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7 Interesting System In Equilibrium Examples (Read First)

January 21, 2024July 21, 2022 by Ankita Biswas

If a system is not continuing its motion state or if its internal energy is not showing any change with respect to time then that system is said to be in an equilibrium. We can represent the walking of a person on a treadmill as an example here. Whenever a person is moving forward on a treadmill the treadmill will move in the opposite direction i.e,the backward direction to balance the person’s motion. It means that the person is in equilibrium with respect to the treadmill.

Now we will discuss 7+ interesting system in equilibrium examples.

1. A book on a table
2. A car that is moving with a constant velocity
3. A man who is standing on a horizontal plane
4. Dynamic equilibrium and its examples
5.Chemical equilibrium and its examples
6. Thermodynamic equilibrium and its examples
7. Static equilibrium and its examples

1. A book on a table

If we keep a book on a table then that book will be in equilibrium. Why? Because the sum of the net forces that are acting on that book remains zero and the sum of total torques that are acting on that book is also zero. As these two main conditions are satisfied here that is why that book is in equilibrium. In this case the linear acceleration and the angular acceleration both are also zero.

∑F=0,∑τ=0

2.A car that is moving with a constant velocity

A truck that is moving with a constant velocity is another important and common system in equilibrium examples. Now the question arises how a moving body can be in equilibrium? The answer is : this type of equilibrium is dynamic equilibrium. It means that in this case also the sum of total forces is zero and the sum of total torque is also zero. ∑F=0,∑τ=0.

In this case the linear acceleration and the angular acceleration are also zero. Hence the net effects of forces and torques are zero. That is why the truck which was moving with a constant velocity keeps moving with the same velocity and there is no change in its velocity. So there is no linear as well as angular acceleration.

3. A man who is standing on a horizontal plane

A man who is standing on a horizontal plane is an example of a system in equilibrium. We all know that when a man is standing upon a horizontal plane then his weight is acting in the downward direction. The weight of the man can be defined as the force acting downwards due to the effect of gravity. This weight or gravitational pull is balanced by the reaction force which is acting in the opposite direction of the gravitational pull.

In this way two forces,weight acting downwards and reaction force acting upwards are balanced by each other. Hence the main conditions of a system in equilibrium are satisfied. The conditions are ∑F=0,∑τ=0. This is the reason why a man on a horizontal plane remains in equilibrium.

4. Dynamic equilibrium and its examples

Let us take a body which is moving at a constant velocity. If the body keeps moving without any kind of external disturbance then that body will be said to be in equilibrium. Why? Because we know that if there is no effect of any external force on a body it will keep moving at the same velocity as earlier. This law is known as Newton’s second law of motion.

So dynamic equilibrium is related to Newton’s second law of motion. Now what are examples of dynamic equilibrium that are observed everyday in our daily life? The examples are a car moving at a constant velocity and a bucket of water that is being raised at a constant velocity by a pulley rope system.

In both of these examples that are mentioned above we have seen that the sum of the net forces on that car as well as the bucket of water is zero,hence both the car and the bucket are moving at a constant velocity. Hence dynamic equilibrium is maintained here.

5.Chemical equilibrium and its examples

There are so many questions related to chemical equilibrium like how it can be achieved,when it can be achieved etc. First of all the reaction should be a reversible reaction. If in a reversible chemical reaction the rate of forward reaction becomes equal to the rate of reverse reaction then a system achieves chemical equilibrium.

Now we have to know what is forward reaction and what is reverse reaction. Basically when products are produced from the reactants in a chemical reaction then this reaction is known as forward reaction. When reactants are formed from products in a reversible chemical reaction then that reaction is known as reverse reaction. FORWARD REACTION: REACTANTS → PRODUCTS

REVERSE REACTION: PRODUCTS → REACTANTS

To describe chemical equilibrium we will take the help of an example of a bottle of cold drink. In this bottle CO₂ gas is dissolved in the liquid and also it is in gaseous form in the gap between the cap and the surface of the liquid inside the bottle. This gas continuously changes into liquid as well as the liquified gas also turns into gas in the bottle. That means the system is in chemical equilibrium.

CO₂↑ + H₂O⇋H₂CO₃

Another common example is haemoglobin that transports oxygen within our bodies.

6. Thermodynamic equilibrium and its examples

If I connect two containers so that heat can flow from the hot container to the cold one. If there is no flow of heat between two containers,it means that both of them are in thermodynamic equilibrium with each other.

Through a simple example we can describe thermodynamic equilibrium. Say there is a bottle in which a gas is kept and there is a movable piston in it. If the temperature and pressure that are maintained within the container are kept uniform then this container will be in thermodynamic equilibrium.

Another condition is there which must be followed. The external forces acting upon the movable piston should not be able to move it. In this case ΔT=0,ΔP=0. Here ΔT is the change in temperature and ΔP is the change in pressure.

7. Static equilibrium and its examples

A book that is kept on a table,a rigid body kept on a horizontal surface all these are the examples of static equilibrium. in these cases the sum of total force is zero and the sum of total torque is zero.

Some additional points related to the system in equilibrium

In the case of a body which is in equilibrium there will be no existence of linear acceleration and angular acceleration. If there is no effect of any external force present in that system then its state of equilibrium will be continued indefinitely. This will be perturbed only if there is an effect of any external force acting upon the system.

If we take an example of a rigid body then for that body if the sum of all the torques that are acting on it is zero,then only the body is said to be in equilibrium. ∑F=0,

∑τ=0.This happens because in this way the rotational motion remains unchanged. If there is any displacement taking place in a body then if there is any action of a force that can oppose this effect and again turn the body to equilibrium then this type of equilibrium is known as stable equilibrium.

Conclusion

In this article we have discussed different system in equilibrium examples. We have also discussed different types of equilibrium that are dynamic equilibrium,chemicalequilibrium,thermodynamic equilibrium in a brief manner equipped with some of their common examples.

If a person wants to gain some knowledge regarding a system in equilibrium he or she can go through this article to have a clear picture of that system in equilibrium.

