surrounding.

Does the static electricity produce is in a small scale or large?

The static electricity depends upon the availability of extra charges in a system and attraction and repulsion between the charges accordingly.

Basically, static electricity is a result when there is a discharge of the electrons, and the range of the static electricity produced depends upon the number of the availability of the charges.

Usually, static electricity does not cause high currents but if the number of available charged particles carrying similar charges is large, then the discharge of these charges is sudden and on a larger scale.

The static electricity is produced due to the high radiant energy, intense electric field, variations in the radiations, and even friction. If the availability of the electrons is higher in number, then the extra electrons will quickly migrate on coming in contact with an object carrying a different charge in the majority.

is static electricity a contact force — **Discharge of charges from clouds; Image Credit: Pixabay**

An example is a flash of lightning during rainy days. You know that the water vapours collect to form a cloud and the potential energy of the vapours turns into kinetic energy thus starts migrating. As the mass of the cloud becomes massive, the kinetic energy is further turned into potential energy. The charges get accumulates on the surface of the cloud. Lightning is caused when the air rubs against these charges and generates high currents as the accumulation of charged particles is more.

Frequently Asked Questions

How static electricity is used to control pollution?

The electrodes or charged plates are used to separate the pollutants before they escape into the environment.

The air pollutant does carry a charge. When the pollutant travels through the oppositely charged plates these particles get attracted towards them thus controlling the pollution.

What are the applications of static electricity?

Application of static electricity is widely used in different areas.

Some of the examples of static electricity are air filters, air fresheners, 3-D painting, Xerox machines, controlling pollution, etc.

Can static electricity produce in our body?

It is obvious that our body can produce static electricity as our body is made up of a number of elements and neuron systems.

The neuron system works on the electric signal passed to the brain from all the parts of our body. You must have felt a sudden shock-like electric signal upon hitting your joints.

Also Read:

Direction Of Centripetal Acceleration: How To Find And Detailed Facts

January 21, 2024March 17, 2022 by AKSHITA MAPARI

The object accelerating in the circular motion experiences the centripetal force as well as the centrifugal force.

The centripetal acceleration is the variation in the velocity of the object in the circular motion with respect to time and the direction of centripetal acceleration is tangent to the curve of the circular path.

Direction of Centripetal Acceleration in Circular Motion

The direction of the object moving in a circular motion varies at every discrete change in a distance ‘dx’ traveled by the object.

Consider an object of mass ‘m’ accelerating in the circular path of radius ‘r’ such that the centripetal force on the object is F=mv²/r

direction of centripetal acceleration — **Fig 1: Direction of the motion of the object in** centripetal acceleration

In the above diagram, you can clearly depict that the direction of the object continuously changes as the object accelerates in a circular path. The direction of the motion of the object in a circular trajectory can be considered as tangential to the path, and so the velocity of the object varies at every small distance.

The centripetal acceleration is pointing towards the center of the circular path and makes a 90-degree angle with the direction of the velocity of the object in a motion. The acceleration of the object is inward due to the application of the centripetal force imposed on the object in a circular trajectory. Accordingly, we get the direction of the motion of the object in centripetal acceleration either clockwise or anti-clockwise.

What is the direction of the centripetal acceleration of a girl sitting on a ferries wheel of a radius of 10 meters and completing one revolution per minute?

Given: r=10 meters

Time period T= 1rev/min

The circumference of a ferries wheel is

2πr=2 x 3.14 x 10=62.8 meters

The speed of a ferries when is

1 rev/min=62.8 m/60 s =1.05 m/s

Hence, a girl cover 1.05 meter every second on a ferries wheel.

The direction of the velocity of a girl constantly changes. It can be clearly understood that while moving from lower height to the highest point above the ground from this ferries wheel, the direction of the velocity of a girl is upward and then as the girl accelerates from that highest point to back to the lowest point near ground, the direction of the velocity of a girl is downward. Well, the direction of centripetal acceleration is always towards the center of a wheel, thus remaining perpendicular to the velocity of a girl.

Read more on Centripetal Force Examples, Critical FAQs.

How to Find Direction of Centripetal Acceleration?

The acceleration of the object in a centripetal motion moving with velocity ‘v’ along the radius ‘r’ of the circular path is a=v²/r.

The velocity of the object in a circular path is always tangential to the circle, while the centripetal acceleration remains parallel and in the direction equivalent to the centripetal force and perpendicular to the direction of velocity.

The same is shown in the below figure:-

‘v’ is the velocity of the object traveling in a circular path while covering a distance ‘dx’ in time ‘t’. The force on the object in centripetal motion is

F=mv²/r

According to Newton’s Second Law,

ma=mv²/r

Hence, the centripetal acceleration of the object in circular motion is,

a=v²/r

The direction of the centripetal acceleration is pointing towards the center of the circle as shown in the above figure. The tangential velocity is in a straight path directing outward of the circle every elapses and thus found to be perpendicular to the centripetal acceleration which pulls the body in keeping it in a circular track.

