Heterogeneous mixtures are physical combinations of two or more substances where each substance retains its unique chemical properties. These mixtures are ubiquitous in our everyday lives and can be quantified using various measurement techniques. This comprehensive guide will delve into the intricate details of heterogeneous mixture examples, providing science students with a hands-on understanding of … Read more
Homogeneous mixtures are characterized by their uniform composition and the inability to distinguish individual components. They have a consistent distribution of their constituents, unlike compounds, which have a fixed ratio. Examples of homogeneous mixtures include air, steel, and soft drinks, all of which are composed of uniformly distributed components that cannot be easily identified. Understanding … Read more
Aufbau principle plays an important rule in chemistry to detect the electron configuration of any atom in its ground state. The atom following Aufbau principle must follow the Hund’s rule (at first each orbital can accommodate only one electron before the orbital is doubly occupied) and Pauli’s exclusion principle (no two electrons in one orbital have same spin).
The word “Aufbau principle” originated from German word Aufbauprinzip which means building up principle determines the electronic configuration of any atom in ground state.
Salient features of Aufbau principle-
At first electrons will occupy the lowest energy levels. Electrons will be filled in higher energy levels only when the lowest energy levels are filled up.
The energy of any orbital can be determined by (n+l) rule. [n and l are principal and azimuthal quantum number respectively].
The increasing order of energy levels is shown in the following diagram-
Ruthenium is a platinum group metals with atomic number 44, basically used as alloying agent for hardening platinum and palladium. Electron s in Ru is distributed in this manner– 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d7 5s1.
In this meta, 5s orbital has lower energy than the 4d orbital (n+l value for 4d is 7 and for 5s is 5). But 4d orbital will be starting filled up before the 5s orbital. So, the electronic configuration of Ru is [Kr] 4d7 5s1 rather than [Kr] 4d6 5s2.
Rhodium
Like Ruthenium, Rhodium (Rh) is also violating Aufbau principle. Its atomic number is 45. In Rh, 4d orbital is filled up before 5s though 5s has lower energy than 4d. Thus, electronic configuration of Rhodium is – 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d8 5s1. If Aufbau principle is obeyed then the configuration will be [Kr] 4d7 5s2.
Platinum is a d-block element having atomic number 78. Aufbau principle is also being violated in Platinum because in platinum, 5d orbital is filled first by electron than 6s though 5d has greater (n+l) value than 6s (n+l value of 5d is 8 and for 6s is 6). Electronic configuration of platinum is [Xe] 4f14 5d9 6s1 rather than [Xe] 4f14 5d8 6s2.
Silver
Silver is a white lustrous shiny metal with atomic number 47. It has thermal conductivity power. It also violates Aufbau principle. Electrons in Ag is distributed between the orbitals in these manner 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s1. To gain the stability of fulfilled electron configuration in d block the last electron will not enter in 5s orbital. To maintain Aufbau rule the electron configuration of silver should be [Kr] 4d9 5s2. But the actual configuration is [Kr] 4d10 5s1.
Example of limitations of Aufbau Principle-
Lanthanum
Lanthanum is a f-block element with atomic number 57. In La, electron enters in 5d orbital before 4f orbital. Electrons in lanthanum are distributed in this manner- is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f0 5s2 5p6 5d1 6s2. The actual reason of violating Aufbau principle is the energy of 4f and 5d orbital is almost same. Thus, electrons enter 5d orbital and 4f orbital remains vacant.
Chromium
Chromium is a d-block element with an atomic number 24. The electrons in Cr are oriented in the orbitals in these manner- [Ar] 3d5 4s1. To achieve the half filled electron configuration stability of d-orbital, chromium avoids the configuration [Ar] 3d4 4s2. 4s orbital has lesser n+l value than 3d orbital. So, electron should enter in 4s orbital before 3d orbital.
Like chromium, copper also violates Aufbau principle. Full filled d-orbital stability predominates Aufbau principle in the electron configuration of Cu. The electronic configuration of Copper metal is [Ar] 3d10 4s1. If copper fulfilled the Aufbau principle then the electron configuration will be [Ar] 3d9 4s2.
Palladium
Palladium has atomic number 47 with an electron configuration [Kr] 4d10. It also achieves the full filled d-orbital stability and thus avoids the electron configuration to be [Kr] 4d8 5s2. 4d orbital has greater n+l value (n+l value for 4d is 4+2=6) than 5s orbital (n+l value for 5s is 5+0=5).
Molybdenum
Like chromium, molybdenum (Mo) also got the half filled electronic configuration of d-block and Aufbau principle is predominated by half filled electron configuration stability.Electrons in this element are distributed in this manner- [Kr] 4d5 5s1. Though n+l value of 4d is much greater than the n+l value of 5s, electron will enter 4d orbital before the 5s orbital.
Electron configuration examples Aufbau Principle-
Most of the elements in periodic table obey the Aufbau principle and the energy levels are filled up according to increasing of energy levels. Some of the examples are written below-
Carbon
The atomic number of carbon is 6. It obeys Aufbau principle and its electron configuration is 1s2 2s2 2p2. Electrons first enter in 1s orbital then 2s orbital and followed by 2p orbital.
Sulphur is a nonmetallic multivalent chemical element with an atomic number 16. It also maintains correct electron configuration according to Aufbau principle (1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4). Filling of electrons take place according to the n+l rule of Aufbau principle.
Nitrogen
Nitrogen is a nonmetallic gaseous chemical element with an atomic number 7. Nitrogen has electron configuration of nitrogen- (N) is 1s2 2s2 2p3. Electrons first enter 1s orbital then 2s and at last 2p orbitals are filled up because n+l value for 1s, 2s and 2p are (1+0)=1, (2+0)=2, (2+1)=3 respectively.
Bromine
Bromine (Br) is a liquid chemical halogen compound with an atomic number 35. It is a p-block element. Aufbau principle is also maintained here. Electrons in Br are distributed in this manner- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p5.
It is a 3d block element with atomic number 26. Its electron configuration is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 4s2. Aufbau principle is also followed in this example because 4s orbital filled first properly before 3d orbital.
In this article, we are going to discuss various longitudinal wave examples, with detailed facts and exhaustively.
The longitudinal waves propagate in the direction along with the particle. Here is a list of examples of longitudinal waves:-
Loudspeakers
Loudspeaker comes with a woofer cone that is attached to the magnetic that results in the back and forth movement of the woofer. The magnetic force and the sound waves exert pressure in the air that is felt on the hand if you place your hand near the woofer.
The back and forth motion of a woofer move the air particle according to its motion thus producing the sound. The motion of the particle is in the direction of the wave traveling out from the woofer, hence it is an example of a longitudinal wave.
On hammering a tuning fork on a rubber pad, it vibrates giving a sound. This vibrational energy is transmitted in the air and captured by the air molecules. Any vibrating object produces a sound that travels as a longitudinal wave.
The tuning fork vibrates creating the region of high and low air pressure. The prongs of the fork moving inward produces a region of high pressure which is called compression and as the prongs move outward, a low pressure region is generated which is called rarefaction.
If a slinky is pushedand pulled horizontally, the compression and rarefaction of the coils of a slinky are observed which appears as a wave. This is a longitudinal wave. The wavelength is the length of the rarefaction which is a difference between the two compressions of the coils.
Microphones
The microphones are used to amplify the sound. When you speak standing in front of a mic, the sound is amplified and travels in the air at different frequencies.
The sound waves created from the mouth travel through the air and hit on the microphone that produces sound. A wavelength of a longitudinal wave is a distance between the two points where the number of waves is more, that is where the wave is compressed.
Clapping hands together to give applaud produces a sound wave. This is similar to the longitudinal wave where the region of compression and rarefaction of a wave in a fixed time period is formed between each clap.
Clapping is compression and releasing the hands after a clap is a rarefaction. A familiar sound like a wave is generated due to the clapping.
Drumming
As we hit a drum with drumsticks, the sound is produced that travels in all directions. The particle even vibrates that is within the hollow of a drum and outward in the surrounding drum.
The vibrations thus produced are transmitted in the air, and the molecules in the air take this vibrational energy and this energy is transmitted in the direction along with the sound wave.
Tsunami
The earthquake that took place on the oceanic floor terms as Tsunami which is a Japanese word. Since the earth erupts into the ocean, the vibrations are produced in the water body, and this energy is transmitted to the shore.
The waves initially produced are the transverse waves that are converted into longitudinal waves that travel across the shore. As they reach the shore the amplitude of the waves becomes shorter and the water moves parallelly to the direction of the wave, hence it is a longitudinal wave.
Earthquakes
The vibration felt on the earthquake produces seismic waves. S-wave is a transverse wave that does not travel through the asthenosphere as the wave propagates in the direction perpendicular to the movement of the molecules.
Well, p-waves can travel through any medium, whether solid, liquid, or gaseous; and travel along the direction of motion of the particle and hence travel at a longer distance. These waves are responsible for the movement of the magma back and forth that produces s-waves.
Thundering
The thundering of clouds is due to lightning caused by the charged electrons present in the clouds. Due to this phenomenon of thundering during rainy seasons, one important concept came into existence that is “the light travels faster than sound.” The light flashes first and the sound wave of thunder follows the light wave.
The wave generated on thundering is a longitudinal wave and travels at a longer distance and reaches the earth. You must have heard the vibrations in window panels on thundering. Lightning causes the formation of shock waves of sound that travels in the form of waves and the same vibrates the window panels.