Also Read:

Catadioptric Systems: A Comprehensive Guide for Physics Students

June 24, 2024July 18, 2022 by Core SME lambdageeks.com

Catadioptric systems are advanced optical devices that combine the use of lenses (dioptrics) and mirrors (catoptrics) to achieve a wide field of view and high-resolution imaging. These systems are widely used in various applications, such as astronomy, machine vision, and medical imaging, where the ability to correct optical aberrations and capture a large field of … Read more

Is Thermal Equilibrium a System?

June 24, 2024June 25, 2022 by AKSHITA MAPARI

Thermal equilibrium is not a system itself, but rather a state that a system can be in. In this state, two objects or systems in physical contact with each other do not exchange heat energy, meaning there is no net transfer of kinetic energy between them. This occurs when the objects or systems have the same temperature.

Understanding Thermal Equilibrium

Thermal equilibrium can be quantified through the use of the Helmholtz free energy equation, which is given by:

F = U – TS

Where:
– F is the Helmholtz free energy
– U is the internal energy
– T is the temperature
– S is the entropy of the system

This equation allows for the calculation of the maximum reversible work that can be done by a system at constant temperature and volume.

In the context of thermal equilibrium, if two systems are in contact and not exchanging heat energy, their temperatures must be the same, and their Helmholtz free energies must also be the same. This is because the Helmholtz free energy is a function of temperature and entropy, and in thermal equilibrium, the temperatures and entropies of the two systems are equal.

Examples of Thermal Equilibrium

Consider two identical boxes of matter, A and B, that are in thermal contact but initially at different temperatures. As they exchange heat energy, their temperatures will gradually equalize, and when they reach thermal equilibrium, their Helmholtz free energies will also be equal.

Numerical Problem

Calculate the Helmholtz free energy of a system with an internal energy of 50,000 joules, a temperature of 370 kelvins, and an entropy of 10 joules/kelvin.

Given:
– Internal energy (U) = 50,000 joules
– Temperature (T) = 370 kelvins
– Entropy (S) = 10 joules/kelvin

Using the Helmholtz free energy equation:
F = U – TS
F = 50,000 – (370 × 10)
F = 50,000 – 3,700
F = 46,300 joules

Therefore, the Helmholtz free energy of the system is 46,300 joules.

Importance of Thermal Equilibrium

Thermal equilibrium is a dynamic process, meaning that it is constantly being maintained through the exchange of heat energy between systems. Once thermal equilibrium is reached, it will persist as long as the systems remain in contact and no external influences cause a change in their temperatures.

Understanding thermal equilibrium is crucial in various fields, such as thermodynamics, heat transfer, and energy systems, as it helps in the analysis and optimization of these systems.

Conclusion

In summary, thermal equilibrium is not a system itself, but a state that a system can be in. It is characterized by the absence of heat exchange between systems in contact, and can be quantified through the use of the Helmholtz free energy equation. Thermal equilibrium is a dynamic process that is constantly being maintained through the exchange of heat energy between systems.

Reference:
1. Thermal Equilibrium Definition, Equation & Examples – Lesson
2. HW3 Flashcards – Quizlet
3. Thermodynamic Equilibrium – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Is Dynamic Equilibrium A System: What, Why, When And Detailed Facts

January 21, 2024February 15, 2022 by Abhishek

This article discusses about the topic “is dynamic equilibrium a system?”. We do not observe any significant change in a system that is under dynamic equilibrium.

Dynamic equilibrium is a type of equilibrium in which the rate of change of substances inside the system are happening at the same rate that is reactants and products are being formed and used at the same rate. Such that we cannot observe any net change in the quantities.

What is dynamic equilibrium?

As we have discussed in above section, dynamic equilibrium is a state of system in which the reactants and products are being formed and used at the same rate.

This happens in such a way that we observe no change in the contents but they continuously changing in reality. On a system, when the opposing forces are acting continuously such that the difference between them is constant or zero then the system is said to be under dynamic equilibrium.

Is dynamic equilibrium a system — **Image: Image: % concentrations of species in isomerization reaction**

Image credits: Wikipedia

When a system is at dynamic equilibrium?

There are various cases where dynamic equilibrium is taking place. But when is the system actually considered under dynamic equilibrium? Lets see it in the section given below.

For a chemical reaction, the contents inside the reaction are said to be in dynamic equilibrium when the reaction is occuring reversibly in such a way that the products and reactants are being used up and being formed at the same rate. Such that the contents of the reaction seem to have constant quantities.

For a system under the application of forces, it is considered to be in dynamic equilibrium when the opposing forces are acting continuously and at the same rate such that the difference between them is constant or zero.

Why is dynamic equilibrium a system?

Dynamic equilibrium refers to space in 3D coordinates where the rates of forward and backward reactions are same. That is the net change inside these coordinates is zero.

Anything happening beyond these coordinates does not relate to dynamic equilibrium. So we can say that these set of coordinates form a system which is under dynamic equilibrium or in simple words dynamic equilibrium is an example of a system.

Is dynamic equilibrium a closed system?

Yes. Dynamic equilibrium is an example of a closed system. The rates at which forward and backward reactions are happening are equal and hence we can say that the system is under steady state.

The contents of the system do not go out of the system except the energies. This is a well known characteristic of a closed system. Hence, we can say that dynamic equilibrium is an example of a closed system.

Can dynamic equilibrium occur in an open system?

In real life, dynamic equilibrium does not occur in open systems. Open systems tend to lose the contents inside the system.

For a system to be in dynamic equilibrium, the contents inside the system cannot leave the system. The container has to be sealed for a reaction to occur under dynamic equilibrium. Hence, we can say that in real life dynamic equilibrium cannot be achieved in an open system.

Can an open system be at equilibrium?

Closed systems are easier to reach the state of equilibrium because the contents do not go out of the system nor any contents enter the system hence minimum change occurs.

As the change is minimum, it takes lesser time to reach equilibrium whereas in open systems, the change is constantly taking place so it gets difficult to reach equilibrium. Usually the open systems are under non equilibrium conditions.

