Mechanical

In this article “Thermal equilibrium example” will be discuss with detailed explanations. Thermal equilibrium example is very important concept to understand the changing of state for a substance.

11+ Thermal Equilibrium Example is encounter in below,

• Refrigerator
• Oven
• Melting of a ice cube
• Freezing of water
• Drying of wet hair
• Drying of wet clothes
• Cooling of a cup of tea
• Melting of ice-cream
• Freezing of ice- cream
• Cooling of a hot rod
• Making of tea

Refrigerator:-

Refrigerator is a device which is appropriate example of thermal expansion. When a food item is stored in the refrigerator that time the item will start to goes down its temperature and the temperature of the refrigerator and the temperature of food item will be same and the process of temperature changing for the food item will be stop.

Refrigerator is a home appliance and commercial appliance. The refrigerator carry a compartment with thermal insulator and also a heat pump through which heat easily can transfer from its midst to its external surrounding. For this process the inside temperature of the refrigerator will be lower than the temperature of the room.

Oven:-

Oven is a device which is also an appropriate example of thermal expansion. When a food item is placed in an oven and heat is applied on it that time the item will start to goes up its temperature. When the temperature of the oven and the temperature of food item will be same that time the process of temperature changing between the oven and the food item will be stop.

An oven is use for cooking purpose and also heats the food item to a wished temperature.

Types of oven:

Types of oven is listed below,

1. Electric oven
2. Gas oven
3. Earth oven
4. Masonry oven
5. Toaster oven
6. Ceramic oven
7. Wall oven
8. Steam oven
9. Microwave oven

Melting of a ice cube:-

Another example of thermal expansion is melting of an ice cube. When an ice cube placed on a normal temperature its try to reaching at the room temperature and melting point will be increases at this particular time ice cube start to changing its state from solid to liquid.

Freezing of water:-

Another example of thermal expansion is freezing of water. When water is placed on a lower temperature its try to reaching at the lower temperature from the normal temperature at this particular time water starts to change its state from liquid to solid.

Drying of wet hair:-

Drying of wet hair is another regular example of thermal expansion. When we dry our wet hair in normal room temperature that time our wet hair reach at the room temperature and hair will be dry.

Drying of wet clothes:-

Drying of wet clothes is another regular example of thermal expansion. When we dry our wet clothes in normal room temperature that time our wet clothes reach at the room temperature and cloth will be dry.

Cooling of a cup of tea:-

Cooling of a cup of tea is another regular example of thermal expansion. When a cup of tea is placed on a normal room temperature that time a cup of tea try to reaching at the room temperature and boiling point will be decreases. A cup of tea starts to change its temperature and became cool.

Melting of ice-cream:-

Another example of thermal expansion is melting of ice cream. When ice cream is placed on a normal room temperature that time its try to reaching at the room temperature and melting point will be increases and freezing point will be decreases. The ice cream starts to change its state from solid to liquid.

Freezing of ice- cream:-

Another example of thermal expansion is freezing of ice cream. When ice cream is placed on a refrigerator that time ice cream try to reaching at the refrigerant temperature and melting point will be decreases and freezing point will be increases. For this particular reason the ice cream starts to change its state from liquid to solid.

Cooling of a hot rod:-

Cooling of a hot rod is another example of thermal expansion. When a rod has higher temperature after doing any operation it became hotter. When a hotter rod is placed in a normal room temperature that time the rod try to reach at the room temperature. The rod starts to decreases its temperature and became cool.

Making of tea:-

When we make tea that time with hot water milk is added at that time the temperature of milk is low and the temperature of water is cold but when hot water and cold milk is added to each the mixture comes in a normal temperature. So, making of tea is also another example of thermal expansion.

Frequent asked questions:-

Question: –

Write the formula for thermal equilibrium.

Solution: – When two different matters stay in same temperature that’s mean the two different matters maintain thermal equilibrium.

The formula for thermal equilibrium is,

Where,

Q = Total energy of the specific matter of the body which is expressed in Joule

m = Mass of the specific matter of the body which is expressed in grams

C_e = Specific heat of the specific matter of the body which is expressed in joule per Kelvin per kilogram

Δ t = (Final temperature – Starting temperature) of the specific matter of the body which is expressed in Kelvin

Question: –

In a house a bowl is present which is decorated with beautiful stones. The bowl is made with aluminium. The weight of the bowl is 15 gram and temperature is about 39 degree centigrade. Now in the aluminium bowl water is placed. At this condition the temperature of the water will be 20 degree centigrade and weight of the water is about 32 gram.

Find the exact temperature where the temperature of the aluminium and the temperature of the water will be same.

Solution: –

We know that,

Where,

Q = Total energy of the specific matter of the body

m = Mass of the specific matter of the body

C_e = Specific heat of the specific matter of the body

Δt= (Final temperature – Starting temperature) of the specific matter of the body

For aluminium,

Given data are,

m_A =  15 gram

C_eA = 0.215 calorie per gram degree centigrade

Δ t_A = (T_f – T_iA) degree centigrade = (T_f – 39) degree centigrade

For water,

Q_W = m_W * C_eW *Δt_W………….. eqn (1)

Given data are,

m_W = 32 gram

C_eW = 1 calorie per gram degree centigrade

Δt_W = (T_f – T_iW) degree centigrade = (T_f – 20) degree centigrade

Now, from………….. eqn (1) and ………….. eqn (2) we can write,

Putting the value from eqn (1) and eqn (2),

(Put the value for C_eW = 1 calorie per gram degree centigrade)

T_f= 21.7 degree centigrade

In a house a bowl is present which is decorated with beautiful stones. The bowl is made with aluminium. The weight of the bowl is 15 gram and temperature is about 39 degree centigrade. Now in the aluminium bowl water is placed. At this condition the temperature of the water will be 20 degree centigrade and weight of the water is about 32 gram

The exact temperature where the temperature of the aluminium and the temperature of the water will be same is 21.7 degree centigrade

Question: –

Explain types of thermodynamic equilibrium.