The sound energy is transmitted to the molecules of the medium and the wave propagates parallel to the direction of the vibrations of the molecules.
The propagation of a sound wave in the medium depends upon the density of the medium, the refractive index of the medium in which the sound travels, and the temperature. The sound waves travel faster in the medium having a greater refractive index as compared to the medium having a less refractive index.
Also, the temperature of the medium plays an essential role during the transmission of sound waves. The sound wave travels producing the compression and rarefaction of the wave, which may produce the amount of heat energy; hence constant temperature conditions are required for a sound to travel a longer distance. The condition should be adiabatic.
Sonography
Sonography is done to take a picture of the body parts like muscles, bones, body organs, tendons, etc.
The ultrasound waves are passed to a respective part of the body by connecting the probes of sonograms. The reflected waves from the organ are processed and are converted into digital images.
Sonic weapons
High ultrasound frequencies are injurious to health. Sonic weapons can produce high ultrasonic frequencies and are used by the military and armed forces.
The ultrasound is in the range of 700kHz to 3.6MHz. These weapons can cause various discomfort in humans, causing disorientation and nausea, can destroy the eardrums causing several effects.
The longitudinal waves can propagate in all the mediums, whether it is a solid, liquid, or gaseous state.
The propagation of the longitudinal waves is in the direction of the vibration of molecules of the medium and hence travels at a longer distance and can even penetrate through the mediums.
The longitudinal waves experience a pressure difference due to a creation of a region of compression and rarefaction. The number of waves at the rarefaction of the wave is less compared to the density of the waves at the compression. A wavelength of the longitudinal wave is the distance between the two compression points on the wave. The speed of the longitudinal waves is highest in the solid state as compared to a liquid or gaseous state. Hence, the speed of sound is fastest near the water bodies.
How to calculate the speed of the Longitudinal Wave?
We can calculate the speed of the wave using an equation v=λf
The speed of the longitudinal wave is the product of its wavelength and the frequency of occurrence of waves.
The distance between the two points of compression where the density of the waves is more is equal to the wavelength of the longitudinal wave. The frequency of the wave is the number of complete oscillations of the vibrating molecules along the path of the wave in a time period.
Characteristics of the longitudinal waves
The longitudinal wave travels along with the vibrating particle on the same axis.
Unlike transverse waves, longitudinal waves produce a region of rarefaction and compression.
They are also denominated as primary wave or p-waves, pressure waves, and compression waves.
The longitudinal waves can penetrate through any medium.
The speed of longitudinal waves is greatest in solid and lowest in the gaseous medium.
The longitudinal wave is the fastest wave as compared to the transverse wave.
Even if the speed of the vibrating molecules is changed, the frequency of the longitudinal wave remains the same.
The frequency of the waves varies in the region of compression and rarefaction.
The distance between two compression points gives the wavelength of the longitudinal wave.
The pressure developed by the wave is maximum at the region of compression of the wave where the density of the waves is more and at rarefaction the pressure is low and hence the number density of waves is less.
Why longitudinal waves are called primary waves?
The waves are produced due to earthquakes and various plate tectonic activities. The seismometers are used to detect the seismic waves.
The primary waves are the fastest to travel compared to transverse waves. The longitudinal waves are the first to detect on the seismometers therefore they are called the primary waves.
Why audio is a longitudinal wave?
A longitudinal wave travels parallel in the direction of motion of vibrating molecules.
The audio produces the compression and rarefaction of sound waves while traveling in the air, hence it is a longitudinal wave.
What is a motion of particles in the longitudinal wave?
The particles move parallelly along with the longitudinal wave.
The propagating longitudinal wave will move periodically compressing the wave forming a region of compression and the rarefaction.
Any set of genetic data that is complete in any type of organism is called to be genome. It is based on functionality.
Any set of cell in the body is made up of an equal type of data with the genome example being the lover cell or the skin cell, the human genome and much more. Some of the genome example are-
In the universe of biology, any complete chunk of the DNA inside the cell that is living is called to be genome. The cell of the human can naturally have about 3 billion DNA base pairs. These make the genome. The rest of the organism that are infectious or are the carriers have their genetic product in the way of RNA.
DNA is said to be a molecule that has the hereditary element with it and is present in all the living matters. DNA makes up the genes and so thus the genome is also made up of DNA. Any gene has good amount of the DNA to have itself useful in coding for one protein and then a genome is then simply made by having the sum of the total DNA seen in the organism.
The study for the gene to function, its analysis, the mapping and editing along with its evolution, regulation and the structure is termed to be the genomics. After a study of these the given data shall help in better understanding of the human heath in the addition of various diseases that is linked with inheritance or even mutation which is the sudden change in the gene.
Inside the organism, the genes are stored in the long DNA called the chromosome. Thus genomes can also be called as genetic material or data and also genetic sequence. Thus for this reason, the genome example is the instance for the genetic pattern in the body. There are about 5000 of genes that had not been seen in the previous time. Among these 1200 make protein and carry the data.
Genome example
There are a pair of 23 chromosomes and about 3 billion DNA pairs which is termed to be the complete copy of the genome.
The unit that makes the genome is called the DNA. It sets to carry many of the data that make up the body. The genes are any portion of DNA among which many of them make specific or many proteins.
All of the data that is vital to have the whole body function via the instruction needed to build proteins is carried by DNA. Each gene in the genome codes for having 3 proteins. The transfer of the genome example being any of them is from one cell to the other at the time of cell replication and also ensures the differentiation of having life preserved. It also has roles for adaptability.
There are about 350000 genes in the base pairs of DNA. There is a project for human genome that helps in making of the genomic database for all the genome example types and are also seen in public. It helps in getting the chain identified to make a database for the chemical base pairs. This database can be sued up in the biomedical by having genome example like variation in genes that lead to mutation. The genome example elaborated are-
Viral genomes
The genes of the microbes are seen on earth in wide range with the capacity to infect all the living beings that consist of plants, insect and animals.
This genome example plays a good role in the ecology that shall also lead in the climate getting affected. It has the nucleic acids that is covered in the package of protein.
They shall be able to invade the cell and then use it as a machine to have its genome replicated. They are able to have the cell invaded and it varies in terms to being not so normal in its nucleic acid types with regards to its size, path transfer and complexity. It characters can be of RNA or the DNA. They can be either double or single strand, with being linear or circle, or long and short and also multipartite.
It is quite diverse and its diversity is termed in the contribution of expression and then having this genome example replicated in the host cell by all ways. They are seen in the protein capsid being symmetric and are made if wither many or only one protein with each of term encoding only a single gene that is viral. Thus for this reason, they encode only needed data among all the set.
This genome example is composed of both the RNA or DNA but can never have both of them. Thus it can be with non-segmented or segmented. The size can be of 2kb or up to 2500 kb in length. All of the viral genomes are made of the genetic product and are of nucleic acid. Thus, may use both types of nucleic acid. It main use is to have the genome deliver the host cell and then allow it to express by host cell.
Eukaryotic genomes
The size of the eukaryotic genomes shall vary much with the several other species kinds. Thus they shall be having many gene type.
This genome example is made of many types of haploid and then have single set of chromosome that is divided in a linear way. Each chromosome of the eukaryotes has the molecule of DNA that is double linear.
This genome example is much different from the rest types. They may have the genes that are non-coding and also shall be a part of the protein production. The non-coding ones shall have more authority in its number that the coding ones in few of the eukaryotes as it has the element that are disposable and can also be seem to have DNA that is repetitive. The shape depends on its origin.
The human cell has about 22 autosomes from each of the parent and then makes 2 copies of them. On addition to it, it has about 2 of the reproductive chromosomes that makes the cell look diploid. Not considering the gametes that are actually sperms, the pollen and the ova that carry only half of he chromosome number in the diploid cell. The organelles that are small have its own genome.
This genome example is circle and is always a singular chromosome with having all of its DNA to function. As for this reason, the metabolic ability of the prokaryotic cell and its capacity to make proteins and enzymes is linked to the genome size.
The chromosome of the prokaryotes shall replicate fast that that of the eukaryotes and so its cell shall have many copies of chromosomes. Also, few of the bacteria have the genomic part carried on the plasmid that is circular. This plasmid mostly carries the genes that are not so vital and the ones that are used for having resistance and then making of the toxins.
The DNA of the prokaryotes are the genophore. Its length shall vary with generally it being only a few base pair. There are variation of the prokaryotes having its number of genomes. The example to it can be the E. coli that has only one circular DNA and makes up its whole genome. The new study shows that few of the prokaryotes have as many as circular chromosome and also the four linear chromosome.
The genome size is the total DNA present in a copy pf the cell that is haploid. The size of the genome is mostly termed to be the c value where the more c value is proportional to the number of genes there in the genome. The genome of the prokaryotes is linked to the gene number with the size of the eukaryotes having large non-coding genes. This makes it not connected to the gene number.
Genetics is termed to be the study of the hereditary which means that one inherits from the parents and then gets inherited from parents.
Chromosomes are said to be inside the units of genes and then passed from the parents to the child that shall help them in determining the traits of the uniqueness of the individual. Genome is made up with the genes, DNA, chromosomes and then make up genome.
The genome example is different. A genome is the entire set of data of the organism. It took all the data of the organism need to work. In the living being, the genome is kept in the long molecules of the DNA and is called the chromosome. Chromosomes are the thread looking form that is kept in the nucleus of the plant and animal. Each pf the chromosome is made of protein and also have one DNA.