What does not happen during dynamic equilibrium?

As we know the forward rate and backward rate of reactions are same. So the reactants and products form and get used up at the same rate.

As a result of this, we cannot see any change happening inside the system even though the reaction is taking place inside the system.

What does dynamic mean in dynamic equilibrium?

The term dynamic in general means something in constant motion. In dynamic equilibrium the system looks unchanged and static but in reality the reaction is taking place continuously.

Similarly in static equilibrium the contents are same as well as they are static in nature and don’t change without external factors stepping in.

Also Read:

Isolated System vs Closed System: A Comprehensive Guide for Physics Students

June 25, 2024January 17, 2022 by Riya Pandey

An isolated system is one in which neither energy nor mass can flow in or out, while a closed system is one where mass cannot flow in or out, but energy can be added or removed. Understanding the key differences between these two fundamental concepts in thermodynamics is crucial for physics students. This comprehensive guide will delve into the definitions, examples, characteristics, quantifiable data, theoretical explanations, and numerical problems related to isolated and closed systems.

Isolated System

Definition

An isolated system is a thermodynamic system in which neither energy nor matter can be exchanged with the surroundings. It is a system that is completely separated from its environment, with no interactions or exchanges taking place.

Examples

A bomb calorimeter, where no heat or matter can be exchanged with the surroundings.
An insulated thermos flask, where energy and matter are not exchanged with the surroundings.
A closed container with a fixed amount of gas, where the number of particles remains constant.

Key Characteristics

No Exchange of Energy or Matter: An isolated system does not allow any exchange of energy or matter with its surroundings.
Conservation of Mass and Energy: Isolated systems follow the fundamental laws of conservation of mass and energy, as no energy or matter can be created or destroyed within the system.
Constant Entropy: The total entropy of an isolated system remains constant, as there is no exchange of energy or matter with the surroundings.

Closed System

Definition

A closed system is a thermodynamic system in which mass cannot flow in or out, but energy can be added or removed. In other words, a closed system can exchange energy with its surroundings, but it cannot exchange matter.

Examples

A sealed beaker of water, where energy can be exchanged (e.g., through heating or cooling) but matter cannot.
A pot of water with a lid, where energy is transferred as heat but matter is not exchanged with the surroundings.
A battery-powered device, where energy is consumed but the mass of the device remains constant.

Key Characteristics

No Exchange of Matter: A closed system does not allow the exchange of matter with its surroundings, but it can exchange energy.
Energy Exchange: Closed systems can exchange energy with their surroundings, such as through heat transfer or work done.
Changing Entropy: The entropy of a closed system can change due to the exchange of energy with the surroundings, in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics.

Quantifiable Data

Entropy Change

In an isolated system, the total entropy remains constant, as there is no exchange of energy or matter with the surroundings.
In a closed system, the entropy can change due to the exchange of energy with the surroundings.

Energy Exchange

In a closed system, energy can be added or removed, such as through heat transfer or work done.
In an isolated system, there is no energy exchange with the surroundings.

Mass Exchange

In both isolated and closed systems, there is no exchange of matter with the surroundings.

Theoretical Explanation

First Law of Thermodynamics

Isolated systems follow the first law of thermodynamics, which states that energy cannot be created or destroyed within the system. The total energy of an isolated system remains constant.

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Closed systems follow the second law of thermodynamics, which states that the total entropy of the system and its surroundings always increases for irreversible processes. This means that the entropy of a closed system can change due to energy exchange with the surroundings.

Figures and Data Points

Entropy Change

The change in entropy of a system and its surroundings can be expressed as:
ΔS = ΔS_surroundings + ΔS_system

Gibbs Free Energy

The Gibbs free energy change (ΔG) of a system is related to the enthalpy change (ΔH) and entropy change (ΔS) by the equation:
ΔG = ΔH – TΔS

Measurements and Values

Entropy

Entropy is measured in units of joules per kelvin (J/K).

Energy

Energy is measured in units of joules (J).

Temperature

Temperature is measured in units of kelvin (K).

Theorems and Formulas

Entropy Formula

The entropy (S) of a system is related to the number of microstates (Ω) by the formula:
S = k_B * ln Ω
where k_B is Boltzmann’s constant.

Gibbs Free Energy Formula

The Gibbs free energy change (ΔG) is calculated using the formula:
ΔG = ΔH – TΔS

Numerical Problems

Calculate the entropy change in an isolated system where the number of microstates increases from 10 to 20.
Solution: ΔS = k_B * ln (20/10) = k_B * ln 2.
Calculate the Gibbs free energy change in a closed system where ΔH = 100 J and ΔS = 20 J/K at a temperature of 300 K.
Solution: ΔG = ΔH – TΔS = 100 J – 300 K * 20 J/K = -5000 J.

Reference Links

Khan Academy. (n.d.). The laws of thermodynamics (article). Retrieved from https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cellular-energetics/cellular-energy/a/the-laws-of-thermodynamics
ScienceDirect. (n.d.). Isolated System – an overview. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/mathematics/isolated-system
Lavelle. (2020). Closed vs isolated? – CHEMISTRY COMMUNITY. Retrieved from https://lavelle.chem.ucla.edu/forum/viewtopic.php?t=58140
StudySmarter. (n.d.). Closed Systems (Chemistry): Definition, Examples. Retrieved from https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/chemistry/physical-chemistry/closed-systems/
Wikipedia. (n.d.). Entropy. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy

Is Earth a Closed System: Why, When and Detailed Facts and FAQs

January 21, 2024January 11, 2022 by Keerthana Srikumar

Is earth a closed system is one of the most debated questions when any discussion about a closed system is regarded. It is a closed system for the transfer of matter.

Generally, we know that earth is made up of matter and several other elements in and around the surroundings of the earth. So when we get into deep discussions about the closed system we tend to oversee its technicality of it.

Basically is earth a closed system is asked among the discussion we get into. Firstly earth is a system which is basically made up of matter, water and exchange of energy too. Hence earth is regarded to be the closed system for the exchanges of matter.

