Sania Jakati

This is Sania Jakati from Goa. I am an aspiring chemist pursuing my post graduation in organic chemistry. I believe education is the key element that moulds you into a great human being both mentally and physically. I'm glad to be a member of scintillating branch of chemistry and will try my best to contribute whatever I can from my side and Lambdageeks is the best platform where I can share as well as gain knowledge at the same time.

N2F2 Lewis Structure & Characteristics (13 Complete Facts)

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The N2F2 Lewis structure refers to the molecular structure of nitrogen difluoride. Nitrogen difluoride is a chemical compound composed of one nitrogen atom and two fluorine atoms. The Lewis structure is a diagram that represents the arrangement of atoms and the bonding between them in a molecule. It helps us understand the chemical properties and … Read more

Lithium Structure & Characteristics: 27 Quick Facts

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Lithium is an alkali S block metal belonging to second period and group one of the periodic table. Let us understand more about lithium in following sections. The atomic number of lithium, is 3 and the symbol used to represent it is Li. It is observed to be solid at room temperature and under standard … Read more

5 Steps to Draw CCl2F2 Lewis Structure,Hybridization(Solved)

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CCl2F2 Lewis Structure

Dichlorodifluoromethane (CCl2F2) has a tetrahedral geometry with the carbon (C) atom at the center. Carbon, with 4 valence electrons, forms two single bonds with chlorine (Cl) atoms and two with fluorine (F) atoms. Each Cl and F atom contributes 7 and 9 electrons respectively, leading to 4 pairs of bonding electrons and no lone pairs … Read more

Bas Lewis Structure, Characteristics: 13 Facts You Should Know

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In this article, we are going to study the Bas lewis structure and the important facts associated with it.

By using the lewis concept (bas Lewis structure) we can understand the bonding between atoms in a molecule. So we are going to apply this concept to barium sulfide and study the molecule in detail.

How to draw Bas lewis structure?

So in order to understand the bas Lewis structure we must know the number and types of atoms present in the molecule. There is one barium atom and one sulfur atom.

As we can see the bond formation is taking place between a metal (barium) and a non metal(sulfur). So the resultant compound will be of the ionic type. So in this type of bonding what will happen is valence electrons will be transferred to the non metal from the metal ( barium to sulfur). Valence electrons that are contributed by Ba is 2 and S is 6.

bas lewis structure
bas lewis structure

Hence the sum of all the Valence Electrons is 8 electrons. So in order to satisfy the octet of sulfur, barium will give 2 of its electrons to sulfur. In this way it will lead to the formation of ionic bond of barium sulfide.

Bas lewis structure resonance?

What we understand by resonating structure of a molecule are the structures(lewis) through which we can understand electrons delocalization in molecule or an ion(polyatomic).

The important condition for a molecule to resonate is it should possess at least one double bond and at least one pair of electrons that are available for donation.

So a lewis structure is of great help in studying the molecule.

Bas lewis structure shape

Barium sulfide is observed to be a colorless(crystalline type of solid). Having a density of around 4.25 g/cm3.

The observed melting point of this particular compound is around 2235 degrees Celsius and talking about its boiling point it decomposes very soon. So the shape of barium sulfide molecule is octahedral type. Where the cation has anions surrounding it.

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Image credit: Wikipedia

Bas lewis structure formal charge

We can carry out the calculation of formal charge by making use of the formula given below.

formula 1

V symbolizes all the valence electrons that are present

N symbolizes all the non-bonding type of electrons(valence).

B symbolizes all the electrons that are shared in the bonds.

Hence the formal charge on the barium sulfide molecule is zero.

Bas lewis structure angle

We can that there are 2 atoms that participate in the formation of barium sulfide.

Out of which on is a barium element atom and the other is sulfur atom.  As the compound is an example of ionic and the structure will be having octahedral type geometry. The bond angle of octahedral type of geometry is around 180 degrees.

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Image credit: Wikipedia

Bas lewis structure octet rule

In concept of octet rule, the atoms forming a molecule give away or accept electrons to satisfy their octet.