What is a centripetal acceleration of an object moving on a circular path having a radius of 76 meters moving at a speed of 10 m/s? What will be the centripetal acceleration in terms of acceleration due to gravity?

Given: v=10 m/s

r=76 meters

We have,

a=v²/r

=(10)²/76= 100/76 = 1.32 m/s²

Hence, the centripetal acceleration of the object is 1.32 m/s².

The centripetal acceleration in relation to the term ‘g’ is

a/g=1.32 m/s²/9.8 m/s²=0.132 g

So, in terms of acceleration due to gravity, centripetal acceleration of an object in a circular trajectory moving with a speed of 10 m/s is 0.132g.

Read more on Centripetal force.

Why is the Direction of Centripetal Acceleration always Perpendicular to the Velocity?

The direction of the velocity of an object keeps on varying radially in a 360-degree path.

The centripetal force so as the centripetal acceleration is always acting towards the center, the object remains in a circular track.

The object accelerating in a circular path exert a force equal to mv²/r. At the same time, the centrifugal force is also acting on the object that keeps the object away from falling towards the center. This force might have pushed the object at the center. But the force equal in magnitude and opposite in the direction is acting on the object in a circular path, which is a centrifugal force that balances the force, and keeps the motion of the object in a circular path.

If there was no such force balancing the centripetal force then the electron revolving around the nucleus with high kinetic energy would have collapsed into the nucleus vanishing the charge. There would have not been any kind of charge and thus the existence of energy.

So, both forces are equally vital for centripetal acceleration to occur. The direction of the object in a circular path radially shifts as the position of the object changes in a circular path. But, as though, the centripetal acceleration is always acting towards the center, the direction of centripetal acceleration remains perpendicular to the velocity of the object.

Why Centripetal Acceleration Changes the Direction of Velocity?

The centripetal acceleration is radially acting inward irrespective of the clockwise or anti-clockwise motion of the object in a circular path.

The centripetal acceleration keeps the object in a circular motion and according to the path of motion of the object varies constantly after every displacement.

Look at figure 1, it clearly portrays the variation in the direction of the velocity of the object in a centripetal motion. After traveling every discrete length of the distance, the direction of the velocity which is tangent to the circular path changes according to the centripetal acceleration.

If there was no centripetal acceleration, then the object would have traveled in a straight line until some external force was applied on the object to change its velocity and direction and the path would have not been a circular path.

A car taking a turn on a curved path takes 3 seconds to reach a green line from the red line and covers a distance of 12 meters in seconds. Calculate the velocity of a car. What is the direction of the centripetal acceleration? How the direction of the velocity does vary?

We have, t=3sec, d=12m

Hence, the velocity of a car while crossing a curved path is

v= d/t

v=12/3=4 m/s

The velocity of the car is 4m/s. This is the average velocity of the car as there is a variation in the velocity of a car between the red and green lines because the direction and acceleration of the car change constantly.

A person jogging in a park on a circular track of radius 38 meters at a speed of 2 m/s. What is the centripetal acceleration of a person while jogging and the direction of his centripetal acceleration?

Given:- v=2m/s

r= 38 meters

We have,

a=v²/r

=(2)²/38=4/38=0.105 m/s^2

The centripetal acceleration that a person has to maintain is 0.105 m/s2 while jogging in a circular path of a radius of 38 meters. The centripetal acceleration is to keep a person on a circular track that is acting inward. Though the direction of the velocity of the object is always changing which is tangential to the circular path, the velocity of the person is a tangential velocity that is perpendicular to the direction of the acceleration of the object.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is centripetal force exerting on the object having a mass of 5 kg completing one revolution around a circular track of diameter 28 meters in a minute?

Given: m= 5kg

d= 28 meters

r=14 meters

Hence, the circumference of a circular track is

C=2πr

C=2 x 3.14 x 14=87.92 m

The time required to cover 87.92 meters is 1 min. Therefore, the speed of an object is

v = d/t

v = 87.92m/60s = 1.46m/s

The velocity of an object in a circular motion is 1.46 m/s.

Now, the centripetal acceleration of an object will be

a=v²/r

a = (1.46)²/14 = 2.13/14=0.15m/s²

The centripetal acceleration of an object is found to be 0.15 m/s2.

Hence, the centripetal force on the object is

F=ma

F=5 x 0.15=0.75N

The force exerted on the object having a mass of 5kg moving on a circular path is 0.75N.

How is a centrifugal force related to the centripetal force?

The centrifugal force on the object is also equal to mv²/r but exerted in a straight opposite direction.

If the centripetal force is acting inward of a circular path, the centrifugal force is force-directed outwards against the direction of centripetal force. As both the force are equal and opposite, the object can accelerate in a circular path.