Secondly, the earth is considered to be an open system when energy is considered. It is basically an open system when the transfer of energy takes place. Surroundings also aid in the transfer of energy inside and outside the earth.

As per the law of thermodynamics, matter does not leave the earth due to the presence of gravity. Hence we generally regard the earth to be a closed box. A closed box is simply one that does not allow the matter to enter or leave the system.

There is an understanding that all the elements of the periodic table exist on earth and they aid in the transfer of their own matter. They not only exist but are not allowed to leave the system of the earth because the gravitational force holds it strong enough to make it stay back on earth.

What does it mean if we say Earth is a closed system?

Is earth a closed system? Certainly yes, in terms of transfer of matter it is considered to be a closed system. Whenever there is said to be a transfer of energy earth is the main component that aids in the exchange of elements.

Earth is also named as lithosphere and the matter present in it will keep cycling between the first few layers of the earth. It does not necessarily leave the system’s surroundings. Whether is it matter, air, or energy it will be transferred to the surroundings inside and outside.

The matter or energy will only revolve around the so-called lithosphere (earth), hydrosphere, and biosphere. Beyond this, there are no possibilities of the matter or energy being exchanged.

We also must be aware of the types of system we are dealing with in general. They are isolate, closed and open systems. The isolated system is one such where neither the matter nor the energy is transferred.

A closed system is one such where only the energy gets transferred but not the matter, which means that energy, enters and leaves the system but not the matter. The closed system can also be regarded to be an open system partially since it allows the energy to enter and leave the system.

An open system is one such where both the energy and the matter are being exchanged or transferred per se. The system allows the energy and the matter to enter and leave the system.

Now that we have the knowledge about the types of systems, we can easily point to saying that earth is definitely a closed system in terms of exchange of matter an open system in terms of transfer of energy.

Why is Earth a closed system?

The main justification to this question is simpler when we study it using examples that happen in day to day life. Also transfer of energy alone makes the earth a closed system.

For instance we consider a reservoir in which certain matter or material flows between them or in the side pathways of a sink. Next we consider the nature in order to understand the earth being a closed system.

When ocean is spoke about for instance during summer the water evaporates at high rates. It’s condensed and then come down as rain. From this very occurring it is visible that earth only transfers the energy and not the matter.

The water vapour is being evaporated but the whole of the ocean is not being transferred elsewhere. Again after being evaporated it is getting condensed it comes back as rain. So there is no loss of matter in this whole process.

Next we consider the process of volcano. When any volcano erupts it will give out the hot lava called the magma outside the volcano. The heat produced during the eruption leaves the earth’s system but not the magma itself.

Like few examples like these give us a better understanding of why earth is a closed system and when does not act like one also. Earth only allows the energy to enter and leave the system but not any type of matter for that case.

**“sunset over ocean, sonoma coast” by ((brian)) is licensed under CC BY 2.0**

Why is Earth not a closed system?

Like we have discussed in the above few topics as to why the earth does not act as a closed system, because it transfers energy between the system and the surroundings.

The earth that has a biosphere unlike any other planet on the solar system is considered to be an open system due to the transfer of energy with the surroundings. There can be several other examples to show how the earth acts as an open system when it comes to the exchange of energy.

The earth receives energy in several ways and one of the important sources is the sun itself. The sun radiates heat energy in such a way that the earth receives it and provides it to the contents it consists of.

The earth receives energy not only from the fireball, the sun but also from the space which radiates back the energy it had received from the sun. The sun is the major provider of heat energy that is required by the earth because it has a biosphere in it.

Energy enters the earth from asteroids, meteoroids, and several components like these. They will radiate the energy and the earth captures it instantly. In this way, the earth acts as an open system and not does act as a closed system.

The debris from the asteroids, meteoroids and so many will exactly hit the surface of the earth and enter into the same energy. Also, the earth will give out energy from its atmosphere into space.

All this is a continuous process and will finally term the earth to be an open system in the end. With these factors, considered earth can never be a closed system at all.

Is water on Earth a closed system?

Water on earth can or cannot be a closed system when several actions are considered. Water is basically the hydrogen and oxygen molecules bonded together. So we need to discuss certain events to prove it to be a closed system or not.

Water in small amounts compared to the water present in the ocean makes a big difference in knowing what system it exactly belongs to. Water in small amounts can be regarded to be an open system.

The main reason we consider water in small amounts to be an open system is that it will be used by plants for photosynthesis and as food for several species. The property of water is being lost and it no longer remains as a matter.

Photosynthesis is a process where the water molecules are broken down into carbon dioxide which we exhale as another process of breaking down food chemically. So in this way water becomes an open system where the matter is being lost from the system.

But when we consider the water in the ocean mainly under the earth, the water is just used by the plates of the earth, and deep down it only circulated and is not used for any purposes. The vast amount of water remains underground without any use and is circulated underground itself.

Hence these two examples showcase how the water on earth is an open system as well as a closed system. Once we understand the conditions it is been considered easier it becomes to categorize.

Is the earth a closed or open system for energy?

Whenever energy is considered earth is an open system because it completely allows the energy to enter and leave the system for necessity.

Radiation that is entering the surface of the earth from its surroundings is allowed to enter the surface of the earth instantly. Sun is the major provider for the energy to flow between the earth and the surroundings considered.

We all know that energy is got mainly from the sun and when it radiates the heat energy from the surface of it, automatically it will reach all the planets and earth consisting a biosphere will definitely need energy for all the habitats to survive.

Not only the sun provides but also several other factors too provide energy that enters and leaves the earth. Be it asteroids, meteoroids, and comets for that case. It will surely have debris that is the remaining of it from the exhaustion.

The debris will reach the earth’s surface and will interact with the particles present on the surface. In turn, the earth will also emit radiation from its atmosphere into space. This process will go on and on till a point.

Hence from all these occurring are evidence that the earth is definitely an open system for energy which it will allow to enter and leave the system when in need.

sun — **“Sun 2011-12-08” by Michael Karrer is licensed under CC BY-NC 2.0**

Why is earth a closed system in terms of matter?