Meaning the outermost shell of an atom should be filled completely. This is called obtaining of a completely filled octet. So in the molecule of barium sulfide, barium gives away 2 of its available valence electrons to the sulfur atom (which has 6 valence electrons).

In this way an ionic bond is formed and the octet of barium sulfide is satisfied.

Bas lewis structure lone pairs

We know that a barium molecule has octahedral type of geometry. So contribution of valence type of electrons is 8. Presence of lone pairs has got very importance as it is responsible for predicting the structure of that particular molecule.

Bas valence electrons

The total valence electrons in the barium element are 2.

The total valence electrons in sulfur atoms are 6. So the total valence electrons present in the molecule will be 2+6=8. Hence two valence electrons of barium are donated to sulfur and its octet is satisfied.

Bas hybridization

Hybridization is the process where orbitals (atomic) are mixed so as to form new set of orbitals. This newly formed orbitals have totally different kind of shape, energy. If the s and p character is 50% each the it leads to sp hybridization.

Bas solubility

Coming to the solubility of barium sulfide, it will differ as we change the temperature.

When the temperature is zero degrees Celsius (less) the solubility is 2.8 g/100mL. When the temperature is 20 degrees Celsius (moderate) solubility is 7.68 g/100mL. When the temperature is 100 degrees Celsius (high) the solubility is 60.3 g/100mL.

It has been observed that barium sulfide will not dissolve in methanol and ethanol.

Is Bas ionic

A compound is said to be ionic when the bond formation occurs between a metal and a non metal. In the example of barium sulfide barium being a metal, sulfur (non metal), the bond is occurring between them. Thus the barium sulfide is an ionic type of compound.

Is Bas polar or non polar

A compound will be polar if there is at least some amount of difference in the electronegativity of atoms being involved for bond formation.

A non polar type of compound will not have any kind of difference w.r.t electronegativity. Meaning there is equal sharing of charge. The electronegativity of barium is 0.9 and the electronegativity of sulfur is 2.6. The electronegativity difference for the compound Bas is hence 1.77.

So yes there is some amount of difference in the electronegativity, hence the barium sulfide compound is polar.

Is Bas acidic or basic

Bas is an inorganic type of compound. So we can say barium sulfide is a source of sulfate and it is (moderately) soluble in acids and H2O.

Conclusion

To wrap with the post we can say that barium sulfide is an inorganic type of compound which has octahedral kind of geometry. The bond formation in the molecule takes place by the metal giving 2 electrons to the non metal and the resulting is an ionic kind of compound.

Also Read:

H2PO4 Acid or Base: 7 Facts Beginners Should Know!

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In this article, we will understand various facts about H2PO4 acid or base.

H2PO4 acid or base is a very frequent question. So the answer to that it is an acid (weakly acidic). Its IUPAC name is dihydrogen phosphate.

Is H2PO4 acid or base, if yes is it a strong acid?

H2PO4 is an inorganic type of anion which is monovalent. It contains of phosphoric acid where in one out of three groups of OH have been deprotonated.

It’s molecular weight is around 96.98 g/mol. So H2PO4 is a comparatively weak acid and not a strong acid. We can differentiate or categorize an acid is weak or strong acid based on the fact that, whether it has the potential to undergo complete (100%) dissociation or it cannot dissociate completely to the extent of 100%.

h2po4 acid or base
h2po4 acid or base

Image credit: Wikipedia

When dihydrogen phosphate is dissolved in a solvent like water or any other aqueous type of solvent, it will not dissociate completely. Meaning it will dissociate partially. Which leads to the production of less number of ions of hydrogen.

How is H2PO4 a weak acid?

We know that a weak acid will not dissociate to full extent when it is dissolved in solvent (aqueous solvent). It has been observed that a weak acids conjugate base will be a weak base.

Also, the pH of the weak kind of acids is much higher than the pH of a strong acid (at equal concentration). Due to less dissociation, there is tendency that less number of protons are given out. So we can say an acid which is weak will have a pKa value that will be greater than the pKa value of strong acid. Meaning a weak acid will have a higher pKa value.

Talking about the conductivity of weak acids, they are not at all good conductors of electricity. Taking into consideration the rate, weak acids will show slow rate in comparison to strong acids. And the dissociation constant (Ka) is observed to have a lesser value.

