Indrani Banerjee

In this article, the topic, “v groove welding” with v groove welding involved facts like Symbol, Diagram, Process, Machine, Strength will be discuss.

V groove welding is a type of the groove welding. If the V groove welding is compare with another types of the welding then V groove welding is takes more time to perform, its time consuming process and very easily without skilled operator the V groove welding cannot be proceed.

The parts of the weld of groove are Groove angle, Root face, Bevel angle, Root gap.

What is v groove welding?

Groove weld can be classified in different types, among the all classification the groove classified in main two categorised such as, Single V groove and Double V groove.

The V – shaped groove of weld can be derive as, v shaped groove is the combination of,

• The groove which is shapes as V in the area of the member.
• Members of the butting carry the shape of the single bevel edge
• Non butting and butting both members carrying surfaces of the planer prepared to create a groove.

The types of groove weld are based on the preparation of groove such and classified such as, Single Bevel groove weld, Double Bevel groove weld, Single V groove weld, Double V groove weld, Single U groove weld, Double V groove weld, Single J groove weld, Double J groove weld. The shape for the preparation of the groove is the discerning creator for the classification of the weld of the groove.

V groove welding symbol:

The welding symbol the V groove is given below,

Advantages symbols of the weld:-

Weld plays a very important role for where the flow of the work for any workpiece can be done in a smooth way. With the help of the symbols of the weld we easily can understand the size, shape and classification for this reason we don’t need to waste time to understand only about the weld. All information can be easily defined by the help of symbols of the welds.

Welding uses in V groove welding process:

In the process of the narrow groove welding is another name is narrow gap welding. The process of the narrow groove used to weld the sections which are comparatively thick.

To weld the any base metals with the help of V groove welding, the process of welding are used are listed below,

• Gas Tungsten Arc Welding
• Submerged Arc Welding
• Gas Metal Arc Welding

Gas Tungsten Arc Welding:-

Another name for the Tungsten Insert Gas Welding process is Gas Tungsten Arc Welding process. In the Tungsten Insert Gas Welding process electrode which is made tungsten is used and the electrode should be non – consumable type to create weld.

The base metals which can be work with Tungsten Insert Gas Welding process are, Aluminium and alloys of aluminium, carbon steel and alloys of carbon steel, stainless steel.

Submerged Arc Welding:-

Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) is a joining process that involves the formation of an electric arc between a continuously fed electrode and the workpiece to be welded. A blanket of powdered flux surrounds and covers the arc and, when molten, provides electrical conduction between the metal to be joined and the electrode.

Gas Metal Arc Welding:-

Metal insert gas welding process an example of arc welding method. In the Metal Insert Gas Welding process electrode which is used should be consumable type to create weld. The two base metals are joined with each other by the help of Metal insert gas welding process.

V groove welding angle:

The most suitable angle work with the geometry of V groove welding is 54 degree. In the 54 degree the properties of the mechanical is best for the tension strength.

Overhead v groove welding:

The most complicated position for working with the weld is overhead position. In the overhead v groove welding penetration rate is not too high.

Overhead v groove welding can be explained as; the process of the welding is accomplished together with two metal pieces above the welder. In the overhead v groove welding the experts are angled themselves and used equipment for reaching to the joints of the base metals.

Open v groove welding:

The symbols for the open v groove welding consists of,

• Arrow line
• Reference line
• Weld procedure specifications

Double v groove welding:

Double v groove can be explain as, a classification of the weld of the groove in which one feature has a junction outskirts bevelled on too portions.

Frequent Asked Questions:-

Question: – Explain the advantages the joints of the welding.

Solution: – The welding joints are also known as permanent joints. In the welding joint the plates of the two metals are configuration or arrangement fitted tightly to each other.

The advantages the joints of the welding are listed below,

• Leak proof joining
• Joining of the different shapes
• Metals which are dissimilar are jointed
• Strength of the joint is superior
• High load capacity
• Joining of plastics
• Light welded assemblies
• Changing of the mechanical properties

Leak proof joining:-

In some joining process main disadvantage is leakage is appearing post joining process, but in the process of the welding the base metals are joined without any leakage. Over the all joining process welding is leak proof.

Joining of the different shapes:-

Different types of shapes of the materials can be joined by the help of welding process. Almost every shape such as sheets, plates, bars can be joined by the process of welding.

Metals which are dissimilar are jointed:-

Without applying any filler metal the dissimilar metal can be joined with using the process of welding. Two or more than two dissimilar metal easily can be joined. Extra carefulness is required while dissimilar of two metals are joined with each other.

Strength of the joint is superior:-

The joining strength for the process of the welding is superior almost 100% strength we can get from the process of the welding.

High load capacity:-

The load capacity for the process of the welding is high. The components of the process of the welding are remain unchanged after completing the process.