They are said to be a DNA structure that is packed up with the proteins
They cannot be seen with bear eyes and also not under the microscope
They can be seen under the microscope
They are made up of either RNA or DNA
They are made up of the histones, RNA and DNA.
The locus of the chromosome is said to be a single gene.
There are many genes inside the single chromosome
The mutation of the genes are small
The mutation of the chromosome are actually large
The mutation of the genes carries to the point of mutation and then the mutation has the frameshift with deletion and insertion
The mutation related to it leads to the chromosomal abnormality and then includes things like rearrangement along with the gene inversion, deletion and duplication
The section of the gene of the DNA part is stuck in the information carried for a specific trait. They are a good unit of functional hereditary and then made the DNA. The genes are linked to the hereditary and then this is the reason of someone having same character of both parents like the hair color, eye pigmentation. There are mostly 29 to 30 genes in thousands of genes in very cell of the body of human.
Genome vs DNA
The molecule of the DNA is the hereditary product of the living cells. The genes are made up of the DNA and thus is also genome.
Genome is not only the entire amount of DNA in a cell but it also has many important elements wrapped around them called as proteins. These proteins play a very key role in defining which part of the DNA will express itself or not. In other words if DNA is alphabet, genome is a complete with alphabets, numbers, punctuations and many more things known or yet to know.
Gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity. Genes are made up of DNA. Some genes act as instructions to make molecules called proteins. However, many genes do not code for proteins. In humans, genes vary in size from a few hundred DNA bases to more than 2 million bases. a gene is a basic unit of heredity and a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that encodes the synthesis of a gene product, either RNA or protein.
Deoxyribonucleic acid is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix carrying genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth and reproduction of all known organisms and many viruses. DNA and ribonucleic acid are nucleic acids. DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms. Nearly every cell in a person’s body has the same DNA.
DNA
GENOME
A DNA is said to be chemical and is kept in the genetic data of the organism
The genes are the stretches of the DNA that are kept encoded for the other proteins.
It helps in viewing the many uses like the gene regulation
It helps in recognizing the trait of the organism.
It is a long polynucleotide chain
They are the small DNA stretches
DBA is not only the genetic product that is shared by the organism
Polygenic inheritance is the expression of a quantitative trait in which multiple non-allelic genes from different loci of different chromosomes mutually effect. Here we are going to discuss polygenic inheritance examples in brief.
Let’s have a closer look at polygenic inheritance example in plants.
Colour and shape of corolla
The colour and shape of corolla is very common polygenic inheritance example. Multiple genes from different chromosomes are involved in expression of that particular trait additively. From examples in the case of Nicotiana longiflora, or common name tobacco, the length of its corolla shows polygenic inheritance. About 5 different non-allelic genes are additively expressed and affect the phenotype.
Flower
Polygenic inheritance is very common in the case of flowers. From the number of bract to size of ray, colour of petals all commonly shows polygenic inheritance. In case of sunflower or Helianthus sp. Size of the bract shows polygenic inheritance extremely. In the case of Bidens pilosa the head of compositae is another example of polygenic inheritance.
Fruit size and colour
Another polygenic inheritance example is fruit size and colour. Several non-allelic genes from different loci of chromosomes are involved in expression of a single trait. In the case of red chilli pepper or Capsicum species the colour and size of fruit shows polygenic inheritance. Another common example is the kernel colour of wheat. Three differently assorted allele pairs are involved together to express the trait. If only the dominant trait expressed the wheat gets its red colour and if the recessive traits are expressed then it gets the white colour. Apart from this several intermediate variations are found due to the effect of different polygenes.
Size of seed
The size and colour of seed is also an example of polygenic inheritance. The ear size of grain is another example of quantitative polygenic inheritance, in which multiple non-allelic genes are involved.
Seed oil content
Polygenic inheritance is also shown in case of seed oil content of some plants. Several genes additively affect the phenotypic trait. The seed oil content of Brassica napus L. Is influenced by several different genes, hence shows polygenic inheritance.
Pollen
The size, colour of pollen in many plants shows polygenic inheritance. More than one gene additively affects one particular trait. Hence a wide range of variations in pollen size and colour is shown.
Time of maturation
The time of maturation of fruit, seeds are examples of polygenic inheritance. Several non-allelic genes additively affect the phenotypic trait.
Let’s have a closer look at polygenic inheritance examples in humans.
Skin colour of human
The skin colour in humans is a very common example of polygenic inheritance. The most important factor which controls the skin complexion in humans is the synthesis of skin pigment melanin. The amount of melanin makes the skin darker. Several non-allelic genes are involved together to express the trait. Along with the melanin deposition environmental factors also influence skin colour.
Human Eye colour
As like the skin colour melanin composition also influences eye colour in humans. The amount of melanin in the front of the iris determines the eye colour. 16 different genes are involved in expression of the trait, two of which are located at the chromosome 15 (OCA2 and HERC2). More melanin makes the eye colour darker. People with more melanin composition in iris have darker brown or black coloured eyes.
Human Hair colour
Human hair colour is also inherited Polygenic Traits, meaning multiple non-allelic gene expressions are associated with the trait. Melanin pigment plays a crucial role in it. There are three different melanin present in the human body such as Eumelanin, Pheomelanin and Neuromelanin. If Eumelanin deposited through the activation
of Melanocortin 1 Receptor (MC1R), it causes darker hair colours. When Melanocortin 1 Receptor (MC1R) is inactivated then Pheomelanin deposited causes lighter hair colour. As the melanin composition acts as a protector from UV sun rays, people with darker hair color gets more protection than the lighter hair colour.
Human Height
Human height is also explained as a polygenic inheritance example, because it is also controlled by multiple numbers of different genes. In a recent study it is found that about 697 genetic variants in 423 genetic loci are involved together to express the phenotypic trait of human height. That’s why a wide range of variation is noted in the population.
Weight
Another very common polygenic inheritance example is weight of a human. Whenever discussing the human weight topic, we focus a lot on the environmental factors like malnutrition, presence of diseases, amount of food intake, BMR, etc but polygenes play a major role in it also. In some people it is noted that the kind of obesity they have are actually caused by the additive effect of multiple non-allelic genes. But this kind of obesity is rare in population.
Intelligence
Polygenic inheritance is also shows in the intelligence or IQ of a person. According to a recent study it is found that more than 500 non-allelic genes are additively effective to express the trait. Hence a wide range of spectrum is created among all. Though the IQ or intelligence of a person is also influenced by several environmental factors also.
Body shape
Just like the body weight the body shape of a person is also a result of polygenic inheritance. Different genes from different loci of chromosomes are involved and influence the trait to express. Apart from polygenes environmental factors also play a major role in determining the body shape of a person.
So here are some very common polygenic inheritance examples in which multiple non-allelic genes additively influence to express the trait.
In simple words Inheritance which is caused by the cumulative expression of polygenes, is called polygenic inheritance.
Polygenic inheritance is a quantitative inheritance caused by more than one non-allelic gene expression. For example , human height, human body shape, skin colour, etc are the polygenic inheritance examples.
Polygenic inheritance shows a wide range of intermediate variations, more than dominant or recessive trait expressions among the population. In polygenic inheritance every involved gene is expressed equally and the mixture or additive effect is expressed through the phenotype. It doesn’t follow the Mendelian inheritance law. The Mendelian law is all about the monogenic inheritance which focuses one the expression of dominant and recessive traits.
Characteristics of polygenic inheritance
As polygenic inheritance is one of the most common inheritance found in most of the organisms from plants to humans, here we are going to discuss about the characteristics of it.
More than one gene or we can say multiple non-allelic genes are involved to express one phenotypic trait.
Every single gene influences the trait cumulatively means the concept of dominance is not acceptable here.
As several genes additively influence the trait each of them employs minor effects. The detection of those minor effects separately is often difficult.
Epistasis is not found means, one gene expression cannot be masked by another gene expression.
A wide range of intermediate variations are possible in polygenic inheritance. It shows a wide spectrum where most of the population consists of the intermediate trait or middle range of the curve.
The statistical analysis of polygenic inheritance is not as simple as Mendelian inheritance law. The pattern is very complex, and can not be predefined.
Polygenic inheritance is different from codominance where multiple alleles on the same locus are expressed additively. Just like the human blood group system.
Polygenic inheritance gene types
In polygenic inheritance we can see that multiple non-allelic genes from different loci of chromosomes are involved together or expressed together. According to the nature of expression genes participating in polygenic inheritance are two types, the first one is contributing genes and another is non-contributing genes.
Contributing genes or alleles: These genes or alleles are polygenes which express and contribute to the continuous variation of polygenic inheritance. It is also known as the effective gene or effective alles.
Non-contributing genes or alleles: These are genes or alleles which do not contribute to continuous variation of polygenic inheritance. These genes or alleles are also known as non-effective genes or alleles.
Polygenic inheritance is very common in case of plants. Several non-allelic genes are involved together to express a single phenotype. Colour and shape of corolla, colour and shape of fruits, seeds, oil content of seeds, time of maturation, etc all are examples of polygenic inheritance in plants. All in this case more than one non-allelic gene is involved and influences the trait.
Polygenic inheritance skin colour
The skin colour in humans is a very common example of polygenic inheritance.
The most important factor which controls the skin complexion in humans is the synthesis of skin pigment melanin. The amount of melanin makes the skin darker. Just like Albino people do not contain melanin in their skin at all. The melanin apart from darkening the complexion gives protection to the skin from the harmful UV-rays of sunlight.