So now after looking at the characteristics of a weak acid, we can conclude that dihydrogen phosphate has similar characteristics as mentioned above. Hence it is a weak type of acid.

Is H2PO4 a lewis acid?

In order to predict a substance is lewis acid or not, we must know the important characteristics of it.

The species (chemical) should necessarily possess orbitals that are empty and is capable of accepting pairs of electrons from the bases (lewis).

So H2PO4 acts as an acid when dissolved in water by producing ions (hydronium) and the HPO4 will be the conjugate base of it.

Is H2PO4 Arrhenius acid or base and why?

Let’s understand the Arrhenius acid base concept. A compound will be Arrhenius acid if it possesses atoms of hydrogen and has the potential to give away those atoms (in the solution like aqueous).

In short Arrhenius acid will be the substances which will increase the concentration of the ions of H+. Or we can say that when this compounds are added to an aqueous solvent like water, it will increase the concentration of the ions of H+. So an acid which has the ability to ionize almost completely when dissolved in an aqueous solution like that of water.

And this leads to an increase in the concentration of ions of H+. This will be a strong kind of Arrhenius acid. The acid that does not have the ability to dissociate almost completely, but dissociates partially when dissolved in an aqueous solution like water will be the weak acid.

Arrhenius concept of bases

Now coming to the Arrhenius base, it is a substance that on dissolving in an aqueous solution like that of water will give out OH ions.

So the concentration of OH will be increased. So based on the ability to give away OH ions we can categorize substances into strong and weak bases. If it can ionize completely and give away OH ions it is a strong base and if it can ionize only partially and give OH ions it is a weak base.

We can see from the structure of H2PO4 that it possesses 2 atoms of hydrogen, so it has the potential to give away those hydrogen atoms. Hence H2PO4 will be an Arrhenius acid.

Is H2PO4 a bronsted acid?

So according to the theory, a bronsted acid will be any substance that can give away protons or ions of hydrogen.

So the proton is accepted or donated to the conjugate base of that substance that is being considered for the study. So the strength of the bronsted acid depends on the dissociation constant of the substance under study.

The higher the value of the dissociation constant (Ka), the stronger will be the acid. H2PO4 is a bronsted acid.

Why is H2PO4 a bronsted acid?

As we have seen in the earlier sections that a substance with the ability to give away proton is a bronsted acid.

We have also seen that H2PO4 possesses hydrogen atoms and it has the potential to donate them. Hence H2PO4 is a bronsted acid.

What is the conjugate pair of H2PO4 and why?

As we know a H2PO4 is a bronsted acid and hence it will donate its proton. So when H2PO4 gives away its hydrogen ion it forms HPO42-.

Thus acting as an acid. But in the case when H2PO4 will accept a hydrogen ion, it will lead to the formation of H3PO4. So here it acts as a base. So when H2PO4 behaves as an acid it’s conjugate base will be HPO42-.

Conclusion

To wrap the post, we can conclude that H2PO4 is a weak acid. Behaves like Arrhenius acid as it has the potential to give away its proton and has the tendency to increase the concentration of H+ ions when dissolved in aqueous solution like that of water.

9+ Zero Order Reaction Example: Detailed Explanations

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The zero order reaction example means a type of reaction where changing the concentration of species reacting will not have an effect on the rate of reaction. Here we will have a closer approach towards the concept of zero order reaction examples

Zero order reaction examples:

1)Photochemical Reaction

H2(g) + Cl2 (g) →  2HCl ( in presence of hv)

It is a type of reaction that is being carried out between the species hydrogen along with chlorine.

It has been observed that almost all the photochemical type of reactions are zero order reaction examples. The study of this reaction is made by keeping the hydrogen (H2) and the element chlorine ( note that both are gases) over the water. So the rate is calculated as the dissociation of hydrogen chloride Occurs as the water is raised in the vessel.

2)Decomposition reaction ( nitrous oxide)

2N2O(g) → 2N2 (g) + O2  ( in presence of hot platinum and quite a high pressure)

The decomposition reaction carried out of nitrous oxide over the surface of element like platinum (hot).