Solution: – A system is called thermodynamic equilibrium when mechanical equilibrium, thermal equilibrium and chemical equilibrium are same.

Thermodynamic equilibrium three types, they are,

• Mechanical equilibrium
• Thermal equilibrium
• Chemical equilibrium

Mechanical equilibrium:-

A system is called mechanical equilibrium when pressure will be no changed in any condition and also no changes in acting of unbalanced force.

Thermal equilibrium:-

A system is called thermal equilibrium when temperature will be no changed in any condition inside the system of the matter.

Chemical equilibrium:-

A system is called chemical equilibrium when chemical reaction no present inside the system and also any type of composition changes is not present of the matter.

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In this article “Thermal expansion example” with detailed explanations will be discuss. Thermal expansion example is use for a substance when it is expands due to high temperature or low temperature.

9+ Thermal Expansion Example is listed below,

• Thermometers
• Removing tight lids
• Bimetallic strip
• Riveting
• Thermostats
• Cracks appearing in the roads
• Expansion joints
• Metal frame windows need rubber
• Tyre of the vehicle gets warm

Thermometers:-

Thermometer is the example of thermal expansion. Thermometer helps us to measure the amount of temperature or temperature gradient of a system. The thermometer used in many purpose such as science research, manufacturing field or practice of medicine, in automotive sector and many more. Thermometer is a tube which is made of glass material when thermometer is placed in a hot substance the inside liquid takes temperature and increases its volume. In the thermometer body equally divided the measurement scale. When the inside liquid rises up easily we can understand the temperature of the substance.

Removing tight lids:-

Sometime a lid of a jar too tight for this difficulty can face for open the lid. We all are know that when expansion is produce in a substance that time the substance is increases its volume area and length. So, facing difficulty opening of a lid if heat up then it’s expand its area and easy to open.

Bimetallic strip:-

Bimetallic strip is a device which is convert temperature into mechanical displacement. Bimetallic strip contain two different type of metal and work on the thermal expansion principle. In the bimetallic strip two metals are expand in different temperature difference.

Types:

Bimetallic strips classified in two sections,

• Spiral strip type
• Helical type

Spiral strip type:

Spiral strip type bimetallic strips is contains a structure of spiral like in it a pointer is added thus the pointer can measure the temperature. When the structure of the spring shaped is heated the metals shown their property of thermal expansion and the structure of the spring shaped is deform when temperature is fall. In this period the scale is recorded the amount of temperature. Normally by the help of spiral strip type bimetallic strips we can record the temperature of ambient.

Helical type:

Helical type bimetallic strips is contains a structure of helical like in it a pointer is added thus the pointer can measure the temperature. When the structure of the helical shaped is heated the metals shown their property of thermal expansion and the contracts on cooling. In this period the scale is recorded the amount of temperature. Normally by the help of helical strip type bimetallic strips we can record the temperature of industrial applications.

Advantages of Bimetallic strips:

• Less cost
• Robust
• Simple in use
• External power not needed
• Give accuracy in between ± 2 to 5

Disadvantages of Bimetallic strips:

• Low temperature does not work properly.
• Measure up to 4000 centigrade

Application:

• Bimetallic strip use in a fire detector or fire alarm
• Bimetallic strip use in mechanical clocks for minimize the errors during the changes of temperature.
• Heaters
• Iron box
• Heat engine
• Thermistor
• Fans

Riveting:-

Riveting is work on the basic of thermal expansion. Riveting is a fixed mechanical fastener. Rivets made with aluminium or steel and used to joining the metal pieces.  River joints contain gun, rivet pin and operation with rivet is known as riveting.

Types:

Types of rivet joints are,

1. Button head rivet
2. Join our Newsletter rivet
3. Belt rivet
4. Hollow rivet
5. Boiler construction rivet Explosive rivet

Thermostats:-

Thermostat is work on the basic of thermal expansion. Thermostat is a machine by which we can detect the amount of temperature changes. The thermostat uses in valves, switches, relays and many more.

Thermostat is a device which is works on two purposes one is for measurement and another one is for controlling function.

Cracks appearing in the roads:-

Cracks appearing in the roads it are another example of thermal expansion. Cracks in the road mainly happened in the hot afternoon when the temperature is rises too up. In the surrounding the temperature is rise up above the 90 degree and wrap and buckle is appearing.

Expansion joints:-

An expansion joint is an example of bellows type device. Expansion joints are mainly used for absorbing thermal expansion. In this way the expansion joints are make thus it could grip and holds the parts together when safely taking temperature induced expansion, vibration and also construction of a building material.

Expansion joints are used in railway tracks, sidewalks, buildings, ships, piping system, bridges.

Metal frame windows need rubber:-

Now in builds or other construction windows are made of metal. In these windows thermal expansion is happened for this particular reason rubber is use outside the frame of the window. Rubber is not good for heat conductor for this reason thermal expansion can be prevents and the frame will be stay at its correct position without any damage.

Tyre of the vehicle gets warm:-

When a vehicle is run for a long distance that time the tyre of the vehicles getting warm and thermal expansion is appear. Heat plays a vital role for getting warm of the vehicle tyres. When heat is increases the inside pressure is also increases for this reason the temperature is also goes up.

Frequent asked questions:-

Question: – Explain the coefficient of thermal expansion for matter.

Solution: – Thermal expansion coefficient is actually a physical condition of substance to change its area, shape, density and volume under changing of temperature. Thermal expansion is not including the phase transitions. The S.I unit of the thermal expansion is per Kelvin.