Also Read:

15 Example Of Radiant Energy To Chemical Energy: Detailed Explanations

January 21, 2024March 16, 2022 by AKSHITA MAPARI

Radiant energy is the energy transferred through radiation in the form of waves and heat without perturbing the mass of the source of radiations.

This radiant energy can be converted into various forms. In this article, we are going to discuss a few examples of radiant energy to chemical energy in detail. The following is a list of example of radiant energy to chemical energy:-

Solar Cooker

The solar cookers basically work on the solar light and the principle of emission of radiation from the object.

example of radiant energy to chemical energy — **Solar Cookers; Image Credit: Pixabay**

The black colour absorbs all the radiation received by the Sun and does not emit energy. This application is used in solar cookers to cook food without using fuel. Thus converting the radiant energy received into the chemical energy that is food.

Oven

The microwaves emitted from the oven cook the food.

pizza ga7f2b7369 640 — **Baked Pizza from Oven; Image Credit: Pixabay**

On passing a current through the magnetron, microwaves are generated. These microwaves produce the thermal energy that helps to cook food.

Photosynthesis

The plant uses sunlight and water to prepare its food. The radiant energy from the sun is converted into chemical energy such as glucose and stored in the plant.

Heaters

Heaters normally heat the surrounding air and spread the warm air during the low temperature. The condensation of the bonds between the molecules is prevented by maintaining the temperature during the winter seasons. The heat energy is radiated in the air thus enlarging the distance between the molecules in the air, decreasing the density of air.

solar water heater ga9a4d8481 640 — **Solar Heaters; Image Credit: Pixabay**

Solar Panel

The solar panel is made up of doped silicon. When the sunlight falls on the surface of the solar panel, the energy of the incident photon is released to the electrons and the agility of the electrons starts conducting. Thus converting the radiant energy from the sun to chemical energy.

Evaporation

Evaporation occurs when the molecules on the surface of the water bodies get enough irradiated energy from the bottom layers.

steam g68fbd643c 640 — **Evaporation; Image Credit: Pixabay**

The irradiation is due to the thermal energy received from the incident sunlight during the daytime. The molecules on the surface of the water gain enough chemical potential energy and travel in the upward direction against gravity.

Salt Water

Have you ever tried this small experiment mixing salt into the water and keeping this solution under the sun? You will regain the salt as the water from the mixture is evaporated and what is left behind is the salt.

Initially, on mixing salt and water you get acid and the base

On reversing this process,

The radiant energy is escaping forming the water vapours. The water vapours have gained chemical potential energy from the radiant energy of the sunlight.

Decomposition

Decomposition chemical reaction is mainly because the radiant energy received from the sunlight breaks the particles into small particles.

modern g768e5ec38 640 — **Decomposition of Wood; Image Credit: Pixabay**

The radiation energy incident on the organic matter is converted into thermal energy. Due to this, the bonds between the molecules constituting the matter break and degrades into smaller particles further and further. The microorganisms also help in the process of decay.

Sunlight

The sunlight is radiant energy received from the Sun. As the number of incident sun rays on the object rises the thermal agility of the molecules increases thus varying the chemical properties of the matter.

Melting a Plastic

The plastic matter when held near the fire then you will notice that the plastic will get melt due to the thermal energy radiated from the flame. To pack the material in the plastic bags and prevent it from falling out from the bag, the openings of the bag were closed by slightly melting near the edge of the plastic bag.

Exfoliation

Exfoliation is due to the weathering of the rock caused by the frequent change in temperature. The contraction of the matter during the winter and expansion of the spacing between the molecules during the summers causes the rock to erode.

Geothermal Energy

The thermal energy increases at every depth under the soil. This increases the temperature as well as the pressure and hence molten magma is formed. The different chemical reaction occurs at the high-temperature conditions thus we find different types of rocks and minerals at different depths.

Solar Cells

These cells get charged on exposure to the sunlight. As the photon incident on the solar cells emits the energy to the cell and the radiant energy is stored as the chemical energy which is converted into electrical energy. Solar cells are used in scientific calculators.

calculator g4957f6d91 640 — **Scientific Calculators; Image Credit: Pixabay**

Metamorphic Rocks

The metamorphic rocks are formed as the rocks are sustained to different atmospheric conditions, developing the well shaped faces of rock grains.

kyanite g9fb53fbce 640 — **Metamorphic Rock; Image Credit: Pixabay**

The prolonged exposition of the igneous or sedimentary rocks to a high temperature alters a slight chemical composition of the rock thus forming the metamorphic rocks.

Heat

Supplying the heat to the chemical reaction also helps the reactant to break the bonds and react with the ion of reactant ion forming a bond. Thus radiated heat energy acquired by the chemical composition can release the chemical energy as the bonds between the molecules break.

Frequently Asked Questions

How chemical energy is released from the matter?

The chemical energy is the energy released as the bonds between the molecules break.