So in this reaction the N2O is decomposed to nitrogen and oxygen, the reaction is carried out at a high temperature and the pressure also kept high. So the concentration of the reactant has no role in the rate of the reaction.

3) Decomposition reaction ( ammonia )

2NH3 (g) → N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) ( in presence of molybdenum or tungsten along with high pressure)

The reaction of decomposition of ammonia (NH3) in the presence of elements that of molybdenum or even tungsten can be used.

In this reaction NH3 decomposes to give nitrogen and hydrogen. When molybdenum is used in the reaction, for preparing ammonia it is called Haber’s process.

4) Dissociation reaction ( Hydrogen iodide)

2HI (g) → H2(g) + I2 (g) ( in presence of Au and high pressure)

The dissociation type of reaction like the dissociation of HI (hydrogen iodide) on the surface of element like gold (at quite a high pressure).

In this reaction dissociation of HI occurs at a temperature of around 150 degrees Celsius and concentration of HI does not affects rate of the reaction.

5) Decomposition reaction ( oxalic acid)

C2H2O4  → CO + CO2 + H2O ( in presence of sulfuric acid and heat )

The decomposition reaction of acid like oxalic acid is said to be zero order reaction example.

So in this decomposition reaction the concentration of oxalic acid the reactant will have no role to play in determining the rate of the decomposition reaction.

6)Chlorination ( alkanes )

CH4  + Cl2  → CH3Cl + HCl ( in presence of sunlight)

The reaction of chlorination like that is carried out on alkanes in the presence of (necessary) light (sunlight).

This reaction is a zero order reaction example and a free radical type of reaction.

7) Iodination reaction ( Acetone )

CH3COCH3  + I2  → ICH2COCH3 + HI 

The reaction of iodination which is carried out on the acetone.

This iodination reaction is usually used to study the kinetics. The progress of this reaction can be understood by observing the decrease of the concentration of iodine.

8)Enzymatic ( maltase, catalase and transferases )

All the enzymatic reactions are said to be of the order zero.

Some examples of such reactions have been mentioned below.

a)Reaction of maltose to glucose by maltase.

C12H22O5  →  C6H12O6  +  C6H12O6  (in presence of maltase)

b)Reaction of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen in the presence of catalyst catalase

2H2O2  → 2H2O + O2

c) Group transfer reaction by the enzyme transferases.

9)Alanine + Oxaloacetate  → Pyruvate + Aspartate

Third order reaction example

This kind of reaction is where the rate of the particular reaction is said to be proportional to the concentration of the molecules reacting (each one). So the determination of rate is done by varying the concentration terms (3). In other words the number of molecules required for this kind of reaction should be at least 3 (minimum).

There are 3 special cases of the third order reaction:

  • When all the concentration involved in the reaction are same or we can say they are equal.
  • When the concentration of two reacting species same meaning equal concentration and the third one is different in concentration.
  • When all the concentration involved in the reaction are all different.

Important point to be noted about third order reaction:

We determine the reaction order by taking into consideration the slowest step of the reaction.

Examples of third order reaction:

1) The reaction of nitric oxide and chlorine is said to be a third order reaction.

2Cl2 + 2NO → 2NOCl

2) The reaction of nitric oxide with the oxygen.

2NO + O2 → 2NO2

3)The reaction of ferric chloride with potassium iodide follows the third order reaction.

FeCl3 + KI → FeCl2 + KCl + I2

Pseudo first order reaction example:

What  we mean by a pseudo first order reaction is the order of a particular reaction is in reality greater than one but it appears to be 1. This can be done by bringing a change in the concentration (either by increasing the concentration or by decreasing it).

Example of pseudo first order reaction:

1) Hydrolysis reaction of ethyl acetate.

2) The inversion reaction of the sugar (cane).

Negative order reaction example:

This kind of reaction is where when the concentration of the reacting species or the product is increased the rate of the reaction is decreased.

Below is the example of such kind of reaction.

2O3  → 3O2

Here the order is negative one.

Now we will see the integrated rate law:

Consider the reaction taking place:

A → Product

Where the rate (r) = [A]0

This symbolizes that rate of the reaction will be zero.