Earth is a closed system for sure in terms of matter. The main reason behind this is the presence of gravity.

Gravity is a component that keeps everything grounded no matter how big or small the matter seems to be. So for instance let us take ourselves to this case, why do not we fly without any aid? The answer simply is gravity, and it keeps us down to the ground despite so many factors.

Gravity keeps all the matter present in the earth intact and without being lost to the surroundings. So the earth is called a closed system in terms of matter only because of gravity.

The matter comprises solid, liquid, and gas, hence gravity keeps them together and makes them not leave the system.

There is something called physical and chemical matter, in which the chemical matter will always remain the same and does not leave the earth’s surroundings at any cost.

Hence why call the earth to be a closed system in terms of matter. Physical laws need to be broken in order for matter to leave any system, mainly earth. Since it is impossible to break it stays within making the earth a closed system.

Frequently Asked Questions

If earth is a closed system, how can energy be lost?

We must know that energy cannot be created or destroyed. It just takes different forms.

Likewise, when the earth acts as a closed system the energy will be lost because there is no such thing called as laws for energy to be broken. Energy from the sun will be radiated and accepted by the earth and the same way the earth also will radiate energy but not matter.

Is earth an isolated system?

Earth can never be an isolated system at any terms for it has to transfer energy at all costs.

Earth can only be a closed system in terms of matter and an open system in terms of energy. But it can never be an isolated system at all. Some transfer must happen between the earth and the surroundings. So the earth has no possibility to be an isolated system.

Also Read:

7 Closed System Example: Detailed Facts and FAQs

January 21, 2024January 8, 2022 by Keerthana Srikumar

Closed system examples are found in day to day activities. When the system exchanges only energy any type of matter with the surroundings is considered to be a closed system.

There can be several closed system examples taken from the reality of our lives. When a system only transfers energy with the surrounding it is put in and not any matter is regarded to be the closed system.We shall discuss few closed system examples to understand the concept in a better way.

Earth
Bomb Calorimeter
Water Bottle
Ice Pack
Refrigerator
Battery
IC Engine

Earth

Earth is one of the major closed system example. A closed system is one in which energy alone is transferred and not any type of matter.

Earth is considered to be the best example for a closed system is that it only transfers energy ad not matter around its atmosphere. And it’s a natural process that is happening in and around the earth’s surrounding.

To explain how earth is regarded as a closed system we shall understand it better using a real life example. Consider a box fully covered and leave it in a room. When the temperature of the room goes up high the temperature inside the box rises too.

So the reason behind the rise in temperature inside the box is a clear closed system example. Simply because there is only change in temperature but no transfer of matter occurs in this case.

From this simple example we can know how the transfer of energy works for earth and its surroundings. When the sun radiates light also mainly energy it will enter the earth but the matter inside the earth does not change and remains constant.

We know that as long as the mass, weight, and space as long as it obeys the physical laws of the earth. It is been said that earth is an open system but it can be either open or closed according to the conditions that has been considered.

closed system example — **“Crescent Earth from Apollo 4” by Lights In The Dark is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0**

Bomb Calorimeter

The bomb calorimeter is regarded as an object that is used to measure the heat out of combustion during a reaction. It is actually a constant volume calorimeter.

So this bomb calorimeter is regarded to be the closed system because of the exchange of heat energy in and out of the calorimeter. Calorimeter is basically the object which is used to measure the heat during physical and chemical reactions.

Bomb calorimeter is sometimes compared with the coffee cup also. There is something called coffee cup calorimeter which is used to measure the heat in a mixture where a thermometer is used in order to convert it to an isolated system.

This process is carried only because to get an accurate value for the heat exchanged between the system and the surroundings. In the reaction mixture if the heat generated in that mixture escapes in some way or the other then we call it an open system.

Coffee cup with lid on it is mainly considered to be the closed system. The reason is when the coffee is hot and a lid is put over it the temperature is still hot for a long time. It is considered one such because of the circumstances.

**“File:Bombenkalorimeter mit bombe.jpg” by Harbor1 is licensed under CC BY 3.0**

Water Bottle

When we talk about the water bottle we generally are considering the bottle to be made up of metal. Metal water bottles are wide spread as a closed system example.

We use the metal water bottle because the make it the metal one and it will not allow any matter to be exchanged between the system and the surroundings. So metal water bottle are been used in several industries in order to save the matter being transferred.

The metal water bottle exchanges only the heat energy form the surrounding and not the matter inside the bottle. This is considered to be the example for closed system as it can only transfer and exchange energy from the surroundings provided it is sealed.

A closed system is one which has boundary in order to save the matter being lost to the surroundings. So the water bottle is a good example for a closed system because it has a boundary meaning a lid respectively.

Hence the boundary that is the lid will absorb energy form the surrounding and will allow only the energy form inside to escape to the same boundary as well. So there is no loss of matter even the reaction is a chemical or physical reaction.

Ice Pack

Ice packs are usually the ones which come into use during an injury and to reduce the temperature in the body. It absorbs the extreme heat form the body to the pack.

Closed system example holds ice pack as one such where it describes and justifies the actual conditions of a closed system. Also these are the most essential when it comes to sports. When a play is injured the ice packs come to use instantly.

We call it a closed system as it only exchanges energy with surroundings because the matter remains a constant throughout. When exposed to high temperatures the ice will melt but will not be exchanged with the surroundings.

The melted ice when kept in freezer will immediately go back to the solid form that is, the ice. In this way matter only changes form one form to another but does not get exchanged and no quantity of matter is been lost.

In ice packs there are energy consuming molecules that will absorb energy form the surroundings and be of to use. By doing work the energy is also released into the surroundings as such and this is comes under the concept of a closed system.

Refrigerator

Refrigerator is a device that will cool substances when kept inside it. So the main reason it comes under a closed system is that it will circulate the air from surroundings.

The air inside the refrigerator will keep recirculating within then definitely is one of the good examples of closed systems. There is a motor and compressor in the refrigerator that is connected to a shaft within.