The chemical energy is potential energy stored in the bonds between the molecules. As the energy is passed to these chemical components, the bonds between the molecules break on availing enough heat energy required to break the bond.

How radiant energy is converted to chemical energy?

The radiant energy is the radiation transmitted through a medium or vacuum.

The particles carrying the radiant energy when released into the chemical component, this energy is grasped by the molecules which are then stored as the chemical energy.

Also Read:

Chemical Energy To Sound Energy: What, How To Convert, Process

January 20, 2024March 14, 2022 by AKSHITA MAPARI

The chemical energy can be converted into sound energy by initially converting it into electrical energy or mechanical energy.

When we talk about the transformation of energy into sound energy, what comes first to my mind is the microphone and loudspeakers which is also an example of chemical energy to sound energy.

What is a Chemical Energy to Sound Energy?

The chemical energy is stored potential energy between the molecules bonded together.

When these bonds between the molecules break during the chemical reaction between the reactant, this potential chemical energy is converted into kinetic energy thus producing sound energy.

What Process is Chemical Energy to Sound Energy?

Chemical energy is widely used for various purposes of supplying energy to do the work.

While doing work utilizing chemical energy, the transformation of the energy can lead to the formation of sound energy due to some mechanical activities.

We shall discuss some examples that lead to the conversion of chemical energy to sound energy briefly.

Loudspeaker

When power is supplied to the loudspeaker, the magnetic field is produced when the current passes through the coil. Due to the magnetic field, the woofer will oscillate back and form releasing the sound energy in the surrounding molecules.

chemical energy to sound energy — **Speaker in Car; Image Credit: Pixabay**

Centripetal Motion

The example under this we can take is an electric fan, blender, mixtures, running on the batteries converts the chemical energy from the batteries to the electric energy.

audio g96d04c676 640 — **Blender; Image Credit: Pixabay**

The rotational motion of the propellers of the fan, and the rotating blades on the bender also produce sound due to the abrasion of wind. The centripetal motion of the object produces sound energy.

Releasing Air Molecules

You must have heard a whistling sound coming as the pressure due to gas or water molecules escaping from the containers or any object.

water bomb gf1caeaf67 640 — **Bursting the water balloon; Image Credit: Pixabay**

This whistle sound is when the molecules leave the container from a small hole or opening. The examples are releasing the air from the air-filled balloon, pressure cooker, bursting balloon, etc. Bursting the balloon also produces a huge sound as the molecules escape from the balloon.

Electric Gadgets

Some electric gadget running on the chemical cells like electric bells, doorbells, buzzers, etc, transforms the chemical energy into sound energy.

door bell g58cd50dea 640 — **Doorbells; Image Credit: Pixabay**

The electrical energy produced due to the mobility of ions from the chemical batteries produces the magnetic field. This introduction of the magnetic field is utilized to convert electrical energy into sound energy.

Flow of Chemicals

The flow of the liquids is an example of kinetic energy as well as the chemical potential energy stored by the molecules of the fluid. The combination of both is a resultant of mechanical energy.

outfall gce7a523fa 640 — **The flow of water produces sound energy; Image Credit: Pixabay**

The molecules often collide with other molecules and the debris comes on its way producing sound energy. Thus converting chemical potential energy to sound energy.

Effervescence

The effervescence is the formation of bubbles in a liquid upon a chemical reaction.

vitamin b g9674acd7a 640 — **Effervescence; Image Credit: Pixabay**

You must have noticed the effervescence after adding the carbonated component to that chemical that represents the presence of carbonate in the chemical compound. It is produced when the carbonates react with any chemical component releasing carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas into the air.

Burning

Burning the matter which is obviously a chemical component produces the crackling sound thus converting the chemical energy to sound energy.

bonfire gf7a7f7877 640 — **Sound from a campfire; Image Credit: Pixabay**

The heat energy produced is supplied to the molecular bonds due to which the bonds break and the excitations of electron takes place which is seen in the flame.

Toys

The toys running on the batteries use chemical energy to convert into the mechanical energy used for the toy to function.

The acceleration of the toy cars, the gear, the soundbox, buzzers on toys is due to the supplying the chemical energy from the batteries used, thus converting the chemical energy to sound energy.

How to Convert Chemical Energy to Sound Energy?

The chemical energy is produced due to the mobility of the ions constituted in the chemical solution.

This motion of the ions produces the electric charge flow which is used to produce the mechanical activities later transforming into sound.

There is always a part of energy loss. In the chemical reaction too, a small amount of energy is dropped in the form of heat or is absorbed in the endothermic reaction to form new bonds. This is due to the fact that the bonds between the molecules break to form new bonds with the reactant ions.

This energy is used as a source of electricity in different electronic devices such as phones, mic, DVDs, loudspeakers, watches, etc which can produce a sound as the current passes through the coil introducing a magnetic flux. On insertion of the magnetic field, the coil attracts and repels oscillating in the back and forth motion thus producing sound.