Let the initial concentration at t = 0 be, A = 0

And the final or the remaining concentration at t = t , A = A

zero order reaction example
zero order reaction example

A0  = indicates the initial concentration of A

A = indicates the concentration of A at any time t (remaining)

R = indicates the rate constant

t = indicates the time in which concentration changes from A0 to A

Now let’s see the graph : concentration of A ( at any time) v/s time

A = -Kt + A0 

is of the type y = mx + c

graph 2

So the concentration of A v/s time is a straight line graph with a negative slope for zero order reaction.

Half life reaction

The meaning of this term is the time in which a particular reaction completes 50% at t = t1/2, the remaining concentration A = A0/2

A = A0 – At

A0/2 = A0  – Kt1/2

Kt1/2 = A0/2                             

t1/2 = A0/2K

Where,

A0 = the initial concentration and K = the rate constant

This equation is valid only for A → Product.

Life time of reaction

This term means that the time in which 100% reaction completes at t= tef remaining concentration A = 0

A = A0 – At

0 = A0  – Ktef

tef = A0/2

Some characteristics of the zero order reaction:

We call a reaction a zero order reaction when the power of concentration is equivalent to zero.

In the reaction the concentration of reactant will decrease (linearly) with the time.

The time which is required for a particular reaction to go to completion is given by dividing the quantity initial concentration by the rate constant.

Summary

To wrap the post, we can conclude that in a zero order reaction the concentration of the reactant has no role to play in determining the rate of the reaction. And most of the enzymatic reactions follow zero order kinetics.

PH3 Lewis Structure: Drawings, Hybridization, Shape, Charges, Pair And Detailed Facts

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In this article, we are going to study PH3 lewis structure and various facts about it.

PH3 or phosphine is a compound of phosphorus that is classified under pnictogen hydride. Phosphine or phosphane forms bonds by covalent bonding. We can study the bonding in the molecule of PH3 by taking into consideration lewis method. We will study the PH3 lewis structure and understand the concept.

Some facts about Phosphane

PH3 has a molar mass equal to 33.99 g/mol. It exists as a gas that is colorless and has an odor like that of a rotten fish.

The density of PH3 is 1.37 g/L. The melting point of the compound is said to be-132 degrees Celsius and the observed boiling point is somewhere around-87 degrees Celsius. Talking about its solubility, it is soluble in water at a temperature of 17 degrees Celsius (31.2 mg/100mL).

It is also soluble in organic compounds like alcohol, chloroform, benzene, etc. Coming to its preparation, it can be prepared by the treatment of phosphorus (white) and sodium hydroxide. This method is usually used at the industrial level.

How to draw lewis structure for PH3?

To write the PH3 lewis structure one should know the total of all the valence electrons that could be present in the molecule of PH3.

In the structure of phosphane, we can see that there are 3 atoms of hydrogen element one phosphorus element atom is present. Coming to the contribution of phosphorus element in bond formation, we can see there is only one P atom. Meaning the contribution of valence electrons will be only 5 from the P atom. Now counting the contribution of hydrogen element atoms, there are 3 H atoms present.

ph3 lewis structure
ph3 lewis structure

Coming to the H atom as there are also H atom present in the structure. There are total 3 H atoms, hence contribution by H valence electrons will be 3 times more. Meaning 3×1, which comes up to 3. Now the total valence electrons contribution from both elements it will be 8. As we know the total valence electrons, now we need to know or understand which elements atom will come in the middle or be the central one.

We can predict by taking into account electronegativity of atoms under consideration. The concept that is used to predict that which atom will come in the middle is electronegativity. Meaning the atoms of element participating in bonding must having some electronegativity. What we have to see is among them the atom with less electronegativity will be the middle one. Meaning it will be placed as the central atom.

The other atoms are placed in a manner to satisfy their valence. In PH3 lewis structure the P atom will be placed as the central atom the reason we have already understood. And the hydrogen (H) atom is seen to be the surrounding atom that is placed to satisfy the valency. In this molecule we can see there is sharing of one electron pair between each hydrogen and Phosphorus element atoms. Since one pair of electrons is shared or used for forming bond the resultant bond will be a single bond.