The equation for thermal expansion coefficient is,

Where,

∝ = Coefficient of thermal expansion for gaseous matter

V = Volume for gaseous matter

T = Temperature for gaseous matter

P = Pressure for gaseous matter

For particularly 1 mole ideal gaseous substance PV = RT,

Where,

∝ = R/PV = 1/T

Types of thermal expansion coefficient:

The thermal expansion coefficient can be divided in three sections,

• Linear expansion coefficient
• Area expansion coefficient
• Volume expansion coefficient

Linear expansion coefficient:-

Linear expansion coefficient can be explained as, changing of length due to temperature.

Linear expansion coefficient can be written as,

Where,

ΔL= Changing in length

L₀= Original length

∝ = Length expansion coefficient

L = Expanded length

Δ T = Temperature difference

Area expansion coefficient:-

Area expansion coefficient can be explained as, changing of area due to temperature.

Area expansion coefficient can be written as,

Where,

ΔA= Changing in area

A₀= Original area

∝= Area expansion coefficient

A = Expanded area

Δ T= Temperature difference

Volume expansion coefficient:-

Volume expansion coefficient can be explained as, changing of volume due to temperature.

Volume expansion coefficient can be written as,

Where,

Δ V = Changing in volume

V0 = Original volume

∝ = Volume expansion coefficient

V = Expanded volume

ΔT= Temperature difference

Question: –

Rup daily uses a rod or his gardening purpose, one day he forgets to bring the rod at his own house. The length of the rod is 10 meter at the temperature of 39 degree centigrade. After forget the rod the length of the rod became 15 meter and that time the temperature is 35 degree centigrade.

Now determine the thermal expansion coefficient for the rod.

Solution: – Given data are,

Changing in length ΔL = (15 – 10) meter = 5 meter

Original length L₀ = 10 meter

 Length expansion coefficient ∝= ?

Expanded length L = 15 meter

Temperature difference Δ T = (39 – 35) degree centigrade = 4 degree centigrade

Absolute temperature = T = (273 + 4) K = 278 K

Rup daily uses a rod or his gardening purpose, one day he forgets to bring the rod at his own house. The length of the rod is 10 meter at the temperature of 39 degree centigrade. After forget the rod the length of the rod became 15 meter and that time the temperature is 35 degree centigrade.

The thermal expansion coefficient for the rod is 17 x 10 ^-4 K ^-1

In this article “Real gas examples” and real gas examples related which circumstances will be summarized. Real gas examples are does not follow the law of gases. Real gas examples works in low temperature.

8+ Ideal Gas Examples are listed below,

• Soda fountains
• Cable TV and WiFi
• Light bulbs
• Bakery products
• Hot air balloon
• Opening of a soda bottle
• Fire extinguisher
• Paintball

Soda fountains (Carbon dioxide):-

The soda fountains is a machine device by which we can get carbonated soft drinks, this types of drinks called fountain drinks. The soda fountains devices are now available in everywhere almost from start to restaurants it easily available in local markets. In the soda fountains machines syrup concentrate or flavoured syrup is mix up with purified and chilled water, carbon dioxide.

With taking the help of soda gun the drinks can easily can out from the device.  Now bag in box soft drinks are kept in the soda fountains device. The carbon dioxide one of the most soluble gas substance among the all toxic gases thus carbon dioxide is the appropriate gas for preserve the drinks.

Cable TV and WiFi (Helium):-

In cable TV and WiFi connection real gas is use. In telecommunications, cable internet or cable internet access helium gas is use. Now a day uses of internet by help of cable lines gives lots of development and advancement of our busy schedule.

Benefit of Cable TV and WiFi:

• Reliable
• Admirable service

Light bulbs (Argon):-

Inside the light bulbs argon gas is used. The light bulb mainly depends on the working principle of incandescence. The meaning the incandescence is the light bulbs make light when heat is produced.

When in a thin metal filament of light bulb electric current is flows that time the filament getting heat and after heated it start to glow and in this way light is produce. In the light bulb filaments are made of tungsten because this metal have higher melting point compare to other metal.

Bakery products (Carbon dioxide):-

In bakery products carbon dioxide is used.  In bakery products such as pies, rolls, breads, muffins and pastries sodium bicarbonate is uses. When the sodium bicarbonate mixes up with the products of bakery that time carbon dioxide is produce.

Hot air balloon (Hydrogen and Helium):-

Hot air balloon is lighter than the air craft. The hot air balloons have a big size balloon which is named envelope which has heated air. Inside the hot air balloons hydrogen and helium gas are present. A basket is present in it.

Opening of a soda bottle (Carbon dioxide):-

In a soda bottle compressed carbon dioxide is uses. The main reason behind using the carbon dioxide inside the bottle is this is the most non toxic gas. The fizz that bubbles up when we crack open a can of soda is carbon dioxide gas CO₂. The industrial who make the soft drinks add this tingling froth by forcing carbon dioxide and water into your soda at high pressures—up to 1,200 pounds per square inch.

Fire extinguisher (Carbon dioxide):-

A fire extinguisher which is a device works as a safety device. Inside the fire extinguisher carbon dioxide is placed. It is used to control small size fire thus a big accident can be prevented.

In general two types of fire extinguisher are available. They are,

• Stored pressure fire extinguisher
• Cartridge operated fire extinguisher

Paintball (Nitrogen and carbon dioxide):-

The paintball is a comparative and very fun game. The purpose of the game is to hit a target object with the help of paintball. The gelatine shells are used to make paintballs. Inside the paintball carbon dioxide and nitrogen is placed. Inside the paintball carbon dioxide and nitrogen took place as liquid but when the trigger is pulled that time carbon dioxide and nitrogen under high pressure change its state and became gas.

Frequent asked questions:-

Question: – What are the properties for the real gas.

Solution: – Real gas isa gaseous matter which are work in higher pressure and lower temperature. In our surroundings real gas are present. Real gases not follow gas law at any particular temperature or pressure.