Joining of plastics:-

The materials which are made with plastics in the welding process easily can be joined. In the other process of joining the material made with plastic can be damage, which is not requried at all.

Light welded assemblies:-

The joints made with weld are comparatively light weighted. The joints of the rivets required some additional equipment such as rivets, straps and many more.

Changing of the mechanical properties:-

By the help of the welding process various materials properties of the mechanical easily can be improved to reach the desired level. In the welding process electrode coating, protective gas, filler material are used to weld two pieces of the base metals.

Welding standards are define by two methods,

1. International Organization for standardization
2. ANSI / AWS A2.4 – 98

The ANSI / AWS A2.4 – 98 welding standard introduced by the American Welding Society.

Question: – Write some applications of the process of the welding.

Solution: – The process of welding applications are listed below,

• Fabrication of vessels of the pressure
• Spacecrafts
• Aircrafts
• Installation of the nuclear
• Laying of railway tracks
• Coaches of the railways
• Laying of pipelines
• Electrical industries
• Defence industries

The applications for the process of the welding are also listed below,

• Industries of the automobiles
• Joining of the thin metals
• Joining of the ferrous materials
• Joining of the non ferrous materials
• Fabrication of the sheet metals.

Question: – Write different types of welds used in the process of the welding.

Solution: – The different types of welds used in the process of the welding are listed below,

• Fillet weld
• Seam weld
• Plug weld
• Groove weld
• Surfacing weld
• Slot weld
• Flash weld
• Spot weld

Question: – Discuss any three types of welds which are used in the process of the welding.

Solution: –

Three types of welds which are used in the process of the welding are discuss below,

• Plug weld
• Groove weld
• Slot weld

Plug weld: –

By the help of the plug weld two base metals are locked with each other. The plug weld is used when two different types of metals which are contain different types of thickness need to joint with each other. In the piping system plug weld widely used to weld the inside of the tubes. After completing plug weld it takes shaped liked circular.

Groove weld:-

Groove weld can be explain as, an opening by the two members of the joints which are take steps area to with hold the base metal. After the use of fillet weld, the groove weld is used most.

Groove weld can be classified in some categorized such as,

• Square Groove weld
• Flare – V weld
• Single – U groove weld
• Single – V groove weld
• Single – J groove weld
• Flare – bevel weld
• Single – bevel groove weld

Slot weld:-

By the help of the holes or elongated cavity slot weld is performed. The holes or gaps are filled with the weld of the base metal or it can be open by one side.

In this article, “Square groove weld” and square groove weld related several facts such as Symbol, Diagram, Process, Machine, and Strength will be discussed. Square groove weld is a type of Butt Welding Joint.

The limitation of the Square groove weld is the thickness of the joints. By the help of Square groove weld welders are creating joints in between one edge joint to another edges joints, although Square groove weld is also used to joints the corners, joints of the T and also joining the flat and curved pieces.

What is a square groove weld?

The work mechanism for the square groove weld is not very complicated and unskilled welder easily can work with the process of the square groove weld.

The square groove weld can be define as, it is the classification of the butt welding joint where two parallel and flat pieces are joint to each other. By the help of square groove weld a certain amount of strength can be provide to the joints. Joint thickness of the square groove weld is not so versatile.

Advantages:-

The advantages of the square groove weld are listed below,

1. Inspection process with the square groove weld is easy. Easily defect can be identifying.
2. Working mechanism square groove weld is not too much complicated.
3. Economical to use.
4. Distortion control is good for the square groove weld.
5. Strength of the square groove weld is high.
6. Penetration rate of square groove weld is too high almost 100%.
7. Provide complete fusion.
8. Stress produce by the square groove weld is very less.

Disadvantages:-

The disadvantages of the square groove weld are listed below,

1. Geometrical application for the square groove weld is limited.
2. With the weekly products like products of electronics cannot be work with the square groove weld.
3. Not self aligning. When welders work with the square groove weld backer or fixturing is required.
4. Impressionable to faying area condition.

Square groove weld symbol:

The groove of any square groove weld is made by the little amount of detachment of the margin or a tight fit. The weld symbol for the square groove weld is defining the total volume of detachment.

Square groove weld symbol is given below,

Square groove weld size:

The square groove weld is the term of the American National Standards Institute and butt weld is the term of the International Organization for Standardization.

The indication for the size of the square groove weld is the effective throat. The depth for the square groove easily can be defined by the size and also the penetration rate into the roots of the joints.

The term square groove weld and butt welds is the same classification of the weld.

Square groove weld strength:

The square groove weld is used to weld cheap and simple welding joints. In the sheet metal which thickness is less than the 5 mm in that case the square groove weld is used.