Phosphane lewis structure

We can determine the shape of PH3 by taking into account to concepts by the lewis structure concept and valence shell electron pair repulsion theory concept. 

We will analyze the structure of phosphane by taking into consideration the concept of valence shell electron pair repulsion theory. According to this concept electron pair will prefer to maintain a considerable distance between each other, as this is said to reduce the repulsion in between the valence electrons. And this makes the structure of the molecule stable.

Screenshot 20220430 220245 Gallery
Image credit: Wikipedia

So we cay lone pair tend to affect the shape of the molecule to quite an extent. The number of lone pairs in phosphane molecule are one and this will prefer to maintain a distance from the other bonds. This causes the shape of the molecule to be trigonal pyramid.

PH3 lewis structure formal charges

What is the meaning of the term formal charge or what we understand by the term formal charge?

It means there is some type of difference in between the valence electrons and all the (total) electrons (of the atom that is under consideration). Also in this concept it is presumed that in the bonding process when electrons are being shared (in a molecule) they are done in a equal manner. Meaning shared equally. Formula is given below:

formula

V is said to be valence electrons of the atom of the molecule.

N is said to be the figure indicating the unbound (valence) electrons.

B is said to be or includes all the electrons that are shared with other atom.

Number of lone pairs in PH3 lewis structure

The number of lone pairs present in the molecule have a lot of role in the structure prediction.

In the lewis structure of phosphane we can see there are 5 electrons with P as valence electrons and during the process of bonding P will be surrounded by 3 H atoms forming single bonds. We will see that one pair of electrons will remain unbonded, meaning will not participate in bonding. Hence the number of valence electrons in phosphane molecule will be one.

Hybridization in phosphane

We know that hybridization is the concept where in atomic orbitals combine to form hybrid atomic orbitals.

Coming to hybridization in the molecule of phosphane, there is no hybridization observed in this molecule. The reason for no hybridization is shape of orbitals of this molecule is quite distinct. And also according to Drago’s rule concept if there is only one lone pair (minimum) at the central atom, then the chances of hybridization are very less.

PH3 lewis structure resonance

By following resonance concept we can explain the delocalised electrons that are present in the molecule.

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PH3 Lewis structure octet rule

In the concept of Octet rule an atom must have a complete octet, means the outermost shell should be filled.

So in the molecule of phosphane, the valency of phosphorus is 3, so it needs more 3 electrons in order to complete its octet. Hence it takes electrons from three hydrogen and forms three single bonds.

PH3 polar or nonpolar

Phosphane is a polar molecule, because there is one lone pair present which has electron-electron repulsion which leads to the bent structure of the molecule.

PH3 lewis structure bond angle

As the phosphane structure has a trigonal pyramid shape, the bond angle present in the molecule is equal to 93 degrees.

PH3 uses

  • It is used as a dopant in the industries of semiconductors.
  • Phosphane is also used in plastic industries.

Also Read:

PBr5 lewis Structure: Drawings, Hybridization, Shape, Charges, Pair And Detailed Facts

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In this article, we are going to analyze PBr5 lewis structure and various facts about it.

PBr5 or phosphorus pentabromide is a compound of phosphorus and bromine which is yellow colored (solid) in appearance. It has a got huge application in organic chemistry. So we will study the bonding in PBr5 by understanding the PBr5 lewis structure.

Some facts about phosphorus pentabromide

This compound has a molar mass of around 430.49 g/mol. The observed density of PBr5 is 3.61 g/cm3. It melting point is somewhere around 100 degrees Celsius and boils at a temperature of 106 degrees Celsius. Talking about its solubility it is observed to be soluble in carbon tetrachloride, carbon disulphide. But it decomposes in an organic solvent like ethanol.