Along with the melanin deposition environmental factors also influence melanin synthesis as well as the skin colour. That’s why mostly fair people go for the sunbath and so that the melanin synthesis increases in their skin.
In the human blood system more than one allele is expressed.
The blood type is not polygenic inheritance. In the blood group three different alleles from the same loci are expressed which are IA, IB and IO which is an example of codominance. But in polygenic inheritance multiple non-allelic genes from different loci of chromosomes are involved to express a trait.
As a whole we can say that polygenic inheritance plays a crucial role in the evolution of organisms. It helps to increase variations among species. Here we discuss polygenic inheritance example in brief. We also give some ideas about the characteristics and types of polygenic inheritance. Hope the article will be helpful to you.
The number of occurrences of a particular phenomenon at every fixed interval of time is called frequency.
If the frequency decreases at every interval then the frequency is negative. This happens when the frequency interferes with its harmonic frequency which is 11th note higher in the octave. Let us discuss some of the negative frequency examples here:-
Breaking of Glass
If you pass the vibration to glass the glass will break down.
Suppose you pass the vibration initially to the glass by touching it with any item like spoon or fork and then hammer a tuning fork and hold it near the glass, then the superimposition of the two waves will not last the glass to stand for long eventually these vibrations leading to glass break.
Breaking a glass through vibrations; Image Credit: Pixabay
Vibration Transmitted
The vibrations transmitted are acquired by the surrounding matter and the energy is lacking in a passage. Hence, the frequency of the emitted radiations decreases gradually after traveling a long distance due to transmission.
Tuning Fork Held Near the Hollow Vessel
Upon hammering a tuning fork and holding it near the opening of the hollow vessel, resonance will be created, generating the sonic waves.
Vibrations on hammering tuning fork; Image Credit: Pixabay
If you stand in a valley region and speak aloud, then the sound wave created by you will be reflected back towards you from the valley after a certain time duration taken for a sound wave to travel. The sound thus heard has less frequency than the actual.
Echo Created in a Room
The echo of a sound or light is created when the audio or light waves are reflected from different directions.
The sound waves of a person speaking over a microphone are converted into electrical waves and back into the audio waves through a loudspeaker. These amplified audio waves are transmitted in all directions and reflected from the walls of the room, thus creating reverberation.
Musical Instruments
The musical instruments have the harmonic tone that is an eleventh semitone higher and we get the reverberation of a note in a harmonic scale.
Harmonic note on the guitar; Image Credit: Pixabay
When the frequency generated is equal to the natural frequency of construction, then the superimposition of both the frequency will bring the destruction of a building or of that structure.
Bell
If you have noticed that as you ring a bell you heard that long musical sound that prolongs for a certain time and diminishes simultaneously. This sound hears is in a harmonic tone of a bell and the frequency of a sound generated decreases gradually.
Ultrasonic wave works on the frequency of waves generated by the crystal oscillator. As the electric current is passing through this crystal, the vibrations are set up in the atoms of the crystal and emit the ultrasonic waves.
Robot with ultrasonic sensor and servos; Image Credit: Pixabay
These waves are emitted from the transmitter and the receiver on the sensor receives these waves. The change in the direction of propagation of the waves is seen in this case. This sensor measures the total time required for the waves to travel through a medium and calculates the distance of the presence of an obstacle.
Pipe
If you blow the sound from one end of the pipe, this sound wave traveling through a pipe travels in the form of nodes and antinodes. The frequency of the actual sound created by you will be modified; this is called frequency modulation.
It produces large frequency waves in the apartment, then this frequency will create vibrational waves that would tend to collapse the apartment.
Seismic Waves
The seismic waves travel through the Earth’s interior zone due to the motion of the molten magma and the construction and destruction of plates. The frequency and the direction of propagation of the waves vary while traveling from layers having different densities.
The sea waves hitting the shore and then colliding back into the water volume produce the sound waves that travel through the air and surrounding region. These sound waves overlap each other thus modulating the frequencies.
Cypre
If you have a cypre, just hold it near your ear and hear the sound of the air passing through the shell. You will hear a pleasant sound as if the water is flowing in the cypre. This is because the air is gushing through the small cavity within the shell.
The frequency of light radiated from the sun is in the visible range region. These radiations are absorbed by the objects depending upon the emissivity of the object.
Reflection of light from the ripples of water; Image Credit: Pixabay
This absorbs radiation is irradiated out from the surfaces when the internal heat of the object goes high. The radiated waves have less frequency than before.
Reflection from the Surface of Turbid Water
The light incident on the surface of the water is reflected back. These reflected light waves overlap each other and become a bright spot of light as the reflected waves from the ripples formed on the water surface coincide.
If two objects are traveling towards each other from opposite directions with certain frequencies, this object bombards them together. If this happens, then the frequency of the object will either become zero or produces the vibrational frequency.
Frequently Asked Questions
How can the frequency be negative?
The frequency, in reality, is the time taken for an event to occur frequently.
The frequency can be negative if the change in the frequency of a single event is negative, that is if the frequency decreases gradually or drastically.
Does the negative frequency depend upon the direction of the waves?
The lowering of the frequency of waves upon variation in the direction gives the negative frequency.
If the frequency of the wave decreases while propagating from the different mediums the direction varies and also upon reflection the direction reverses.
Genotype refers to the collection of genes present in any individual organism. In all organisms formed by miscegenation, in a single chromosome pair, one strand comes from the mother and one from the father.
In such cases, genes in an organism are a mix coming from both parents, so they carry features from both parents. In organisms produced via cloning or apomixis, the genetic constituent is the same as that of the parent.
Some features showing the genotypic ratio examples include:
Next we will discuss the above mentioned genotypic ratio examples in detail:
Eye colour:
The gene coding eye colour is a specific allele. The brown colour is the most common eye colour represented by B. All other uncommon colours are represented by “b” including- blue or green. In most cases, the genotype having homozygous dominant (BB) or heterozygous (Bb) have brown or a slightly flecked eye colour. Individuals having green or blue eye colour are born with the homozygous recessive gene from both parents with genotype “bb”.
The genotypic ratio is 1:2:1
Flower colour:
If a plant has two main colours Red which is the dominant colour represented by the genotype of “RR” while white is the recessive colour type with genotype “rr”. In the first gen, only pink flowers are obtained with genotype “Rr” because the while colour gene cannot be fully suppressed by the dominant red colour. In the second generation, there is a 25% chance of the flower being completely red and another 25% chance that the flower will be completely white. The rest 50% of the flowers will be hybrids i.e. they will be varying shades of pink.
Height is also a monotypic gene allele represented by “T”. In plants like in pea the standard dominant height is 1m on average represented by the genotype TT. Dwarf plants with genotype “tt” can only reach up to a height of 25cm. Hybrid tall trees can be as tall as the dominant genotypes, because of the dominance of the tall gene.
In humans as well an individual can be born with the same TT, Tt or tt genotype. The height is measured by the average of the two alleles in every respective case. This is the reason that unlike plants humans vary so drastically in height.
Hair colour:
Hair colour is another partially dominant gene. Hence the 50% who have a hybrid genotype have a mixed hair colour derived from both parents.
Seed shape:
The outer seed cover can be round or wrinkled in plants like a pea. The gene that is responsible for this feature is completely dominant. The phenotype ratio is 3:1 while the genotypic ratio is 1:2:1. So RR and Rr both genotypes produce round seeds whereas rr produces wrinkled seeds
Pollen shape:
Pollen shape is another genotypic feature that is not completely dominant. The dominant shape is elongated, while the recessive shape is rounded or small. In hybrid cases, the size of the pollen is somewhere in between.
Lactose Intolerance:
Lactose intolerance is caused due to the mutation in the lactogen producing genes, which affects the production of the enzyme lactase which digests or breaks down lactose. People with this malady cannot digest dairy or dairy products.
Lactose intolerance in infants is inherited and like most gene-related disorder is autosomal recessive i.e. it only occurs when both the genes have the recessive allele coming from both parents. So a child born to parents who are both are carriers of the gene has a 25% chance of being born lactose intolerant.
Blood Grouping:
Blood grouping is one of the most complex genotypic examples. Now ABO grouping without the rhesus factor consists of 4 blood groups- A, B, AB and O. Like the group suggests there are only 3 types of alleles- one producing A antigen, one producing B antigen and one producing neither “o”. A combination of these 3 make up the 3 groups
So the reason why a child born to parents having blood groups A and B can be born A, B, AB or O depending on the genotype of the parent and the genotypic combination of the child.
Sickle Cell Anaemia:
Sickle cell anaemia is another autosomal recessive disorder. Cause due to mutation in a single N base casing a change in the constituent amino acid translated from the codon. This causes the normal biconvex shape of haemoglobin to become deformed in a C shaped sickle form, that is prone to disintegration.
Image showing pedigree analysis of how autosomal recessive disorders are inherited Image: Wikipedia
The reason why males are prone to this SCA is that this affliction considers the Y chromosome as a recessive gene. Hence even when they were supposed to be simply carriers they can become affected by the affliction.
Erythroblastosis fetalis:
Erythroblastosis fetalis refers to jaundice that occurs in unborn infants who are born to Rh -ve mothers but itself is Rh+ve.
The Rh factor is simply inherited from any parent means it has not been passed on from either parent. So for the Rh factor actually the genotype is the same 1: 2: 1. So the child can be positive with both genes having Rh factor or one gen not having it. Only when both genes are devoid of the Rh factor is the offspring Rh -ve
What is the genotypic ratio of the offspring?