The properties for the real gas is given below,

1. When the real gas is comes across the porous plug that time the real gas passes high pressure to the comparative low pressure, for this particular reason temperature is changes.
2. Real gas substance can be liquidities. The reason behind of it the molecules of the real gas have a physical property that is intermolecular attraction by which molecules can coalesce.
3. The thermal expansion coefficient is depending upon the character of the real gas molecules.
4. The compressibility coefficient is depending upon the character of the real gas molecules.
5. Intermolecular attraction is present in the real gaseous substance. When the real gaseous substance is expanding the particles of the real gaseous substance have more kinetic energy to defeated intermolecular attraction and the temperature is changed.
6. When the temperature of the real gaseous substance is under the critical temperature that time the molecules of real gaseous substance can liquefied under particular temperature and pressure.

Question: – Explain the coefficient of thermal expansion for gas.

Solution: – Thermal expansion actually a physical condition of substance to change its area, shape, density and volume under changing of temperature. Thermal expansion is not including the phase transitions. The S.I unit of the thermal expansion is per Kelvin.

The equation for thermal expansion coefficient is,

Where,

α = Coefficient of thermal expansion for gaseous matter

V = Volume for gaseous matter

T = Temperature for gaseous matter

P = Pressure for gaseous matter

For particularly 1 mole ideal gaseous substance PV = RT,

Where,

α = RP/V = 1/T

Types of thermal expansion:

The thermal expansion can be divided in three sections,

• Linear expansion
• Area expansion
• Volume expansion

Linear expansion:-

Linear expansion can be explained as, changing of length due to temperature.

Linear expansion can be written as,

Where,

ΔL = Changing in length

L₀ = Original length

α= Length expansion coefficient

L = Expanded length

ΔT= Temperature difference

Area expansion:-

Area expansion can be explained as, changing of area due to temperature.

Area expansion can be written as,

Where,

ΔA = Changing in area

A₀ = Original area

α = Area expansion coefficient

A = Expanded area

ΔT= Temperature difference

Volume expansion:-

Volume expansion can be explained as, changing of volume due to temperature.

Volume expansion can be written as,

Where,

ΔV = Changing in volume

V₀ = Original volume

α = Volume expansion coefficient

V = Expanded volume

 Δ T= Temperature difference

Question: – Explain the coefficient of compressibility for gas.

Solution: – The coefficient of compressibility for gaseous matter is decreasing the amount of volume in per unit volume created by per unit change in pressure.

Read more about Thermal diffusivity : Its’s all important Facts and FAQs

Mathematically coefficient of compressibility written as,

Where,

β = Coefficient of compressibility for gaseous matter

V = Volume for gaseous matter

P = Pressure for gaseous matter

T = Temperature for gaseous matter

Coefficient of compressibility (β) for ideal gases,

Therefore, β should be a function of pressure only and the same for all gases. But experimentally the coefficient of compressibility has been found to be individual property

Question: – Explain the compressibility factor equation for gas.

Solution: – With the help of compressibility factor equation for gas we can understand reach of deviation of real gaseous substance from ideal gaseous substance character.

The compressibility factor equation for gas is,

Z = PV/RT

Where,

Z = Compressibility factor constant for gaseous substance

P = Pressure for gaseous substance

V = Volume for gaseous substance

R = Gas constant for gaseous substance

T = Temperature for gaseous substance

Read more about Pressure vessel design : It’s important facts and 5 parameters

Now, when the value of Compressibility factor constant for gaseous substance

Is equal to 1 (Z = 1) that time no deviation is present from the ideal gaseous substance behaviour.

Now, when the value of Compressibility factor constant for gaseous substance

Is not equal to 1 Z ≠ 1 that time the value of the unit for Z is measure for reach of non ideality.

When the value of Compressibility factor constant for gaseous substance

Is greater than 1 (Z < 1) that time the ideal gaseous substance will be more compressible.

When the value of Compressibility factor constant for gaseous substance

Is less than 1 (Z  > 1) that time the ideal gaseous substance will be not more compressible.

Read more about Specific Enthalpy : Its important properties & amp; 8 FAQ’s

Question: – The difference between real gas and ideal gas describe.

The major points are derive about the difference between real gas and ideal gas,

Parameter	Ideal gas	Real gas
Definition	The gas which are follow the law of gas at particular condition of constant pressure and temperature	The gas which are not follow the law of gas at particular condition of constant pressure and temperature
Formula	The formula which ideal gas is follow, PV = nRT Where, P = Pressure V = Volume n = Amount of substance R = Ideal gas constant T = Temperature	The formula which real gas is follow, Where, P = Pressure a = Parameter which need to determine empirically for individual gas V = Volume b = Parameter which need to determine empirically for individual gas n = Amount of substance R = Ideal gas constant T = Temperature
Availability	Not exist	Exist

In this article “Ideal gas examples” and ideal gas examples related facts will be discuss. Ideal gas examples are based on law of ideal gas. But in practical life ideal gas is not present in the universe.

3+ Ideal Gas Examples are listed below,

• Example 1
• Example 2
• Example 3

Example 1:-

Calculate the amount of density for the Nitrogen gas at the pressure of 256 Torr and 25 degree centigrade temperature.

Solution: – Given data are,

P = 256 Torr = 256 Torr x 1 atm/760 Torr = 0.3368 atm

V =?

T = (25 + 273) K = 298 K

n =?

Now we apply the formula for ideal gas,

PV = nRT   ………. eqn (1)

So, we also can write the density is,

ρ = m/v ………. eqn (2)

Where,

ρ = Density of the ideal gas

m = Mass of the ideal gas

v = Volume of the ideal gas

Now, m = M x n ………. eqn (3)

Where,

m = Mass

M = Molar mass

n = Moles

From eqn (2) and eqn (3) we get,

ρ = m/v …… (4)

Arranging the eqn (2) and eqn (3) we get,

ρ = M x n/V ……eqn(5)

ρ/M = n/V……eqn(6)

Now applying the equation of ideal gas,

PV = nRT

n/V =ρ /M ……eqn(7)

n/V = P/RT ……eqn(8)

From eqn (6) and eqn (8) we get,

ρ/M} = P/RT ……eqn(9)

Isolate density,

ρ = PM/RT……eqn(10)

ρ = (0.3368 atm)(2 x 14.01gram/mol)/(0.08206 L*atm*mol^-1*K^-1 )(298 K)

ρ = 0.3859 gram / mol

The amount of density for the Nitrogen gas at the pressure of 256 Torr and 25 degree centigrade temperature is 0.3859 gram / mol.