Actually there is an are in the refrigerator where is will absorb energy from the surrounding and will convert that into the cool air sending it inside keeping the area inside the fridge very cool all the time. Because there is a continuous process running inside to keep the conditions of the closed system at sane.

Basically what happens in the refrigerator is that it will remove heat from the substance or space keeping it below temperature levels always. A refrigerant will be in the saturated vapour state form which it will enter the compressor.

This compressor creates and pressure on the vapour that is absorbed and the motor will aid in running this process. The shaft that connects both the compressor and the motor will run continuously.

Form this we can understand that only air is being absorbed compressed and sent inside as cool air. But the matter remains a constant wen the energy alone is being exchanged between the surrounding and the system.

refrigerator 1 — **“Vintage 1927 GE Refrigerator” by beautifulcataya is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0**

Battery

Battery is a device which allows the energy to pass and leave the system whenever in need. This shows that it is one of the major closed system example.

Depending on the conditions that prevail for the batteries it acts as closed and isolated system. Mainly when there are certain batteries in which the charge does not die out are regarded to be the isolated system.

When the charge die out slowly then it is categorised under the closed system example. We need to consider the charge of the battery system only then it is possible to categorise it as closed or isolated system.

Battery is a system that allows the energy to enter and leave the system whenever charged. So there is only transfer of energy and no matter is been lost in this process. Technically there nothing named as isolated system.

It is either closed or open system that exists. But the science experiments carried out in laboratories has possibilities of being an isolated under the conditions designed specifically for that alone.

In lithium battery there is an electrolyte that helps conducting the transfer of charges form positive end to the negative end. Also one main reason for using lithium in batteries is that it has the capabilities to lose the electron from its outermost shell.

IC Engine

It is a known fact that all kinds of vehicles, boats and any other motors that uses engine to kick start the ignition uses the internal combustion engine (IC engine) for a smooth run.

The IC engine is a closed system because it exchanges heat energy in and around the vehicles. The combustion chamber has this IC engine an integral part of it only to ignite the fuel to start the vehicle.

Here the process occurs in such a way that it uses heat energy to ignite the fuel in order to move the vehicle so we come to an understanding meaning to say it is a closed system only and no matter is being lost in the process.

The main use of IC engine is that there is combustion system attached to the system itself and separate system is not required to ignite the fuel. Since only energy is being transferred and exchanged within and out of the system.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is universe an open or closed system?

Universe is a closed system as far as science is considered, because it does not attract anything in terms of matter.

Universe being a closed system it will only attract and release energy with the surroundings. If only the universe attracts matter form the surrounding the whole solar system would have a change within and outside each planet.

What does an open system mean?

An open system is one such where the energy as well matter is being exchanged with the surroundings.

In an open system the matter also gets exchanged along with the energy. For example a coffee cup where the hot coffee is no hotter when there is no lid present. Because the temperature is being released to the surrounding and even the gases present in the coffee is being lost meaning the matter is also exchanged.

Is human body an open or closed system?

Human body is clearly an open system because it not only exchanges energy but also matter with the surroundings.

The human body is system which usually exchanges energy with the surroundings and when the matter is exchanged it occurs with food, air and gases as well.so in general it is considered to be an open system also corresponds to the law of thermodynamics.

In vehicles mainly in car, can the radiator be closed or an open system?

The radiator is a system that cools the car’s engine allowing air to pass within when highly heated, so it is considered to the open system.

Basically what happens in a radiator is that it will allow a mass of air to pass through it which is a hot air it will convert it to cool and send it out keeping he engine intact. So when air is passed through it means the matter is being involved in the process. When matter is being a part of the exchange it is an open system.

Also Read:

The Comprehensive Guide to Aircraft Fuel Tank System: A Detailed Exploration

June 18, 2024June 13, 2021 by Esha Chakraborty

The aircraft fuel tank system is a critical component of any aircraft, responsible for storing and supplying fuel to the engines during flight. This complex system is designed to meet stringent technical specifications and regulations to ensure the safety and efficiency of aircraft operations.

Fuel Tank Inerting: Mitigating Explosion Risks

One of the key aspects of the aircraft fuel tank system is fuel tank inerting, a process that involves filling the fuel tank ullage space (the space above the fuel) with an inert gas to reduce the risk of explosion. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has conducted extensive research into methods that could eliminate or significantly reduce the exposure of transport airplanes to flammable vapors, with fuel tank inerting being a primary focus.

Quantifying Inerting Requirements

A study was conducted to more accurately quantify the amount and purity of Nitrogen-Enriched Air (NEA) required to inert a simple vented rectangular tank with a single NEA nozzle. The tank was instrumented to allow for the measurement of temperature, oxygen, and hydrocarbon concentration in the ullage space. The ullage space was heated or cooled as required, and small portions of heated fuel were provided to create elevated hydrocarbon concentrations in the tank, in accordance with the test plan. The tank was inerted with NEA from an industrial hollow fiber membrane gas generator, which provided for both variable NEA oxygen concentration (or purity) and flow rate.

Relationship between NEA Concentration and Flow Rate

The results of the study showed that varying the NEA oxygen concentration and flow rate had the expected effect on the reduction of tank oxygen concentration. Specifically, the reduction of tank oxygen concentration was faster with increased NEA purity (decreasing oxygen concentration) and flow rate. To further analyze the data, the researchers nondimensionalized the data in terms of NEA oxygen concentration and flow rate, allowing them to determine the specific relationship between these parameters or to highlight the ability to nondimensionalize the data in terms of a certain parameter.

Computational Tools for Fuel System Analysis

In addition to the research on fuel tank inerting, another study highlights the development of a computational tool for aircraft fuel system analysis. This tool simulates fuel level measurement under diverse aircraft attitudes and fuel sensor data readings as a function of fuel level, fuel tank geometry, sensor location, and aircraft movement.

Simulating Fuel Level Measurement

The computational tool is designed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the aircraft fuel system, including the behavior of fuel sensors and the impact of various factors on fuel level measurement. By simulating fuel level measurement under diverse aircraft attitudes and movements, the tool can help engineers and designers optimize the fuel system design and improve the accuracy of fuel level monitoring.