The genotypic ratio of the offspring depends on the genotype of the parent themselves.
Parents can be purely homogenous or hybrid. Crossing homogenous and hybrid parents amongst themselves or with each other can produce different genotypic ratios among the offspring.
Let us consider the genes for height as T and t where they represent the dominant and recessive genes respectively. So TT is homogenous tall, tt is a homogenous dwarf and Tt is hybrid.
Crossing both tall or short parents: TT X TT or tt
Zygote
T
T
T
TT
TT
T
TT
TT
Genotype obtained by crossing two homogenous parents
In such a situation all offspring would be short or tall or dwarf and the genotypic ratio would be 1
Crossing two hybrid parents: Tt X Tt
Zygote
T
t
T
TT
Tt
t
Tt
tt
Genotype on crossing two hybrid parents
In this case there the genotypic ratio is tall: hybrid: dwarf is =1:2:1
Crossing a hybrid with a homogenous parent: TT X Tt and Tt X tt
T
T
T
TT
TT
t
Tt
Tt
Genotype of offspring on crossing a homogenous tall and a hybrid parent
T
t
t
Tt
tt
t
Tt
tt
Genotype obtained on crossing a hybrid and a homogenous dwarf parent
In both cases, the genotypic ratio of Homogenous to hybrid is = 1: 1
The genotypic ratio of dihybrid cross:
A dihybrid cross refers to when 2 different genes with their respective dominant and recessive alleles. Normally for a dihybrid cross, the alleles must be close to one another and not interfere with the inheritance of the other.
The main cross is performed when taking in both heterozygous parents. To demonstrate we will use the Flower colour and Flower position
Feature
Dominant
Recessive
Colour
Violet (WW)
White (ww)
Position
Axial (AA)
Terminal (aa)
Table showing the dominant and recessive alleles for the dihybrid cross
So a homogenous dominant parent has the genotype “WWAA” while a homogenous recessive parent has genotype “wwaa”. In the first generation after crossing both homogenous parents only one type of hybrid is obtained with genotype “WwAa”.
In the second generation on crossing two hybrids, the zygotes have 4 different genetic constitutions- WA, Wa, wA, wa. With these, we will make a punnet square.
F2
WA
Wa
wA
wa
WA
WWAA
WWAa
WwAA
WwAa
Wa
WWAa
WWaa
WwAa
Wwaa
wA
WwAA
WwAa
wwAA
wwAa
wa
WWAa
Wwaa
wwAa
wwaa
Genotype of the F2 generation in a dihybrid cross
The dihybrid cross has a complex genotypic ratio consisting of 9 different genotypes
WWAA: 1 (Violet and axial- Homogenous)
WWAa: 2 (Violet and axial- Hybrid 1)
WWaa: 1 (Violet and terminal- Hybrid 2)
WwAa: 4 (Violet and axial- Hybrid 3)
Wwaa: 2 (Violet and terminal- Hybrid 4 )
WwAA: 2 (Violet and axial- Hybrid 5)
wwAA: 1 (White and axial- Hybrid 6)
wwAa: 2 (White and axial- Hybrid 7)
wwaa: 1 (While and terminal- Homogenous)
So the ratio is 1: 2 : 1: 4: 2: 2: 1: 2: 1
Image showing the dihybrid cross in pea plant Image: Wikipedia
The density of the object increases on compression due to the pressure imposed over it and varies with changing state of the object.
The density of the object varies when the molecules constituting the object per unit volume varies due to changing pressure and temperature condition of the object. Here is a list of example of density change that we are going to discuss in this article:-
Sponge
The sponge is filled with air molecules. On pressing the sponge, the empty space filled with the air molecules passes out from the sponge. The density of the sponge increases on compressing as the sponge gets compactly packed on compression.
Filling the Balloon with Air
The density of the balloons decreases by filling the balloon with air. The density of the same before filling the air in it is more compared to the air filled balloons.
Hot air balloon on filling the air; Image Credit: Pixabay
These air molecules exert a force on the surface of the air filled balloon.
Compression is an act of applying force on the two opposite surfaces of the object in two different and opposite directions thus reducing the volume of the object.
Compression of object
Compressing any elastic object increases its density. The mass of the molecules per unit volume of the object rises upon compression.
Elongation
The stretching of the object from two opposite points applying equal and opposite force on the object results in the elongation of the object. The size of the object increases upon stretching, thus the volume of the object also increases. The increase in the volume implies that the molecules constituting the object spreads in the extra space generated and hence the mass per unit volume that is the density of the object decreases.
Freezing
The transformation of the liquid state of an object into a solid state is called freezing. The conversion of the state of the substance directly signifies the change in the density of the object.
The density of the water that solidifies in the ice is lower than as compared to the ice. The molecules of water per unit volume in the container will be increased by the formation of ice.
Boiling
The density of the substance decreases on boiling. This is because, on boiling, the heat energy is supplied to the liquid.
This heat energy is utilized to break the bonds between the molecules of the substance. As a result, the distance of separation of the molecules increases, and hence the density of the substance also decreases.
Condensation
It is a process of condensing two or more water vapours to form a cloud. Due to the surface tension between the water droplets, the molecules nearby condense together. The density of the water vapour is light compared to the water droplet which is formed due to the condensation of vapours.
The heat energy acquired by the particle on the surface of the water results in the rise of the water molecules in the form of vapours. The density of the system changes with the evaporation of the liquid. The density of the fog created due to the conversion of water into the vapour decreases. While the density of the air increases as the aerosol particles per unit volume of the air increases.
Burning
The burning of any substance results in the formation of ash and smog. The density of the solid object is more compared to the ash or smog which is the outcome.
You must have noticed that as the object gets wet the weight of the object increases. This is because the water is absorbed by the object filling the vacant spaces inside the object thus increasing the density of the object.
Rise in Aerosol Particle in Air
The rise in aerosol particles in the air symbolizes the pollution ratio in the atmosphere. If the number f aerosol in the unit volume of the air is more, then the density of the air is increased due to the aerosol particle.
The density of the air also rises while raining, because of the presence of the water droplets in the atmosphere and due to the cold temperature. During the rainy season, the aerosol particles in the air are high.
Drying is the process of extraction of water molecules present in the object. When the liquid droplets are evaporated from the object, the vacant spaces are formed in the object as the molecules leave those spaces thus reducing the density of the molecules per unit volume of the object.
Decomposition/Decay
The organic substance is decayed when exposed to heat. The bonds between the molecules constituting the organic matter brakes to form a decomposed. Hence, decaying results in lowering the density of the substance.
A soap bubble is a thin film enclosing the air within the bubble and burst easily as the force is imposed on the surface of the bubble. Hence the froth is lighter in weight and density which is formed due to water and soap.
Melting
Melting is a process of conversion of a solid into a liquid phase. Consider a simple example of melting ice to form water. The ice takes the heat from the surroundings and breaks the covalent bond releasing the energy. This heat energy is responsible for the conversion of ice into water.
Sublimation
It is a process of directly converting the solid form of a substance into the gaseous form without changing into a liquid phase. A simple example is a camphor; the solid camphor is directly changed into the gaseous form on burning.
It is a process of deposition of the suspended particle in the liquid at a base. This is possible when the particles in the liquid are hydrophobic, that is the particles are water repellant. The density of the molecules, when mixed in the liquid, is less as compared to the substance deposited at the bottom of the container.
Sedimentation
It is a process of deposition of the sediments one above the other. The sedimentary rocks are formed when the sediments get deposited in the basin and form at high pressure and temperature.
The density of the sediments increases as the pressure on the sediments lying beneath the layer of the rock increases as they are compressed due to the overlying mass.
Heating
Warming, or heating results in the rise of the temperature of the system. The increase in the heat energy results in the breaking of the bonds between the molecules and increases the spacing between the molecules thus reducing the density of the object.
Withering Leaves
The dry leaves are light in weight as compared to the green leaves; hence the dry leaves are easily carried away by the air resistance.
Removing water from the leaves of the tree results in the withering of leaves. As the water molecules are expelled from the leaves, the density of the leaves decreases.
Mixing Compound in the Solution
On mixing the compound into the liquid the density of the solution is increased. The hydroponic compound gets easily mixed and absorbed into the water. This results in the rise of the density of the water.
Does the temperature responsible for the change in the density of the object?
The density of the temperature increases as the temperature falls down.
During cold temperature the distance between the covalent bonds between the molecules inside the material increases, while in the hot temperate condition the bonds between the molecules break thus decreasing the density of molecules per unit volume.
Does the pressure responsible for the change in the density of the object?
The density of the object increases at high pressure conditions.
Due to high pressure, the molecules constituting the object compresses thus increasing the number of molecules per unit volume of the object. The compressor is even used to compress the gas to convert it into a liquid state.
How does the density of the object change on compression?
The two equal forces imposed on the object on two opposite side results in the compression of the object.
Compression results in the reduction of the shape and dimension of the object. This results in the change in the volume of the object and hence the density per unit volume of the object increases.
Inertia is the reluctance of an object to alter its state of motion. This key idea, first elucidated by Sir Isaac Newton in his Laws of Motion, underlines how objects move and stay still unless acted on by a force.
Mass is a critical element when thinking about inertia. The bigger the mass of the object, the greater its inertia. For instance, if you push a small toy car with not much force, it will budge easily due to its small mass and low inertia. However, if you attempt to push a hefty desk with the same force, it will require more effort because of its hefty mass and greater inertia.