Example 2:-

A container which is filled with the Neon gas. The amount Neon in container is 5.00 Litre that time the temperature is 26 degree Centigrade at 750 mm Hg. A carbon dioxide vapour is now added to the container. The quantity of carbon dioxide added to the container is 0.627 gram.

Now determine these factors,

Partial pressure for Neon in atm.

Partial pressure for carbon dioxide in atm.

Total pressure present in the container.

Solution: – Given data are,

P = 750 mm Hg -> 1.01 atm

V = 5.00 Litre

T = (26 + 273) K= 299 K

n_ne =?

n_co2 =?

For Carbon dioxide the number of mole is,

n_co2 = 0.627 gram CO₂ = 1 mol/44 gram = 0.01425 mol CO₂

Now for Neon the number of mole is,

n_Ne= 0.206 mol Ne

Before adding the carbon dioxide to the container we can get only pressure for neon. So the partial pressure for neon is definitely the amount of pressure is already discussed in question.

Now for the carbon dioxide,

Using the equation of ideal gas equation we can write,

For the both Carbon dioxide and Neon Temperature, volume and gas constant remain same.

So,

1.01 atm/0.206 mol Ne = P_CO2/0.01425 mol CO₂

P_CO2 = 0.698 atm

Total pressure,

P_total = P_Ne + P_CO2

P_total= 1.01 atm + 0.698 atm

P_total = 1.708 atm

Partial pressure for Neon is 1.01 atm.

Partial pressure for carbon dioxide 0.698 atm.

Total pressure present in the container is 1.708 atm.

Example 3:-

Determine the amount of volume.

In a glass container carbon dioxide gas is present. The temperature of the carbon dioxide gas is 29 degree centigrade, pressure is 0.85 atm and the mass of the carbon dioxide gas is 29 gram.

Solution: – Given data are,

P = 0.85 atm

m = 29 gram

T = (273 + 29) K = 302 K

The mathematical form of the ideal gas is,

PV = nRT ……..eqn (1)

Where,

P = Pressure for the ideal gas

V = Volume for the ideal gas

n = Molar number for the ideal gas

R = Universal gas constant for the ideal gas

T = Temperature for the ideal gas

If in a matter M denoted as molar mass and mass of a matter denoted as m then the total number of moles for that particular matter can be expressed s,

n = m/M ……..eqn (2)

Combine the ……..eqn (1) and ……..eqn (2) we get,

PV = mRT/M ……..eqn (3)

We know the value of molar mass for carbon dioxide is,

M = 44.01 gram/ mol

From eqn (3) we can write,

V = mRT/M = 29 gram x 0.0820574 L*atm*mol^-1*K^-1 x 302/44.01 gram/mol x 0.85 atm

V = 19.21 Litre

In a glass container carbon dioxide gas is present. The temperature of the carbon dioxide gas is 29 degree centigrade, pressure is 0.85 atm and the mass of the carbon dioxide gas is 29 gram. Then the amount of volume is 19.21 Litre.

Real gas vs. Ideal gas:

Ideal gases follow the law of gas in a particular constant condition but real gas does not follow the law of gas in a particular constant condition. In practical life ideal gas is not exist but real gas is exist.

The major points are derive about the difference between real gas and ideal gas,

Parameter	Ideal gas	Real gas
Definition	The gas which are follow the law of gas at particular condition of constant pressure and temperature	The gas which are not follow the law of gas at particular condition of constant pressure and temperature
Movement of particles	The particle present in the ideal gas is free to move and the particle does not attend in interparticle interaction.	The particle present in the real gas is not free to move and compete with each other, the particle attend in interparticle interaction.
Volume occupied	Negligible	Not negligible
Pressure	High pressure is present	Lower pressure than the ideal gas pressure
Force present	Intermolecular force of attraction is not present	Intermolecular force of attraction is present
Formula	The formula which ideal gas is follow, PV = nRT Where, P = Pressure V = Volume n = Amount of substance R = Ideal gas constant T = Temperature	The formula which real gas is follow, (P + an2/V2)(V – nb) = nRT Where, P = Pressure a = Parameter which need to determine empirically for individual gas V = Volume b = Parameter which need to determine empirically for individual gas n = Amount of substance R = Ideal gas constant T = Temperature
Availability	Not exist	Exist

Read more about Isothermal process : Its’s all Important facts with 13 FAQs

Frequent asked questions:-

Question: – Derive the limitations of ideal gas.

Solution: – The limitations of ideal gas is listed below,

• Ideal gas could not work in high density, low temperature and high pressure
• Ideal gas not applicable for heavy gases
• Ideal gas not applicable strong intermolecular forces.

Read more about Gauge Pressure : It’s Important Properties with 30 FAQs

Question: – Write down the assumptions about the ideal gas.

Solution: – Actually in our surrounding ideal gas is no present. The law of ideal gas is a simple equation by which we can understand the relation between pressures, volume and temperature for gases.

The assumptions about the ideal gas is listed below,

• The gas particles of ideal gas have negligible volume.
• The size of the gas particles of ideal gas is equal and they don’t have intermolecular force.
• The gas particles of ideal gas have follows the law of motion of Newton’s.
• There is no loss of energy.
• The gas particles of ideal gas have elastic collision.

Question: – Derive the different form equation for ideal gas.

Solution: – Ideal gas formula actually combination of Boyle’s law, Avogadro’s law, Charle’s law and Gay Lussac’s law.