Frequently Asked Questions

How can the nuclear fission reaction convert the chemical energy to sound energy?

The formation of the nuclei on splitting the parent nuclei into two is called fission.

The daughter nuclei thus formed possess the highest energy and move with a vast amount of kinetic energy. If the fission increases and isn’t controlled then the reaction caused would be so intense that would create a big noise.

What are the simple examples of chemical energy to sound energy?

There are a number of examples that use chemical energy to produce sound.

A few examples of such are electric fans, burning wood, wall clocks with electric bells, accelerating cars, speakers, microphones, pressure cookers, froth, effervescence, combustion, baking soda, bleaching, etc.

Also Read:

Chemical Energy To Electrical Energy: What, How To Convert, Process

January 20, 2024March 14, 2022 by AKSHITA MAPARI

The energy produced on the mobility of the charges or during the chemical reactions is called chemical energy.

The mobility of the charged ions constituting in the chemical components produces electrical energy which is acquired by various means. Even the mechanical flow of fluids is responsible to obtain electrical energy, thus converting chemical energy to electrical energy.

What is a Chemical Energy to Electrical Energy?

The chemical energy can be converted into electrical energy when there is a dissociation of the ions.

The splitting of the molecules from the colony of the molecules bonded together releases chemical energy. This agility in the molecules produces electrical energy.

Since the chemical components are made up of two ions, that is cation and anion, having different charges that are the oxidation state; the ions interact with another ion to fill the outer shell and become the most stable particle in nature. Also, when a sufficient amount of energy is supplied to the chemical components there is a tendency of breaking these bonds formed and releasing a huge amount of chemical energy which can be transformed into some other form of energy.

What Process is Chemical Energy to Electrical Energy?

The potential chemical energy is stored by the molecules forming bonds.

When enough energy is supplied to these molecular bonds to break, this chemical energy is released in the form of heat called an exothermic reaction which is converted into electrical energy.

There is an interchange of ions in solutions that releases chemical energy. The mobility of ions upon interchanges results in the formation of the flow of electric current through the wire.

How to Convert Chemical Energy to Electrical Energy?

The chemical energy can also be converted into some other form of energy and later can be transformed into electrical energy.

The chemical energy can either be grasped from the excitation of the electrons or the breaking and formation of the bonds between the reactants.

We will discuss some processes that help to convert chemical energy into electrical energy here below.

Chemical cells

The chemical cell converts the chemical energy to electrical energy. There are two electrodes placed in the acidic or basic chemical components or solution. Out of which, one electrode will act as anode another will act as a cathode.

When the cell is connected, there will be a mobility of the negatively and positively charged particles supplying the chemical energy transforming into the electrical energy to the electronic devices. In these cells, there is both, oxidation as well as reduction reaction. Examples of chemical cells are zinc-carbon cells, mercury batteries, alkaline batteries, nickel-cadmium cells, lithium-ion cells, etc.

Combustion of Fuels

During the combustion process, an amount of heat energy is produced that supplies power for the engine to work, or for any other process. Fuel cells have wide applications and are even used in aircraft.

pumping gas g10288d8a4 640 1 — **Fuel used in car for combustion process thus supplying power to the batteries; Image Credit: Pixabay**

The combustion of fuel is accompanied by the redox reaction; which means there is oxidization as well as the reduction chemical reaction that results in the production of electrical energy.

Batteries

Batteries used in torches, computers, toys, camera cells, are actually made up of chemical cells which convert the chemical energy from the batteries to the electrical energy required for the devices to work well.

battery g00b0cb9e4 640 — **Batteries with the electrode; Image Credit: Pixabay**

Flow of Water

The water bodies are a store of potential chemical energy. The flowing water associated with the mechanical energy carries always the minerals and debris along with the flow.

turbine g765486759 640 — **Water Turbine; Image Credit: Pixabay**

This chemical potential energy of the water transformed into mechanical energy is utilized to convert it into electrical energy by planting a turbine in such a way that the flow of water will result in the rotation of the turbine. This mechanical energy of the turbine is converted into electrical energy by the generator.

Potatoes

Potatoes are rich in potassium. If we poke two electrodes of zinc and copper in it and connect a wire across it then you will notice that a bulb connected across the wire will glow.

This is due to the fact that chlorogenic acid present in the potatoes actually undergoes chemical reactions with two electrodes poked in the skin of the potato. If we connect potatoes in series, even more amount of electric energy can be generated.

Nervous System

We know that the nervous system help in transmitting the messages in all the parts of our body to the brain and then our brain reacts accordingly. The nervous system actually sends the electric signals to the brain because our body constitutes certain elements that can generate electric signals. The abundantly available element among this is calcium in our body. We get this chemical potential energy from the food that we eat.

Frequently Asked Questions

How galvanic cellsare used to convert chemical energy into electrical energy?

The galvanic cells are composed of two metal electrodes forming anode and cathode.