Inerting System Comparison for the KC-135A Tanker Aircraft

The Aircraft Fuel Tank Inerting System document provides a Task 1-1, Inerting System Comparison summary of the conceptual design studies conducted for the KC-135A Tanker Aircraft design. The purpose of these studies was to establish tradeoff comparison information for liquid nitrogen and permeable membrane inerting techniques for the aircraft’s wing fuel tanks.

Liquid Nitrogen vs. Permeable Membrane Inerting

The study compared the performance, cost-effectiveness, and feasibility of using liquid nitrogen and permeable membrane inerting techniques for the KC-135A Tanker Aircraft. The findings from this study can provide valuable insights into the selection and implementation of inerting systems for other aircraft fuel tank systems.

Conclusion

The aircraft fuel tank system is a complex and critical component of any aircraft, designed to meet specific technical specifications and regulations. Fuel tank inerting is a key aspect of the system, and ongoing research is being conducted to improve the cost-effectiveness and efficiency of inerting techniques. Additionally, the development of computational tools for aircraft fuel system analysis is helping to enhance the understanding and optimization of fuel level measurement and sensor performance under diverse operating conditions.

References:

Transport Airplane Fuel Tank System Design Review, Flammability… https://unblock.federalregister.gov
Inerting of a Vented Aircraft Fuel Tank Test Article With Nitrogen https://www.tc.faa.gov/its/worldpac/techrpt/ar01-6.pdf
Highlights Computational tool for aircraft fuel system analysis https://www.researchgate.net/publication/377635477_Highlights_Computational_tool_for_aircraft_fuel_system_analysis
Computational Tool for Aircraft Fuel System Analysis – MDPI https://www.mdpi.com/2226-4310/11/5/362/pdf?version=1715258263
AIRCRAFT FUEL TANK INERTING SYSTEM – DTIC https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA141863.pdf

Comprehensive Guide to the Visual System: Quantitative Insights and Techniques

June 18, 2024January 21, 2021 by Sanchari Chakraborty

The visual system is a complex and intricate network of structures and processes responsible for the perception, processing, and interpretation of visual information. This comprehensive guide delves into the quantitative aspects of the visual system, providing a detailed exploration of the various techniques and methods used to assess its functionality.

Visual Field Testing: Mapping the Boundaries of Sight

Visual field testing is a crucial tool in the assessment of the visual system. It measures the sensitivity of an individual’s visual field, determining the threshold at which a stimulus can be detected in different regions of the visual field. This information is presented in the form of numerical sensitivity plots and grayscale maps, providing quantitative data on the person’s visual sensitivity.

Numerical Total Deviation Map

The numerical total deviation map compares the patient’s visual sensitivity to an average normal individual of the same age. This comparison allows for the identification of any generalized decreases in visual sensitivity, which can be indicative of various underlying conditions.

Numerical Pattern Deviation Map

The numerical pattern deviation map, on the other hand, focuses on discrepancies within a patient’s visual field. By correcting for generalized decreases in visual sensitivity, this map highlights specific areas of the visual field that exhibit abnormalities, providing valuable insights into the nature and extent of the visual impairment.

Eye Tracking: Quantifying Visual Information Processing

Eye tracking is another powerful technique used to assess the visual system. This method measures the eye movement responses to different visual stimuli, providing quantitative data on the quality of visual information processing.

Remote Eye Tracker and Preferential Looking Paradigm

The eye tracking process typically involves the use of a remote eye tracker and a four-choice preferential looking paradigm. This setup allows for the measurement of reflexive eye movement responses to specific visual modalities, from which output parameters such as reaction times, fixation accuracy, and fixation duration are calculated.

Quantifying Viewing Behavior

These quantitative measures of eye movement responses provide valuable insights into a child’s viewing behavior, offering a window into the underlying processes of visual information processing. This information can be particularly useful in the assessment and monitoring of visual development in children.

Visual Prostheses Evaluation: Assessing Functional Improvements

In addition to visual field testing and eye tracking, researchers have developed methods to compare the efficacy of different visual prostheses in improving visual function in patients with very low vision. One such approach is the Basic Assessment of Light and Motion (BaLM) test battery.

BaLM Test Battery

The BaLM test battery was developed to assess four basic visual dimensions: light perception, temporal resolution, localization of light, and motion. By evaluating the performance of visual prostheses across these dimensions, the test provides quantitative data on the visual function of patients with very low vision, allowing for a more comprehensive understanding of the impact of these devices on visual rehabilitation.

Quantitative Measures of the Visual System

The visual system can be quantified through various metrics and measurements, providing a deeper understanding of its functionality. Some key quantitative measures include:

Visual Acuity

Visual acuity is a measure of the sharpness or clarity of vision, typically expressed as a fraction or decimal value. It is often assessed using standardized eye charts, such as the Snellen or Landolt C charts, and can be used to evaluate the overall performance of the visual system.

Contrast Sensitivity

Contrast sensitivity refers to the ability to detect differences in brightness between an object and its background. This measure provides insights into the visual system’s ability to process and interpret subtle changes in luminance, which is crucial for tasks such as object recognition and navigation.

Color Vision

Color vision assessment involves the evaluation of an individual’s ability to perceive and differentiate between various color hues and shades. This quantitative measure can be used to identify color vision deficiencies, which may be indicative of underlying neurological or ophthalmological conditions.

Binocular Vision

Binocular vision refers to the integration of visual information from both eyes, enabling depth perception and three-dimensional spatial awareness. Quantitative measures of binocular vision, such as stereoacuity and fusional vergence, provide insights into the coordination and synchronization of the visual system.

Temporal Resolution

Temporal resolution is the ability of the visual system to detect and process changes in visual stimuli over time. This measure can be assessed using techniques like flicker fusion frequency, which determines the rate at which a flickering light appears to be steady.

Spatial Resolution

Spatial resolution refers to the visual system’s ability to distinguish between closely spaced visual elements. This can be quantified through measures such as visual field size, which determines the extent of the visual field, and visual field density, which assesses the distribution of photoreceptors within the retina.