The different form equation for ideal gas is briefly summarize below,

Common form of ideal gas:

PV = nRT = nk_bN_AT = Nk_BT

Where,

P = Pressure for the ideal gas measured in Pascal

V = Volume for the ideal gas measured in cubic meter

 n = The total of ideal gas which is measured in moles measured in mole

R = Gas constant for the ideal gas which value is 8.314 J/K.mol = 0.0820574 L*atm*mol^-1*K^-1

T = Temperature for the ideal gas measured in Kelvin

N = The total number of the ideal gas molecules

k_b = Boltzmann constant for the ideal gas

N_A = Avogadro constant

Molar form of ideal gas:

Pv = Rspecific T

P = Pressure for the ideal gas

v = Specific volume for the ideal gas

Rspecific = Specific gas constant for the ideal gas

T = Temperature for the ideal gas

Statistical form of ideal gas:

P = k_b/μ m_μρ T

Where,

P = Pressure for the ideal gas

k_b = Boltzmann constant for the ideal gas

μ= Average partial mass for the ideal gas

m_μ = Atomic mass constant for the ideal gas

ρ = Density for the ideal gas

T = Temperature for the ideal gas

Combined gas law:-

PV/T = k

P = Pressure

V = Volume

T = Temperature

k = Constant

When same matter in present two different condition that time we can write,

P₁V₁/T₁ = P₂V₂/T₂

Question: –Derive the law of Boyle.

Solution: – Boyle’s law is a gas law. The gas law of Boyle’s derive that the pressure exerted by a gaseous substance(of a given mass, kept at a constant temperature) is inversely proportional to the volume occupied by it.

In other words, the pressure and volume of a gas are indirectly proportional to each other to the temperature and the quantity of gas are kept constant. 

The gas law of Boyle’s can be expressed mathematically as follows:

P₁V₁ = P₂V₂

Where,

P₁ = The initial pressure exerted by the gaseous substance

V₁ = The initial volume occupied by the gaseous substance

P₂ = The final pressure exerted by the gaseous substance

V₂ = The final volume occupied by the gaseous substance

This expression can be obtained from the pressure-volume relationship suggested by Boyle’s law. For a fixed amount of gas kept at a constant temperature, PV = k. Therefore,

P₁V₁= k (initial pressure x initial volume)

P₂V₂ = k (final pressure x final volume)

∴ P₁V₁ = P₂V₂

As per Boyle’s law, any change in the volume occupied by a gas (at constant quantity and temperature) will result in a change in the pressure exerted by it.

In this article “Aerobic septic system diagram” and aerobic septic system diagram related others facts will be discuss. Aerobic septic system diagram actually use components which are related to mechanical.

The aerobic septic system diagram is another form name is aerobic treatment system. In aerobic septic system a very small size sewage treatment system is work. It is almost same as septic tank system. In aerobic septic system mainly mechanical materials are used to treat discharge or sewage to an absorption area.

Read more about How Does A Heat Pump Work In Winter : Complete Insights, Critical FAQs

Septic pump system diagram:

Septic pump is systems contain a chamber which is placed in underground. It is made with fibreglass, concrete, plastic. In the chamber of septic pump system domestic sewage can flow for treatment.

Septic pump system diagram is given below,

Aerobic vs. anaerobic septic system:

The major difference aerobic vs. anaerobic septic system is discuss below,

Parameter	Aerobic septic system	Anaerobic septic system
By product	Aerobic septic system produce 1.Water 2. Excess amount of biomass 3. Carbon dioxide	Anaerobic septic system produce, 1. Excess amount of biomass 2. Carbon dioxide 3. Methane
Capital cost	Not too high	High
Maintenance cost	Expensive	Not too much expensive
Typical technologies	1. Moving bed bioreactor 2. Activated sludge 3. Extended aeration 4. Tricking filters 5. DHS(Down flow hanging sponge) 6. Oxidation ditch 7. MBR(Membrane bioreactor )	1. Hybrid high rate reactor 2. Single stage UASB reactor 3. Two stage UASB reactor 4. Continuously stirred tank reactor 5. Continuously stirred tank up flow 6. Continuously stirred tank digester
Energy	High energy needed.	Low energy needed.
Volume of sludge	Large	Low
Hydraulic retention time	High	Low
Operation	Easy	Not easy
Structure	Simple	Complex
Process	In the aerobic septic system bacteria continuously supplied into the tank where oxygen is also present. The continuous flow of oxygen helps to keep the bacteria more effective and the treatment process can flow continuously. A movable pallet is placed in the tank thus wastewater can avoid splitting into different three layers. This process is easier to treatment wastewater.	In the system tank of the anaerobic two components are placed, one is treatment tank and another is seepage field. At first wastewater is delivering to the treatment tank. In the Treatment tank solid type waste is store in the bottom of the portion. In the top portion slag is placed and in the center of the tank waste water is placed. The wastewater is clean for this reason the water can flow by the pipes which are hidden placed into the leach area. Divider box is situated in the pipes.  From the tank the wastewater flows more fluently. Before the step of filtration treated wastewater is back to the surrounding takes place at the point of leaching.
Effectiveness	More	Less

Frequent asked question:-

Question: – Write the positive sides of Aerobic septic system diagram.

Solution: – The positive sides of Aerobic septic system diagram is listed below,

1. Aerobic septic system reduce nitrogen
2. Helps to decreasing drain field clogging
3. Aerobic septic system perfect for water conservation
4. Long life is high
5. Continuously produce high quality wastewater
6. Aerobic septic system produces clean effluent
7. Aerobic septic system takes very less amount space for installation
8. Aerobic septic system can establish in various types of soils
9. Environmental friendly
10. Maintenance is very low
11. Simple design

Question: – Write the negative sides of Aerobic septic system diagram.