Two rods are dipped in two different salts separated by a salt bridge. These rods are connected by a wire. There is a redox reaction taking place at both the rods thus producing the electric current.

How electrolysis of the water process produces electrical energy?

On supplying power to the electrodes connected together with a wire, there is a dissociation of charged ions in the water.

The cation will deposit at the cathode and the anion will deposit at the anode. The electron released from the cathode will be accepted by cations and the anode will receive the electron from the anion.

Also Read:

Chemical Energy To Light Energy: What, How To Convert, Process

January 21, 2024March 14, 2022 by AKSHITA MAPARI

The energy associated with the bonds between the molecules which break or makes during the chemical reactions is called chemical energy.

The exciting electron radiates a wavelength, if it is in the visible region that is in the range of 400-700nm then the light appears to us. The energies electron mobiles thus produce the electric current necessity to lit the light bulbs thus converting chemical energy to light energy.

What is a Chemical Energy to Light Energy?

It is a conversion of the energy produced by the chemical to light energy.

The chemical components consist of cations and anions which acquire negative and positive charges respectively, the mobility of these charges produces electricity that is used for a light source.

The chemical energy is directly converted into light energy in a combustion process or upon some chemical reaction caused coming in contact with the air called an oxidation reaction. Or, chemical energy can also be converted to electrical energy to obtain light energy. The mobility of the charges present in the objects also produces electrical energy which is converted to light energy.

How to Convert Chemical Energy to Light Energy?

The energized photon excited at a certain frequency in a visible region moving with the kinetic energy is called light energy.

The chemical energy can be converted to light energy when there is a chemical reaction or mobility of the charges. The excitation of electrons on supplying the energy to the valence electron in an outer shell also produces light energy.

Here, we shall discuss some of the examples that convert chemical energy to light energy. There are a number of processes that involves the conversion of chemical to a light source.

Combustion of Coal

Burning coal gives out light energy along with the carbon dioxide on reacting with oxygen because coal is made up of carbon. This light energy is further converted into thermal energy.

Burning

The first thing that comes into the picture is a fire that emits radiation, thus burning converts the chemical energy of the substance into light energy.

chemical energy to light energy — **Blaze from burning woods; Image Credit: Pixabay**

Burning anything in the open-air results in a reaction with oxygen. This releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Any organic substances consisting of hydrocarbons, upon reacting with oxygen while burning gives out carbon dioxide and heat.

Batteries

On connecting to the source, the cations and anions constituted in a battery move and there is a conduction of electricity on their mobility. This electrical energy generated is converted into light energy. This is used in dry cells, nickel-cadmium, Lithium-ion rechargeable batteries, etc.

flashlight g79cfda2b0 640 — **Flashlights; Image Credit: Pixabay**

Bioluminescence

Some organisms possess luciferin which upon reaction with oxygen in the air gives out light. Fireflies, phytoplankton, dinoflagellates, mushrooms, and even jellyfish consist of this chemical.

jellyfish g01db215a0 640 — **Jellyfish emitting light; Image Credit: Pixabay**

Petroleum

Petrol readily catches fire on coming in contact with fire. On burning the petroleum, it releases light energy giving out thermal energy in the form of heat, and produces gasoline.

fire ga18f49ca9 640 — **Flame of liquid petroleum gas; Image Credit: Pixabay**

Highly Reactive Elements

When these highly reactive elements come in contact, they get oxidize and catch fire giving out light. The most highly volatile element in the air is potassium, which upon coming in contact with air, directly catches fire. Hence, potassium is stored in kerosene to prevent it from coming in contact with air as kerosene is hydrophobic too.

Rubbing

We know that rubbing causes the particles to present on the surfaces of objects to get charged. Sometimes rubbing continuously produces the excitation of these charged particles due to the frictional force applied on the surfaces that are rubbed across each other. Due to the enormous excitation of electrons, the object catches fire and transfers heat energy into light energy.

Electricity through Chemical Energy

When two chemical components react, there is an exchange of the cations and anion among each releasing a huge amount of energy during the reaction.

experiment g1e6be7f87 640 — **Electrolysis; Image Credit: Pixabay**

If you take solution A in container A and solution B in container B and insert the ends of a wire dip in both the containers, and connect a light bulb in a close circuit, then you will notice that a bulb glows. This is because there is a migration of charges from container A to B and from B to A that produces electricity across the wire and helps the bulb glow.

Nuclear Fission

The sun is an example of the light radiated due to fission between the hydrogen and helium atoms and this technique is also used in nuclear gadgets.

bulgarian gb4ae94912 640 — **Metal cutting producing spark due to friction; Image Credit: Pixabay**

It is a process in which a parent nuclei splits up into two daughter nuclei releasing out huge amount of energy. This immense amount of energy is obtained due to the kinetic energy associated with the nuclei which come and bombard the parent nuclei. On colliding with the nuclei, mobile nuclei energy is transferred to the parent nuclei and it becomes unstable thus splitting up into two daughter nuclei and the process continues. The thermal energy thus produces radiates energy in the form of heat as well as light.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can friction produce light energy?