In daily life, we see examples of inertia everywhere. When you drive your car and abruptly hit the brakes, your body has a tendency to keep going forward due to its inertia. Likewise, when you are inside a moving train that comes to an abrupt halt, you may feel yourself being pushed ahead because your body wants to keep going in the same direction as before.
To conquer or shift an object’s inertia, an unbalanced force is needed. If no net force acts upon an object, it will either stay still or continue moving in a straight line at a steady speed. This is referred to as Newton’s First Law of Motion or the Law of Inertia.
To comprehend this concept better, think about moving a book across a table. It eventually stops because friction acts as an opposing force and slows it down gradually. Similarly, if you want to switch the direction of an object’s motion or bring it to rest completely, you must put in enough force in the opposite direction.
In a nutshell, inertia explains an object’s reluctance to alter its state of motion. The concept of inertia originated from Sir Isaac Newton’s Laws of Motion and is now extensively used in classical physics. By understanding how mass and force interrelate, we can more accurately explain the motion of objects and estimate their behavior in various situations. So, the next time you feel yourself being propelled forward when a vehicle stops suddenly, remember that it is due to the inertia acting upon your body.
Newton’s First Law of Motion
To understand Newton’s First Law of Motion with its sub-sections of “Definition of Inertia” and “Examples of Inertia in Everyday Life,” let’s dive into this fundamental concept. Inertia describes an object’s tendency to remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force. The definition elaborates on this property, while the examples illustrate how inertia influences various aspects of our daily lives.
Definition of Inertia
Inertia is a key part of Newton’s First Law of Motion. It describes how objects resist changes to their state of motion. The more mass an object has, the more force is needed to make it change. An example of this is when a heavy book stays on a table until something pushes it.
Inertia is not just about objects staying still or going straight. It also applies to rotational motion. For example, a top keeps spinning unless something interrupts it.
Johannes Kepler named the concept ‘inertia’ in his 1609 book ‘Astronomia Nova‘. But it was Isaac Newton who explained the three laws of motion and gave a mathematical explanation for inertia and its effects.
So, inertia covers everything about an object’s motion and how it resists change. If you need a reminder, just think ‘The Law of Ultimate Inertia’ when you don’t want to get out of bed!
Examples of Inertia in Everyday Life
Here is a list of examples of inertia of motion that we are going to discuss ahead in this article:-
Slides
You must have noticed that when you slide from the slider, your body continues to slide down even after your feet touches the ground. This is because your body tends to remain in the same state of motion until it felt the opposing force from the feet.
Spinning Top
When you rotate the spinning top, it rotates making a number of rotations for a while to minutes conserving its momentum due to its center of gravity.
It continues to rotate until it loses its momentum as the torque experienced on the top is more and due to air resistance force.
Hula Hoop
As you suddenly stop while dancing with a hula hoop rotating it around your body which is possible because of the centripetal force, you must have noticed that the hoop doesn’t fall down on the ground or stop rotating as you stop exerting a force on it, but it actually continues to move in the centripetal motion before it loses its momentum.
Acrobat performing with hula hoop; Image Credit: Pixabay
Tug of War
Two teams playing a game of tug of war and if one side players applied more force as compared to the other team, then you must have noticed that the winning team player mostly falls in the direction in which they had applied a force. This is also an example of inertia of motion where the motion of the body remains in the direction in which it was exerted.
Hitting the Volleyball
While hitting the volleyball, you feel the sudden impact on your hands while you are trying to oppose the force exerted on the volleyball due to gravity and the energy associated with the volleyball, and due to the movement of inertia.
Running at Fast Speed
The athletic running at a fast speed during the race takes time to control her speed once she crosses a finish line at a very high speed. Her body tends to be in the same state of motion for a while due to the inertia of motion.
Fan
You must have noticed that the propellers of the fan continue to rotate for a while even after turning off the power. This is also due to inertial motion.
Stopping the Vehicle
The passenger standing in the bus that is waiting at the bus stop experiences a sudden jerk backward as the bus starts accelerating. Also, as the brakes are applied to the vehicle, the passengers sitting inside a vehicle exert a forward jerk. This is due to the fact that the body in contact with the vehicle, tends to remain in the direction of motion of the vehicle unless exert by a certain external force.
Football
Football once kick travels a certain distance and comes to rest due to the frictional force exerted on the surface area of the ball by the ground and the air which drags the motion of the ball, or when another player interrupts the direction of the motion of the football.
Flowing Water
The water body has immense potential energy which is converted into kinetic energy while flowing. The water continues to flow in the same direction until finds an obstacle in between its flow.
Variation in the direction of flow of water, Image Credit: Pixabay
Catching the Cricket Ball
While catching a cricket ball approaching from a height the field keeper slightly bends his hands while taking a catch to release the impact of the force by increasing the time of catch and reducing the speed of the ball. Due to gravity, the motion of the ball is downward and the force exerted on the ball is also downward.
Skiing
Skiing is an activity performed on a snow sleigh. It keeps on carrying the person standing over it until the resistive force is applied to the person.
Consider an accelerating car hit on a tree. The person sitting inside the car will experience a forward jerk while the direction of motion will be still in the same direction. The body of the person sitting inside the car will be parallel to the direction of motion of the car. Once the car hits at a great force, the body of a person is still in the direction of motion of the car as it realizes the force little lately that the car has now stopped.
Stirring
You must have noticed while adding sugar to your tea or making any drinks and stirring it, the mixture continues to swirl in the circular force for some time even after removing the spoon or stirrer from it. The motion of the solution is retained for a while.
Coin drops inside the glass on removing the underneath card
Consider a coin kept on the card over a glass. The center of mass of the coin is pointing downward, hence upon applying the force on the card to accelerate away; the card doesn’t take the coin along with it, instead of falling inside the glass. This is because the inertia of motion of the coin was downward.
Hitting Marbles
Upon hitting the target marble with the marble, the direction of the motion of the marble changes but it continues to be in motion even after hitting the target marble.
When a lift stops, you must have felt the divergence from your state of rest position in the lift. Your body is in motion with respect to the speed of the lift and continues to remain in the uniform direction until your body feels that the lift has come to a rest, hence a slight force is experienced on the body.
Pendulum
The oscillating pendulum continues to oscillate decreasing the angle of oscillation at a constant rate with every oscillation.
The motion of the pendulum is opposed by the air resistance acting on the bob attached to the pendulum. If there was no air drag, then the pendulum would have continued to be in the oscillation if no other external force was imposed on it.
Satellites
The satellite around the planets keeps on revolving around the Earth at a constant velocity and momentum. The satellites are of two types, polar satellites, and geostationary satellites. The satellite is an example of opposing the gravitational force but to keep the satellites moving around the planet is possible only because of the gravitation force.
Slipping
Have you ever slipped accidentally? Most of the time, you must have noticed that you slipped in the direction in which you were proceeding. Even after losing the momentum of your body, your moment of inertia pertains to being in the same direction as your motion. Hence, you slide forward after slipping.
Object Rolling on the Ground
If I am talking about rolling objects then it signifies that the shape of the object is rounded or the surface of the object is curved.
Object rolling down the slope; Image Credit: Pixabay
The rounded, cone or cylindrical-shaped objects can easily be rolled; hence some other heavy object has to be placed near it to resist the acceleration of such object. If this object starts its motion, then it continues to be in a uniform state of motion until some external agent of force is exerted upon them.
Hot Air Balloon
The direction of motion of the hot air balloon relies upon the direction of the flow of wind. The balloon continues to move in the same direction until the force is applied to the string to change the direction of the path accordingly.
Swing
The swing comes to rest either if you touch your feet to the ground or slowly by the air drag and the mass of the person sitting on the swing.
Girl applying force to keep the swing oscillating; Image Credit: Pixabay
Pulling a Trolley
Walking with the trolley and stopping on the way, the trolley still moves towards you a few cms as the trolley travels in the uniform motion with the force applied on it before, until now the external force is imposed on it.
Car Taking a Turn
While taking a sharp turn, the passenger sitting inside the car bends towards the direction of a turn. Upon changing the direction of acceleration of a car, the body of the passenger in close contact with the seat of a car is thrown in its direction of motion.
Forward jerk on stopping a drive or backward jerk while accelerating
You must have experienced the forward jerk of the body as you stop the bike. Your body tends to remain in the same direction of motion along with the bike with respect to its previous motion.
Jumping out from the moving bus
When one jumps out from a moving vehicle, the motion of the person’s body is in the direction of the motion of the vehicle. Upon hitting the feet on the ground, it acts as resistance to the motion of your body in the direction of the bus. But, your upper body is still in motion in the direction of the bus and hence you may tend to fall.
Applying brakes on the bicycle
When you stop pedaling and apply cycle brake, the bicycle doesn’t come to rest directly, but it is carried away a little forward and comes to rest when the frictional force acting on the bicycle tires slows down the bicycle.
The kite is very light in weight and easily carried away by the air resistance force and sways in the air at a far height. The direction of motion of the kite remains constant throughout. If the kite detaches from the tread due to an external source then it will be carried away in the air in any direction along with the speed of the wind.
Skating
You must have observed the skaters jumping and landing on their skateboards though attached to their shoes. Why must they be doing so? This is to change the direction of their motion from the previous direction.
Otherwise, they will tend to fall as the direction of the motion of the person changes but the direction of motion of the skates remains uniform which has to be changed parallel to the direction of motion of a person. Hence the skater jumps frequently while changing the direction of his motion.