Solution: – The negative sides of Aerobic septic system diagram is listed below,

1. The noise of the blower is too much excessive
2. Installation cost is high
3. More power draws
4. Bad odour can comes if vented is not done properly
5. Excessive amount of water is use in the Aerobic septic system
6. Sometimes ammonia is emitted which could causes pollution in the nature.
7. Aerobic septic system should be insulated neither in winter unfavorable condition will be appear
8. High amount electricity is essential
9. Frequent pumping needed
10. Need more inspection

Question: – Describe the classifications of septic tank system.

Solution: – The size, shape, design can widely changes due to classified the septic tank system. The size factor of septic tank system included soil type, lot size, water bodies, weather condition and many more.

The classifications of septic tank system is listed below,

• Mound system
• Septic tank
• Chamber system
• Aerobic treatment unit
• Conventional system
• Drip distribution system
• Constructed wetland system
• Recirculating sand filter system
• Evapotranspiration system
• Community/Cluster system

Mound system:-

The most common classifications of septic tank system are Mound system. In the mound system tank is commonly used in high groundwater, soil depth and shallow bedrock. The mound system tank is made with sand and contained a drain field trench.

Wastewater is flow from septic tank to pump chamber. In the tank wastewater is pumped to the mound system that it could prescribed doses. After treatment of wastewater the water is discharge from the trench. After discharging the water is filter by sand and finally into the soil the water is disperses.

The mound septic tank system need periodic maintenance and a large amount space to install.

Septic tank:

The septic tank contained two chamber and these chambers are made of brick or concrete. PVC, pre or fibreglass septic tank, fabricated concrete rings is also available that will be less expensive.

The septic tank is small size scale decentralised treatment. The septic tank is actually a sedimentation tank and it is available in cylindrical or rectangular shape.

Advantages of septic tank:

• Electrical energy is not essential
• Little space required
• Low operating cost
• Long service life
• Simple construction

Disadvantages of septic tank:

• Only appropriate for low density housing
• Low reduction in solids, pathogens and organics
• Manual cleaning

Chamber system:

The chamber system type septic tank has series of chamber which are connected to each other. The chamber system septic tank area and its surrounding is filled with soil.

The chamber system septic tank has many types such as fabric wrapped pipe, open bottom chamber and many more.

Aerobic treatment unit:

Aerobic treatment unit is a natural process by which wastewater is treated. Oxygen rich bacterial is work for treatment in wastewater. For this process not too much space is needed and easy to construct.

Aerobic treatment unit process is done in four stages,

• Pre treatment
• Aeration chamber
• Disinfection
• Final treatment disposal

Conventional system:

In the conventional septic tank system which is used for very small size household or small business. The conventional septic tanks contain a septic tank and a bed subsurface or trench subsurface wastewater drain field system.

Drip distribution system:

Drip distribution septic tank system is used in many verities of drain fields. In the drip distribution septic tank system very large amount mound of soil is not needed.

This type of system maintenance cost is too high and electrical energy is needed.

Constructed wetland system:

The constructed wetland system treatment process is appearing in natural wetlands. This type of system can work in the pressure distribution or gravity flow.

Recirculating sand filter system:

Recirculating sand filter system is systems that can be construct both in below or above the ground. This type of system is very expensive to maintain and to install. Recirculating sand filter system is very high level treatment process system.

Evapotranspiration system:

Unique drain field type is evapotranspiration system. It is only useful for the specific environmental condition. The weather must be adequate sunlight and heat and must be arid.

Community/Cluster system:

Community/Cluster system the wastewater is collect from two or more than two buildings. This type of system mainly present in rural areas. Its contraction is not too much complicated.

In this article very interring topic “Pressure drag” is discusses. The cause of the pressure drag is pressure comparison intermediate surface of a matter. Pressure drag related everything is prate here.

Pressure drag derive as, when the molecules of the air being more pushed to each other on the surface of the matter’s front face and space is out more than the usual to the back face of the surface matter. The condition for a matter pressure drag more happened in the air particles for the flow of the turbulent.

What is pressure drag?

The relation between the velocity and pressure drag is directly proportional to each other. For the lower amount of velocity the amount of pressure drag is low and for the higher velocity pressure drag is high.

In a matter when force is acting that time the motion of the matter can stand against that known as pressure drag. When the matter is actually a gaseous matter is known as Air resistance or Aerodynamic drag and as the same time when the matter is actually a liquid matter is known as Hydrodynamic drag.

Read more about Gauge pressure : Its Important Properties with 30 FAQs

What is air pressure drag?

The main reason of the air pressure drag is size and shape of a matter. In the air pressure drag the layers of the air in not stays one directional due to the force for this reason turbulent flow is appear.

The meaning of the air pressure drag is the particles which are present in the air shoving more in the face of the substance and a huge placed diversion is produce in the back of the substance. Mainly the air pressure drags reason of the division of the border placer from a certain surface.

Read more about Pressure vessel design : It’s important facts and 5 parameters

How does pressure drag work?

Pressure drag work when the molecules present in the air more compressed on the face of the front plane and not more compressed on the face of the back plane for this reason the layers present in the air molecules being separate to each other and start to swirl, this condition known as turbulent flow.

Read more about Reynolds number : It’s 10+ Important facts

How to calculate pressure drag?

The equation of pressure drag state that, pressure drag which denoted as D is equal to the coefficient of drag which denoted as C_d multiplied the fluid density which denoted as r multiplied half of fluid velocity which denoted as V is square multiplied the area of reference which denoted as A.

Pressure drag can be calculate using this formula,

Pressure drag = Pressure drag coefficient x (Density x Velocity squred)/(2 x Reference area)

Mathematically can written,

D = C_d (ρ x v²) / (2 x A)

Where,

D = Pressure drag

C_d= Pressure drag coefficient

ρ = Density

 v = Velocity

 A = Reference area

Read more about Pressure vessel : It’s important facts and 10+ applications

How to reduce pressure drag?