The friction is produced when two surfaces rub across each other.

The heat energy is generated pertaining to a friction force. If there is a combustion of the object constituting the highly reactive chemical element then friction may result in the conversion of chemical to light energy.

Why some living creatures can emit light deep underwater?

Deep in the ocean light does not penetrate through the water levels.

But there are some organisms like a few mushrooms, phytoplankton, corals, that emit light. This organism possesses luciferin that radiates light when reacts with the oxygen in the water.

Click to read more on Sound Energy to Radiant Energy.

Also Read:

Mechanical Energy To Chemical Energy: What, How To Convert, Process

January 20, 2024March 12, 2022 by AKSHITA MAPARI

There are numerous methods used to generate chemical energy. In this article, we shall talk about a few of these methods.

Mechanical energy is used to generate chemical energy which is energy encapsulated in the molecules and is further used for various purposes.

What is a Mechanical Energy to Chemical Energy?

The chemical energy is released during the formation or breaking of the bond between the cation and anion.

The mechanical energy to chemical energy is nothing but utilization of the mechanical energy to break the bonds between the chemical components thus transforming the mechanical energy into chemical energy.

What Process is Mechanical Energy to Chemical Energy?

There are numerous methods used for the formation of chemical energy or to acquire the chemical using mechanical energy.

All the mechanical processes involved to bring out the chemical reactions are used to convert the mechanical energy to chemical energy.

We will discuss a few methods and activities involved in the conversion of mechanical to chemical energy here below:-

Drilling

It is a mechanical activity used to drill out oil and petroleum from the Earth’s crust by digging a bore well. The chemical thus extracted is used as a fuel and in batteries and engines.

mechanical energy to chemical energy — **Oil Well; Image Credit: Pixabay**

To drill something from the earth’s crust, the borehole is dug inside the crust by precisely studying the location from where the crude oil is present. A pipe is inserted in this borehole and the pressure valve is inserted on the end of the pipe. The pressure is maintained such that the oil will flow in the upward direction.

Mixing

It is a method used to fuse two or more chemical components together or to diffuse in water. The mechanical energy is used in the process of mixing the components together. Upon mixing, the components react among each other forming and breaking the bonds. Thus transforming the mechanical energy used into chemical energy.

Churning

The rod is made to rotate in the mortal to extract the oil from seeds. The oil produced has potential chemical energy.

Churning is a process used to extract the chemicals from the matter. This is possible because the frictional force imposed due to the rubbing of the surfaces of the mortal and the long pestle results in the breakdown of the component into the finer particles thus giving out the extracts and transforming into chemical energy.

Rubbing

It also causes the chemical reactions to occur between the two objects due to thermal energy generated upon frictional force between the two surfaces.

On rubbing the cumin seeds across your hand palm, the aroma of the cumin remains. This is because the extract of the cumin seed gets stuck on your palm.

Extracting

To extract juice or oil or any liquid mechanical energy is used. There should exert pressure to drain out the liquid. This can be done by either separation process or by pressing or compressing.

essential oil g11e62dffd 640 — **Oil Extract from Flowers;**
**Image Credit: Pixabay**

Grinding

We grind the component into a finer powder, thus converting the mechanical energy required for grinding into chemical energy that we receive as an output. These finer powdery substances obtain thus easily dissociate into water.

coffee gb63663025 640 — **Grinder used to make coffee powder; Image Credit: Pixabay**

Compressing

When the pressure is applied equally from two opposite directions, the oily particles or less dense particles flow out from the object. This is used to extract the chemicals from other matters constituting it.

Phase Transition

The process of conversion of one form of state of a matter into another state is called the phase transition of a matter.

The expansion or contraction of the molecules is a mechanical process that produces chemical energy due to the variations in the bond lengths between the molecules. When the molecules expand as the heat energy is supplied to the system, the bond length increases thus expanding the spaces between the molecules; and if the heat energy of the system is given out then there is a contraction of the molecules seen. There is a loss and gain of energy during each scenario.

How to Convert Mechanical Energy to Chemical Energy?

Chemical energy is potential energy stored between the molecules.

This energy is released when the chemical bonds between the molecules break. The mechanical energy is used to gain the chemical energy either by drilling, grinding, exerting pressure, rubbing, or extracting chemicals.

juicer g07502c13c 640 — **Juice Maker to extract juice from fruits; Image Credit: Pixabay**

A simple example that you can consider here is a breakdown of the food in the mouth upon chewing it is a form of mechanical energy. This mechanical energy is further converted into chemical energy when this food is further degraded during digestion and stored into glucose and in the form of chemical potential energy. This chemical potential energy provides you with the potential energy to do any work.

Frequently Asked Questions

Does the mechanical flow of water convert the chemical energy?