Conclusion

The visual system is a complex and multifaceted entity, and the quantitative assessment of its various components is crucial for understanding its functionality and identifying potential abnormalities. This comprehensive guide has explored the key techniques and measures used to evaluate the visual system, providing a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and students interested in the field of visual science.

Reference:

Eyerounds.org. (n.d.). Visual Field Testing. [online] Available at: https://eyerounds.org/tutorials/VF-testing/ [Accessed 1 Jun. 2023].
Iovs.arvojournals.org. (2016). Quantitative Assessment of Visual Function in Children with Very Low Vision. [online] Available at: https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2126684 [Accessed 1 Jun. 2023].
Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. (2016). Quantitative Assessment of Visual Function in Children with Very Low Vision. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4993407/ [Accessed 1 Jun. 2023].

Robotics and Autonomous Systems: A Comprehensive Playbook for Science Students

June 18, 2024January 6, 2021 by Esha Chakraborty

Robotics and Autonomous Systems (RAS) have become increasingly prevalent in various industries, offering numerous benefits such as cost savings, performance improvements, and enhanced health and safety. To measure the value of RAS projects, it is essential to define clear objectives, expectations, and quantitative benchmarks in advance, aligning the project’s scope and ensuring the delivery of results and return on investment.

Measuring the Value of RAS Projects

Metrics for RAS Projects

In the context of RAS, the following metrics can be used to measure the value of projects:

Efficiency: Metrics such as task completion time, energy consumption, and resource utilization can be used to assess the efficiency of RAS systems.
Cost: Metrics like initial investment, operational costs, and maintenance expenses can help evaluate the cost-effectiveness of RAS implementations.
Quality: Metrics such as accuracy, precision, and defect rates can be used to measure the quality of outputs produced by RAS systems.
Scalability: Metrics like the ability to handle increased workloads, adaptability to changing requirements, and ease of integration can assess the scalability of RAS systems.
Adaptability: Metrics like the ability to handle unexpected situations, respond to dynamic environments, and learn from experience can evaluate the adaptability of RAS systems.

These metrics should be tailored to the specific pain points or opportunities that clients want to address, ensuring the delivery of results and return on investment.

Case Study: Industrial Robots

The implementation of industrial robots, which are automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose machines capable of welding, painting, and packaging, has shown a fourfold increase in the U.S. between 1993 and 2007. This growth can be attributed to the improved efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and quality of industrial processes enabled by these RAS systems.

Machine Learning in RAS

Machine learning techniques, particularly deep learning, have demonstrated efficacy in supporting RAS requirements and applications. These techniques can be used for:

Training and Learning: Machine learning algorithms can be trained on large, complex datasets to enable RAS systems to learn and adapt to various scenarios.
Analysis and Modeling: Machine learning can be used to analyze and model structured and unstructured data, supporting RAS applications in areas like planning, navigation, and robot manipulation.
Computer Vision: Deep learning-based computer vision techniques can be employed for tasks such as object detection, recognition, and segmentation, which are crucial for RAS systems operating in complex environments.

These machine learning techniques have been commonly deployed in various industries, including the inspection and monitoring of mechanical systems and civil infrastructure.

Human Factors in RAS

When it comes to human-robot interaction, several measurable dimensions have been identified to quantify the human factors in RAS:

Tactility: Metrics like perceived pleasantness when touching a robot can be used to assess the tactile experience.
Physical Comfort: Metrics such as human posture, muscular effort, and joint torque overloading can be used to evaluate the physical comfort of human-robot interaction.
Mechanical Transparency: Metrics like peri-personal space, comfortable handover, and legibility can be used to assess the transparency of the robot’s mechanical operations.
Robot Perception: Metrics like physical safety, predictability of the robot’s motion, and naturalness and smoothness of the motion can be used to evaluate the perception of the robot’s behavior.
Perceived Intuition: Metrics such as the sense of being in control, responsiveness to physical instruction, and feeling of resistive force can be used to assess the perceived intuitiveness of the robot’s interactions.
Conveying Emotions: Metrics like attitudes, impressions, opinions, preferences, favorability, and likeability can be used to evaluate the robot’s ability to convey emotions.
Receiving Emotions: Metrics like willingness for another interaction, behavior perception, politeness, anthropomorphism, animacy, and vitality can be used to assess the human’s emotional response to the robot.
Emotional State: Metrics such as perceived naturalness, agency, perceived intelligence, competence, perceived safety, emotional security, harmlessness, toughness, familiarity, friendship, friendliness, warmth, psychological comfort, helpfulness, reliable alliance, acceptance, ease of use, and perceived performance can be used to evaluate the human’s emotional state during the interaction.

These dimensions can provide valuable insights for researchers and practitioners in the field of RAS, helping to design and develop systems that are more intuitive, comfortable, and engaging for human users.

Conclusion

In summary, the value of RAS projects can be measured using various metrics, such as efficiency, cost, quality, scalability, and adaptability, focusing on specific pain points or opportunities that clients want to address. Machine learning techniques, particularly deep learning, have demonstrated efficacy in supporting RAS requirements and applications. Human factors in RAS can be quantified through several measurable dimensions, providing valuable insights for researchers and practitioners in the field.

References

Enzo Wälchli 🇨🇭 Switzerland’s #1 Robotics Voice 🤖 | LinkedIn, 2023-08-21, https://www.linkedin.com/advice/0/how-do-you-measure-value-robotics-projects-clients-skills-robotics
Macaulay Michael O., Shafiee Mahmood, Machine learning techniques for robotic and autonomous inspection of mechanical systems and civil infrastructure, 2022-04-29, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s43684-022-00025-3
Hillebrand et al., Human Factors Considerations for Quantifiable Human States in Physical Human-Robot Interaction, 2023-03-15, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10490212/
Daron Acemoglu and Pascual Restrepo, A new study measures the actual impact of robots on jobs. It’s significant, 2020-07-29, https://mitsloan.mit.edu/ideas-made-to-matter/a-new-study-measures-actual-impact-robots-jobs-its-significant