Inertia and Mass
To understand inertia and mass, let’s delve into the relationship between them and the role mass plays in inertia. The first sub-section explores the connection between inertia and mass, while the second sub-section focuses on how mass influences the concept of inertia. Both aspects shed light on the fascinating interplay between these fundamental factors in the laws of motion.
Relationship Between Inertia and Mass
Inertia and mass are interconnected. Inertia is an object’s resistance to changes in its motion, and mass is the amount of matter within an object. The more mass an object has, the more inertia it has.
To explain this, a table of objects and their inertia based on their mass is below:
Object
Mass (kg)
Inertia
Tennis ball
0.057
Low
Soccer ball
0.43
Moderate
Bowling ball
7.26
High
Car
1200
Very high
The table shows that objects with higher masses have more inertia than those with lower masses. However, mass isn’t the only factor that affects an object’s inertia, shape, and mass distribution come into play too.
Here are some suggestions when dealing with objects of different masses:
Handle heavy objects with care: More force is needed to move or stop heavy objects due to their higher inertia. Be cautious to avoid injury or damage.
Pay attention to weight distribution: Uneven weight distribution can cause unexpected movement patterns. Make sure they’re balanced or secured.
Consider rotational motion: Both mass and mass distribution affect rotational motion. Remember to factor these in.
Make use of inertia: Utilizing inertia can help in activities like sports and transportation. For example, driving a vehicle around curves.
The mass has a major impact on an object’s inertia, so it’s important to understand their relationship. Mass is like a stubborn friend that won’t change.
The Role of Mass in Inertia
Inertia and mass go hand in hand. The greater the mass, the more resistant it is to changes in motion. Mass directly influences inertia, more mass = more inertia, less mass = less inertia. But inertia affects objects differently depending on their mass. From cars to stars, this concept is fundamental in understanding physical behavior.
Sir Isaac Newton’s work set the stage for classical mechanics. His second law states that force exerted on an object is proportional to its acceleration and inversely proportional to its mass (F = ma). This has enabled remarkable advancements across many disciplines.
By studying mass and inertia, scientists have uncovered great insights about our world. More exploration and observation will help us learn more and push the boundaries of human understanding.
Inertia in Rest and Motion
To understand how inertia behaves in rest and motion, let’s delve into three key sub-sections. First, we’ll explore the concept of inertia at rest, where objects tend to remain stationary unless acted upon by an external force. Then, we’ll discuss inertia in motion, which describes how objects in motion tend to stay in motion unless acted upon by an outside force. Lastly, we’ll examine the tendency of inertia to maintain the state of motion, regardless of its speed or direction.
Inertia at Rest
We often ignore the hidden forces keeping objects at rest. Inertia at Rest explains why an object stays still unless compelled to move. This property shows great stability and resistance to movement. It’s amazing to explore the realm of physics.
Behind this phenomenon, there are intricate dynamics. Inertia at Rest examines factors like mass and gravitational pull that impact an object’s resistance. These insights highlight the beauty and complexity of our physical world.
Galileo Galilei’s experiments with inclined planes and rolling balls in the late 16th century showed varied tendencies towards motion or stillness. This discovery changed the field of physics forever.
My laziness has more inertia than a runaway truck.
Inertia in Motion
Inertia in motion is when an object resists changes in its velocity. It stays at the same speed and direction unless acted upon by a force. We experience this in everyday life. For example, when cycling, we feel our body’s inertia when cornering or suddenly stopping. Also, vehicles on highways keep their momentum due to inertia.
This concept has many applications. Athletes use inertia in sports like running and swimming. Engineers use it to design efficient brakes for vehicles. However, if you don’t manage inertia correctly, it can lead to accidents and injuries. So, people across different fields need to understand it and take the right measures.
By recognizing the importance of inertia in motion, we can ensure safety and efficiency in many areas. Whether it’s optimizing transportation or improving athletic performance, understanding inertia will help us create amazing advancements without putting people at risk. Let’s use this power to open up new opportunities and explore new possibilities.
Inertia’s Tendency to Maintain State of Motion
Inertia is the tendency of an object to stay in its state of motion. Objects at rest resist change; objects in motion keep going until an outside force acts on them. This applies to all objects, regardless of size, shape, or mass. Heavier things have more inertia, so they need a stronger force to move them.
We use our knowledge of inertia in sports, like baseball and soccer. Players apply forces in certain directions to control the ball’s motion.
Pro Tip: To beat inertia, start small and work up momentum. Don’t try to do too much at once!
Inertia and External Forces
To understand inertia and external forces, let’s delve into two key sub-sections: Resisting Changes in Motion and Unbalanced Forces and Inertia. Resisting Changes in Motion explores how objects tend to maintain their state of rest or uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force. Unbalanced Forces and Inertia, on the other hand, sheds light on how external forces can disrupt the equilibrium of an object, affecting its motion.
Resisting Changes in Motion
Inertia is when objects prefer to stay in their current state of motion. To resist changes in motion, these 4 steps will help:
Identify the outside force trying to change the object’s motion.
Check the object’s mass. Heavier objects are harder to move.
Look at the surface resistance. Different surfaces offer different levels of resistance.
Consider other external factors. Friction and air resistance can hinder or help the object.
Inertia is important, but the object’s shape, size, material composition, and more also affect how it resists changes. This concept can be used in engineering, transport, and sports performance. Take advantage of inertia and see how resisting changes in motion can help you succeed!
Unbalanced Forces and Inertia
Unbalanced forces and inertia are linked in the world of physics. Inertia is a property of matter that resists changes to its motion, and unbalanced forces alter the state of motion. This interesting relationship shows the role external forces play in disrupting or keeping an object’s velocity.
When unbalanced forces are acting on an object, its state of motion changes. If the net force acting on it is bigger than zero, the object will speed up in the direction of the force. Whereas, if the net force is zero, the object won’t move or continue moving with the same velocity due to inertia. This principle can be seen in everyday situations, for example, pushing a book across a table or kicking a soccer ball.
Going deeper into this connection, we learn more about how inertia affects diverse objects. Objects with more mass have more inertia and need more force to change their motion compared to lighter objects. Also, objects with strange shapes may experience rotational inertia, which helps them resist changes in angular velocity. These nuances illustrate the richness and complexity of the connection between unbalanced forces and inertia.
To understand this concept better, let’s look at a true story:
When people ride a roller coaster, they experience unbalanced forces and inertia. As the roller coaster climbs a steep slope, it slows down because of gravitational forces working against its forward motion. At this moment, riders feel pushed backward into their seats as they resist changes in their motion caused by gravity, backward
When the roller coaster reaches the peak of the slope, it starts going down quickly under gravity’s power. Here, riders have a fleeting feeling of being weightless as their bodies stay still due to inertia while gravity pulls them down faster than free fall acceleration! This thrilling experience with unbalanced forces and inertia gives thrill-seekers a new appreciation for the physics involved.
If inertia was a person, they would want to go in circles to avoid any unnecessary changes of direction.
Inertia and Circular Motion
To understand the role of inertia in circular motion, let’s explore two sub-sections: “Principles of Inertia in Circular Motion” and “Role of Inertia in Keeping Objects Moving in a Circle.” These sections will shed light on how inertia influences the behavior of objects in a circular motion and why they tend to keep moving in a curved path.
Principles of Inertia in Circular Motion
Inertia is key to understanding circular motion in physics. Objects experience a centripetal force when moving in a circle. Newton’s first law of motion states: objects at rest stay at rest, and moving objects stay in motion unless acted upon by an external force. This is relevant in a circular motion as inertia resists any change in velocity.
Inertia resists changes in velocity & direction. If a ball is attached to a string & swung around, you need to exert force on the string to create the circle. But if you suddenly let go, the ball will continue in a straight line, not its circular path. This shows how inertia affects circular motion.
Inertia’s impact on circular motion is seen everywhere, from amusement park rides to planets orbiting the sun. So next time you experience or witness circular motion, take a moment to appreciate inertia & how it shapes the physical world, letting objects follow their course despite external forces. Who needs a personal trainer when you have inertia?!
Role of Inertia in Keeping Objects Moving in a Circle
Inertia, the tendency of a thing to resist changes in its motion, is a key factor in keeping it moving in a circle. When an object moves in a circle, it needs to switch direction and velocity. Its inertia allows this to happen.
Centripetal acceleration causes the object to move toward the center of the circle. This acceleration is caused by an inward force, which is necessary to keep the circle going around. The law of motion states that an object either stays at rest or stays in motion, unless acted upon by external force. Inertia is that outside force that keeps the circle going.
The amount of inertia depends on mass. The more mass, the more inertia. This means that more force is needed to keep the object moving in a circle.
To make circular motion easier, follow these suggestions:
Controlling any external forces also helps make sure the object stays in its circular trajectory.
By understanding how inertia influences circular motion, and following these suggestions, one can maintain circular motion with less effort. Inertia is very important for this kind of motion.
Inertia and Friction
To understand the inertia of motion, let’s explore the section on “Inertia and Friction.” In this section, we will delve into the effects of friction on inertia and the methods of overcoming friction with external forces. We will examine how friction can affect the motion of objects and the role of external forces in counteracting the effects of friction.
Effects of Friction on Inertia
Friction, a force that opposes the motion, has interesting effects on inertia. Let’s check them out.