The flowing water is an example of the kinetic energy and mechanical energy to dislocate sediments and deposit them in a sedimentary basin.

The flow of water itself constitutes chemical potential energy which helps in sedimentation and precipitation of the fine particles dissociating in the water leading to the formation of sedimentary rocks with varied chemical compositions.

Is there a lack of energy during the transmission of mechanical energy to chemical energy?

Indeed! There is a lack of some energy on the transmission of energy.

Not all the energy is transformed into another form during the alteration of energy or phase change of the matter. Some of the energy is escaped in the form of heat.

Also Read:

Gravitational Energy To Mechanical Energy: What, How To Convert, Process

January 21, 2024March 11, 2022 by AKSHITA MAPARI

The gravitational energy accelerates the object converting the gravitational potential energy into mechanical energy.

The combination of the potential and kinetic energy due to the gravitational force of the Earth leads to the formation of mechanical energy.

What is a Transfer of Gravitational Energy to Mechanical Energy?

The gravitational energy is the potential of the object to attract other bodies in its surroundings to closer to it.

The gravitational potential energy of the object is converted into kinetic energy due to the gravitational pull; thus transferring the gravitational energy to mechanical energy.

Any object possessing gravitational energy will be converted to mechanical energy once it experiences an external force, or the object exerts a free fall from the height. The gravitational energy is simply the potential gained by the object raised at a height above the ground.

The flowing water is an example of mechanical energy that carries away the debris along with it and dumps the sediments into a sedimentary basin. The water stored in the dams rosed at a certain level above the base has an immense amount of potential energy that is transformed into mechanical energy when the doors of the dam are lead open to flow out the raised volume of water in the dams.

What Process is Gravitational Energy to Mechanical Energy?

There are a number of processes involved to converts the gravitational form of energy into mechanical energy.

When the object is raised above the ground at a certain height, the gravitational pull is exerted on the object that tends to accelerate the object down the surface of the Earth thus converting the gravitational energy to mechanical energy.

Once the object is raised above the ground the potential energy of the object increases as the distance of separation between the ground and the object rises.

We will discuss some of the processes responsible for the conversion of gravitational energy to mechanical energy here below:-

Height

The object raised at a height possesses the gravitational potential energy that is easily converted into mechanical energy as the object accelerates down, converting the amount of potential into kinetic energy.

satellite g330d9f75f 640 — **The gravitational energy in the revolution of the satellite around Earth; Image Credit: Pixabay**

The polar satellites revolving around the planet are released at a height where the gravitational pulls exertion on the satellite due to the planet becoming the minimum and the satellite has enough potential energy, such that the gravitational energy is transformed into mechanical energy.

Throwing

Throwing the object projects it into the air increases and decreases the kinetic and potential for the first half distance and the same is opposite for the next half. The gravitational energy of the object in flight is converted to mechanical energy.

We can take a simple example of a cricket ball hit by the batsman high into the air. Once it touches the ground, it will rise back again in the air and bounce again. This is because the potential energy gained by the ball when it was at a height in the air is totally not converted into kinetic energy but does conserve some potential energy. Since the ball constitutes both kinetic as well as potential energy, it is said to be mechanical energy.

Releasing Something from a Height

Releasing any object from any height will accelerate the object down on the ground due to gravity, by converting the gravitational energy to mechanical energy.

The hot air balloon flying in the air due to the buoyant force of the air experiences the air drag and the gravitational force downward. The hot air balloon at a certain height ‘h’ has a potential energy mgh and a kinetic energy 1/2mv² accompanies for a balloon to do the work.

Sliding

The object kept on the top of the slope will slide downward as the gravitational pull exerting on the object pulls it towards the base of the slope.

stone g93dc03054 640 — **Stone sliding down; Pixabay**

The rolling of the object while sliding down the hill is accompanied by mechanical energy, thus converting the gravitational energy into mechanical energy. This mechanical energy is lost due to friction and air resistance imposed on the object that is converted in the form of heat.

Rotation Motion

The conversion of the energy in the form of mechanical energy due to gravitational energy can be explained by taking into consideration of a giant wheel.

On reaching the highest point from the surface of the ground seating on the ferries wheel, the acceleration of the seat downward is a free fall and no work is needed to be done to bring it downward, as the gravitational energy itself accelerates the seat downward.

Frequently Asked Questions

How does gravitational energy convert into mechanical energy in the case of swing?

The swings are raised at height and therefore we know that it has some potential energy.

When the swing oscillates, both the potential energy and kinetic energy persist, thus converting the gravitational energy of a person sitting on the swing into mechanical energy.

How gravitational potential energy of the object sliding down is converted into mechanical energy?

The object sliding from the slider always possesses gravitational potential energy which is converting into kinetic energy every time it slides down.

The object sliding downwards is associated with the kinetic as well as the potential energy with it; hence the mechanical energy is generated to do the work by the object.

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