How to draw lewis structure for PBr5

By using lewis concept of bonding we can clearly understand about how the bonding occurs in a molecule. How many electrons are involved and are bonding electrons. Also tells us about the electrons that are of nonbonding type.

pbr5 lewis structure
pbr5 lewis structure

Image credit: Wikipedia

So in this method, we first calculate or find out about the number of valence electrons present in the molecule that is being for study. So in this molecule of PBr5, there are five bromine atoms present and one atom of phosphorus is present. Hence total atoms involved in the molecule structure are 6. So the number of valence electrons in bromine atom is 7, meaning it has the potential to gain one electron or share one electron and complete its octet. But the total number of bromine atoms involved in the structure of the molecule is equal to 5, so the total number of valence electrons that is contributed by it will be 7×5=35 electrons.

lewis 1

And in the P element there exist 5 valence electrons. Since there is only one atom of this element, the number of valence electrons contribution will be 5. And the total number that valence electrons are present in the molecule is equal to 40. So the phosphorus element atom tends to share one electron pair each with five atoms of bromine element. In this way the valency of all the elements in the molecule structure is satisfied. Remember one important point the atom in the molecule which is having less electronegativity when compared to the other atom in the molecule will be preferred to be kept in the middle of the molecule.

PBr5 lewis structure shape

The coordination number that is possible in the molecule of PBr5 is equivalent to 5.

Meaning it has the potential to form 5 more bonds. As we have seen above the details regarding bond formation and its capability of forming bond, we can now say that PBr5 molecule has a trigonal bipyramidal shape. In the geometry of trigonal bipyramidal what happens is the atom having less electronegativity then the other present atoms is kept at the middle/center of the molecule.

struc
Image credit: Wikipedia

And 5 atoms can attach to it. So in this molecule of phosphorus pentabromide, central atom P is surrounded or forms a bond with 5 atoms of bromine.

PBr5 lewis structure formal charge

In the concept of formal charge it is assumed first itself that the electrons that are being shared in the process of bonding, they are shared in an equal manner. Below is the formula that will tell more about the concept of formal charge:

Where V is the number of valence electrons in the molecule that we are studying.

N is equal to the electrons that are not bonded meaning the non-binding type of electrons.

B indicates the total of all the electrons that are actively participating in the bonding.

The formal charge in PBr5 is zero.

PBr5 lewis structure lone pairs

When the bonding process is occurring in a molecule not necessarily all the electrons will actively participate in the process.

Some electrons are left out, meaning they are not shared and this electrons pair is referred or known as lone pair. In the molecule of PBr5, there are total 6 atoms having 40 valence electrons. This valence electrons are shared between the atoms forming single bonds.

As all the electrons are participating in bonding there is no lone pair in this molecule of PBr5.

PBr5 hybridization

The term hybridization symbolizes or means that there is mixing of orbitals of atoms to form new hybrid orbitals. And this new orbitals (hybrid) are going to have different shape, energy meaning its properties will be different.

The below-discussed formula can be utilized to predict hybridization in the PBr5 molecule:

fm

Where

V will be the central atoms total number of valence electrons

N will be the monovalent number of atoms attached or bonding to the center atom

C will be the charge induced by cation

A will be the charge induced by the anion

Coming to hybridization in the molecule of PBr5:

According to the formula, the valence electrons of the central atom in the molecule is equivalent to 5. Monovalent number of atoms will be 5 and the anion and cation charge will be equal to zero.

Substituting all the values in the above discussed formula what we get is 5. So what it means now is the first electron (valence) will be in the s orbital. The other 3 will be in the orbitals Px, Py and Pz. The remaining one will stay with orbital dx. Hence the hybridization in phosphorus pentabromide will be sp3d.

PBr5 lewis structure resonance structure

res 1

PBr5 lewis structure octet rule

So taking into account the octet rule concept what we understand is that the atoms last shell or outer shell wants to have a complete octet. So atoms share electrons and achieve this. In the molecule of PBr5 phosphorus and bromine share electrons according to their valency and complete their octet.

PBr5 polar or nonpolar

Phosphorus pentabromide is seen to be nonpolar as the electrons (valence) are arranged in a symmetrical manner. There is no chance for dipole moment. Hence the molecule will be nonpolar.

PBr5 lewis structure bond angle

The angle between (axial & equatorial) is 90 degrees. And the angle between electron pairs that are bonded is 120 degrees.

PBr5 uses

  • It is used in the conversion of alcohols to bromide.
  • It is used in preparation of nanowires of indium phosphide.

Also, please click to know about SECL4 Lewis Structure and  SeF6 Lewis Structure.

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