Friction:
Reduces inertia, making it harder to start or stop an object from moving. Example: Pushing a heavy box on a carpet takes more force than pushing it on a smooth surface.
Increases inertia, making it harder to change an object’s state of motion. Example: When a car suddenly spins out of control on a slippery road, regaining control is difficult due to increased inertia caused by friction.
Did you know? Friction is essential in our everyday lives. We use it in car brakes and to grip objects with our hands. It helps us interact safely with our environment and manipulate objects with ease.
Fun Fact! People have been fascinated by friction and its effects on inertia for centuries. First to recognize and study this phenomenon was Leonardo da Vinci during the Renaissance period. His observations opened the door for further research and understanding of friction’s impact on motion.
Ready to tackle friction? Get set, because this is about to get complicated with the addition of external forces.
Overcoming Friction with External Forces
Text: Use external forces to combat friction! Examples include pushing a heavy object, applying oil or grease, increasing the normal force between surfaces, and reducing weight. All must be done with safety guidelines in mind.
These techniques can minimize the effects of friction and enhance efficiency in industrial machinery, transportation systems, and more.
Maximize your performance and reduce energy wastage by applying suitable external forces that combat friction effectively. Don’t miss out on these benefits, use external forces today.
Experience a real-life example of inertia battling air resistance, why did the physics textbook go skydiving? Just for the thrill of it.
Inertia and Air Resistance
To understand the impact of air resistance on inertia, let’s delve into two sub-sections: “How Air Resistance Impacts Inertia” and “Impact of Air Resistance on Moving Objects.” These sections will shed light on how the presence of air affects the tendency of objects to stay in motion or come to a rest. Get ready to explore the fascinating interplay between inertia and air resistance.
How Air Resistance Impacts Inertia
Air resistance has a major effect on inertia – an object’s resistance to changes in motion. When moving through a fluid medium, like air, opposing forces drag the object down. This affects its inertia, reducing its ability to keep its speed.
Check out this table to understand air resistance’s impact on inertia:
Velocity (m/s)
Mass (kg)
Inertia (kg m/s^2)
10
5
50
20
5
100
10
10
100
20
10
200
As you can see, higher velocities and masses increase inertia. But air resistance is key here – opposing forces of air get stronger with speed, reducing the net force on the object. This means less force and more deceleration, resulting in lower inertia.
The shape of the object and surface area exposed to air also matter. Streamlined shapes experience less air resistance than irregular shapes or large surfaces.
Air resistance’s effect on inertia is essential in physics and aerodynamics. Taking it into account helps engineers and scientists be more accurate when working out motion and develop better solutions.
Unlock the intricacies of this phenomenon and discover new insights into movement. Start exploring air resistance’s influence on inertia now.
Impact of Air Resistance on Moving Objects
Air resistance has a major effect on objects moving through the air. This is also called drag and is against the direction of motion, making the object slower. The magnitude of this force depends on the size, shape, speed, and density of the air around it.
As an object moves, air particles hit its surface and create resistance. The faster it moves, the more collisions it will experience in a unit of time, thus more resistance. Also, larger objects will meet more air particles and have more resistance.
The shape of the object affects air resistance too. Streamlined objects like airplanes are designed for less drag, as air flows around them without turbulence. On the other hand, rough shapes or surfaces generate turbulence, so there’s more resistance.
Air density also influences how much an object is affected by air resistance. Higher altitudes have fewer air particles due to lower pressure, so objects experience less resistance.
Let’s look at skydiving as an example. When the skydiver jumps out of the plane, their body faces a lot of air resistance because of its large surface area. This makes them slow down until they reach a constant speed, where the force of gravity and air resistance are equal.
Therefore, air resistance plays a big role in how objects move in relation to their environment. Knowing this helps engineers and designers make more efficient sports and transportation equipment.
Inertia and Changes in Motion
To better understand the concept of inertia and its role in changes in motion, let’s explore two key sub-sections. Firstly, we’ll delve into how inertia plays a crucial role in resisting changes in speed or direction. Secondly, we’ll discuss how we can overcome inertia to change the state of motion. By examining these sub-sections, we can gain a deeper insight into the fascinating nature of inertia and its impact on the dynamics of motion.
Inertia’s Role in Resisting Changes in Speed or Direction
Inertia is essential in stopping or maintaining an object’s speed and direction. This property of objects keeps them still or moving until an outside force acts on them. Basically, if something is stationary, it’ll stay that way unless a force moves it. Similarly, if it’s moving, it won’t change direction or slow down unless another force interferes.
Let’s look at the example of a car driving down a straight road. When the driver slams on the brakes, the car quickly stops. This sudden change in movement causes the passengers to lurch forward due to their inertia. Their bodies strive to stay in motion until something stops them – like the seatbelt or dashboard.
Inertia also applies to a change in direction. Imagine you’re biking and suddenly turn sharply to avoid an obstacle. Your body will keep going forward due to its inertia, while the bike changes direction. That’s why you’ll feel like you’re being pulled towards the outside of the turn, known as centrifugal force.
We witness the effects of inertia in our everyday lives. Knowing this helps us predict and comprehend certain situations.
So the next time you’re behind the wheel or engaging in any activity involving motion, take a moment to appreciate how inertia keeps us still or pushes us forward. By recognizing its power, we can make sure our experiences are safe and our decisions are based on an understanding of this fundamental force.
Let’s keep discovering the wonders of physics. With each newfound knowledge comes a greater appreciation for the intricate mechanisms of our universe. Don’t miss out on these amazing revelations.
Overcoming Inertia to Change the State of Motion
Need to change motion? Overcome inertia! Inertia is when an object resists change in its motion, starting, stopping, or changing direction. To beat it, you need external forces.
One way to overcome inertia is by applying a force opposite the object’s current motion. Like brakes on a car, applying them gives a force opposite to the car’s motion, slowing it down.
You can also overcome inertia by changing the magnitude of the force. Increase the force, and you’ll have an easier time changing motion. Decrease it, and the object’s resistance increases.
Remember, overcoming inertia needs effort and determination. Without external forces or enough magnitude, objects will just stay the same. So don’t get held back! Push through and open up to new possibilities.
Conquer inertia with opposing forces or adjusting magnitudes. Break free from its grip and unlock a realm of dynamic movements and changes. Take control and make your journey happen.
Frequently Asked Questions about Inertia
Q: What is inertia?
A: Inertia is the name given to the natural tendency of an object at rest to remain at rest or an object in motion to keep moving in a straight line at a constant speed unless acted upon by an external force.
Q: Who discovered the concept of inertia?
A: The Italian physicist Galileo Galilei was the first to describe the motion of objects and the concept of inertia, although Sir Isaac Newton later formalized it in his laws of motion.
Q: What is the law of inertia?
A: Newton’s first law of motion, also known as the law of inertia, states that an object will remain at rest or in constant velocity in a straight line unless acted upon by a force.
Q: How does inertia affect motion?
A: Inertia is often used today to describe the motion of objects, as it determines how an object will behave when a force is applied. The greater the mass of an object, the more inertia it has and the harder it is to set in motion or stop.
Q: What is the inertia of an object?
A: The inertia of an object refers to its resistance to changes in motion, whether that be a change in speed or direction. This inertia is proportional to the mass of the object.
Q: How does the force affect inertia?
A: Force is required to overcome an object’s inertia and set it in motion or stop it. The force needed is proportional to the mass of the object, meaning that the more massive the object, the greater the force required to change its motion.
Q: Can an object with no force acting upon it continue moving forever?
A: Yes, if there are no external forces acting upon an object, it would eventually come to rest due to the force of friction acting on the object. However, in the absence of friction, the object would retain that motion indefinitely.
Q: What is rotational inertia?
A: Rotational inertia is the name given to an object’s resistance to changes in rotational motion, also known as its moment of inertia. This inertia is determined by the object’s mass, shape, and distribution of mass.
Q: How does inertia affect the surface of the earth?
A: Inertia is what causes objects on the surface of the earth to remain in motion with the rest of the earth, as the force of the earth’s rotation keeps them moving along with it. Without this force, objects on the surface of the earth would move away from the center of the earth and continue moving in a straight line.
Q: What force causes an object at rest to remain at rest?
A: An object at rest will remain at rest unless acted upon by an external force. In the absence of any external force, the forces acting on the object balance each other out, resulting in the object remaining at rest.
Conclusion
Inertia, as described by Newton’s first law of motion, is the tendency of an object to stay still or move in a straight line, unless acted upon by an external force. It is still used today to explain the motion of objects. The bigger the mass of an object, the more inertia it has. For instance, a moving object will keep going in a straight line at the same speed until it is impacted by another force.
This property of inertia is affected by the applied forces, along with the effects of friction and air resistance. It also applies to rotational motion, known as rotational inertia, which defines an object’s resistance to changes in its rotational motion.
The principle of inertia has been known for centuries before Isaac Newton had formulated his laws of motion. Galileo observed that a body in motion will stay in motion until something stops it, while an object at rest will stay put unless acted upon by an external force.
In our everyday lives, we can see examples of inertia all around us. When stopping a car suddenly, our bodies carry on moving forward due to inertia. Also, when turning suddenly on a bike, our bodies tend to lean outward because of the principle of inertia.
Realizing and utilizing the concept of inertia has been very important in many areas of study, including classical physics and engineering. It helps us describe and anticipate the behavior of objects in motion, no matter if they are on inclined planes or curved paths.
So the next time you observe an object starting to move or coming to rest, remember it is all due to the interesting property called inertia.