The zone of the pressure low is appear behind the head, arms, back, and legs of the cyclists. It is very hard to reshape the parts from where the flow of the air is pass for reduce pressure drag.

The pressure drag can reduce in some ways, they are listed below,

• Apply aero helmet
• Body should be keep as low as possible
• Hiding some equipment
• The body should be keep in align
• Head should be keep down
• Double cap
• Keep the kick tight
• Point toes
• Low profile goggles should be wearing
• Hair should be shaving

How does air pressure affect drag?

The relationship with air pressure and drag is proportional to each other. Means the air pressure is increases then the drag amount is also increases and the air pressure is decreases then the drag amount is also decreases.

Pressure drag coefficient:

For any object which is moves in a motion due to force is applied that time drag is produce.

Pressure drag coefficient is the quantities resistance or drag of a particular matter in an environment which is based on liquid substance when force is exerted. The amount of the net force is act in the direction of the liquid substance flow due to shear stress and pressure on the plane of the particular matter.

Read more about Compressive Stress and it’s overview with important facts

Pressures drag coefficient formula:

The formula of the coefficient of pressure drag is given below,

F_d = c_d 1/2 ρ v²A

or, c_d = 2F_d/ρ u²A}

Where,

F_d= Drag force express in Newton

c_d = Drag coefficient

ρ= Density of a liquid substance express in kilogram per cubic meter

 v = Flow velocity of a liquid substance express in meter per second

A =Reference area for a particular body shape substance expressed in square meter The pressure drag coefficient depend upon some several facts of the parameters such as size and shape of any matter’s body, Flow of the liquid matter which is depend on Reynolds number, Mach number, Froude number and unevenness of the body.

How to calculate drag pressure coefficient?

Drag pressure coefficient can calculated using this formula,

In eqn (2),

Where,

c_d= Drag pressure coefficient

F_d = Drag force

A = Plan form area for a particular matter body

S = Wet surface for a particular matter body

c_p = Pressure drag coefficient

c_f = Friction drag coefficient

n̂= Perpendicular direction of a matter body which surface is dS. This is denoted the point from the fluid state to solid state

t̂ = Denoted the direction where shear stress is exerted on the matter of a body surface dS

î = Denoted the direction where vector is exerted in the flow of the stream

p = Pressure acted on the body of the matter at the dS surface

p_o = Far away pressure from the matter at the dS surface

T_w= Magnitude of the shear stress acted on the body of the matter at the dS surface

ρ = Density

v = Viscosity

Pressure drag vs. friction drag:

The compression between pressure drag and friction drag describe below,

Parameter	Friction drag	Pressure drag
Definition	When an object is flow in a liquid substance that time friction is appear between the liquid substance surface and the body of the matter and drag is produce. This type of drag is known as friction drag.	Pressure drag is produce when the materials of a matter is resolved the force because of pressure is applied normally to the all points of the surface of a matter’s body.
Formula	Where, Cf = Skin friction coefficient Tw = Skin shear stress which is applied in the surface plane of the body v∞= Free stream speed for velocity of the body ρ∞ = Free stream speed for density of the body 1/2ρ∞ v2∞ ≡ q∞ = Free stream dynamic pressure for the body of the matter	or, Where, Fd = Drag force express in Newton cd = Drag coefficient ρ = Density of a liquid substance express in kilogram per cubic meter v = Flow velocity of a liquid substance express in meter per second A =Reference area for a particular body shape substance expressed in square meter
Dependent	Friction between the surface and the body of the matter	Size of the body

Pressure drag vs. skin friction drag:

The compression between pressure drag and skin friction drag describe below,

Parameter	Skin friction drag	Pressure drag
Definition	The skin friction drag actually is an example of the state of aerodynamic drag. The skin friction drag can prevent force applied of a particular matter which is flowing in a motion in liquid substances.	Pressure drag is mainly causes because of increasing pressure in front of a particular object and decreasing pressure in the back portion of the object.
Equation	Where, Cf= Skin friction coefficient Tw= Shear stress for the local wall q = Dynamic pressure for the free stream Now layers of boundary where pressure gradient is not applied in the direction of x that time momentum thickness can be express as, For the particularly turbulent flow the skin friction coefficient can be estimate using following equation, For the particularly laminar flow the skin friction coefficient can be estimate using following equation,	or, Where, Fd = Drag force express in Newton cd = Drag coefficient ρ = Density of a liquid substance express in kilogram per cubic meter v = Flow velocity of a liquid substance express in meter per second A =Reference area for a particular body shape substance expressed in square meter
Dependent	Viscosity	Shape and size of the matter
Relationship	Directly proportional to the viscosity	Directly proportional to shape and size of the matter
Example	Motion of a airplane in air Motion of a matter in liquid substance	Air resistance Riding of a bicyclist Motion of a boat in water

Read more about Shear modulus : Modulus of rigidity : It’s important facts and 10+ FAQ’s

Pressure drag vs. induced drag:

The compression between pressure drag and induced drag describe below,

Parameter	Pressure drag	Induced drag
Definition	When air molecules are compressed pressure drag produce.	The position of the wing drag initiated by or working from the nature of the lift.
Relationship with speed	The relation between airspeed and pressure drag is directly proportional to each other.	The relation between airspeed and induced drag is indirectly proportional each other.
Factor depend	1. Size and shape of the body of a object 2. Surrounding pressure 3.Motion of the liquid	1. Size and shape of the body of a object 2. Inclination of a object 3. In the air flow condition of a object

Pressure drag example:

Examples of the pressure drag is listed below,

1. Airfoil
2. Hummer H2 SUV
3. Skydiver
4. Bicycle
5. Sphere
6. Circular flat plate
7. Honda civic
8. Dodge ram pickup
9. Toyota Camry
10. Object moving in a liquid substance
11. Speedboat

Read more about Drag Coefficient of Sphere.