The strength of the square groove weld is depend upon some factors which are listed below,

• Thickness of the material
• Distortion rate
• Penetration rate of the edges
• Reinforcement member

Square groove weld example:

The examples of the square groove weld is listed below,

• Metalworking magazine
• Fabricating magazine
• Construction of bridges

Frequent Asked Questions:-

Question: – Classify the types of the welding process.

Solution: – The process of welding we can classify in 9 categorised. The classification of the process of welding are listed below,

• Tungsten Insert Gas Welding Process
• Metal Insert Gas Welding Process
• Thermic Welding Process
• Forge Welding Process
• Flux Cored Arc Welding Process
• Resistance Welding Process
• Stick Shield Metal Arc Welding Process
• Submerged Welding Process
• Oxyacetane Welding Process

Question: – Briefly describe any two types of the welding process.

Solution: – Two types of welding process is listed below,

• Tungsten Insert Gas Welding Process
• Metal Insert Gas Welding Process

Tungsten Insert Gas Welding Process:-

Another name for the Tungsten Insert Gas Welding process is Gas Tungsten Arc Welding process. In the Tungsten Insert Gas Welding process electrode which is made tungsten is used and the electrode should be non – consumable type to create weld.

The area of weld and electrode both are out of hazard from atmospheric contamination and oxidation with help of insert shielding gas. The shielding gas that could be use in the Tungsten Insert Gas Welding process is Helium and Argon.

The base metals which can be work with Tungsten Insert Gas Welding process are, Aluminium and alloys of aluminium, carbon steel and alloys of carbon steel, stainless steel.

Advantages:-

The advantages of the Tungsten Insert Gas Welding process are listed below,

1. Tungsten Insert Gas welding process is clean.
2. High quality weld can be making with Tungsten Insert Gas welding process.
3. Smoke is not produce.
4. A huge range of materials can be weld with the Tungsten Insert Gas welding process.
5. Almost in every position Tungsten Insert Gas Welding process can be work.

Disadvantages:-

The disadvantages of the Tungsten Insert Gas Welding process are listed below,

1. Deposition rate of the Tungsten Insert Gas Welding process is low.
2. Skilled operators are needed to operate Tungsten Insert Gas Welding process.
3. Speed of the welding is not too fast.
4. Non automation.
5. Initial cost of the Tungsten Insert Gas Welding process is high.

Metal Insert Gas Welding Process:-

Metal insert gas welding process an example of arc welding method. In the Metal Insert Gas Welding process electrode which is used should be consumable type to create weld. The two base metals are joined with each other by the help of Metal insert gas welding process. In the Metal insert gas Welding method the equipments which are used are listed below,

• 1. Welding power supply
• 2. Welding torch
• 3. Wire feed unit
• 4. Shielding gas supply
• 5. Welding electrode wire

Advantages:-

The advantages of the Metal insert gas welding process are listed below,

1. Deposition rate of the Metal insert gas welding process is too high.
2. Flux is not needed to operate Metal insert gas welding process.
3. Speed of welding is too high.
4. The process of the Metal insert gas welding process can be automated without any problem.
5. Ultra low hydrogen method.
6. Dissimilar metals can be weld in the Metal insert gas welding process.
7. Minor weld splatter.
8. Thin metal sheet easily can be welded by Metal insert gas welding process.

Disadvantages:-

The disadvantages of the Metal insert gas welding process are listed below,

1. Thick cannot be weld with the help of Metal insert gas welding process, only can work with 5 mm thick metal sheet.
2. Metal preparation is required in Metal insert gas welding process.
3. For the outside welding Metal insert gas welding process is not appropriate.

Question: – What is the advantage of using the square groove joint?

Solution: – With V-groove welds, the edges of both pieces are chamfered, either singly or doubly, to create the groove.

Each type of joint has its advantages and disadvantages, but the biggest advantage of the butt joint and square groove joint is its strength. It can withstand stress better than any other type of joint design.

Question: – Write down the difference between the groove weld and fillet weld.

Solution: – The difference between the groove weld and fillet weld is,

Fillet weld = A weld of nearly triangular cross section joining two surfaces approximately at right angles to each other in a lap joint, T-joint, or corner joint.

Groove Weld = A weld made in a groove between the workpieces.

Question:- Classify the types of groove welds.

Solution: – The types of groove welds are listed below,

• Flare-bevel weld
• Flare-V weld
• Single – bevel groove weld
• Single-J groove weld
• Single-U groove weld
• Single-V groove weld
• Square groove weld

In this article, the topic named “lathe machine uses” will be summarize. The lathe is machine tool which is conduct for starters for giving desired shape of a wood or metal.

Among the all lathe machine Engine lathe is most common lathe machine which is used in a wide range. By the help of lathe machine tool the main work which is done cutting the excess amount of material from the cutting tool and other work by the lathe machine is done is  shaping metal and wood.

Lathe machine uses to do operations:-

The operations done by the lathe machine is listed below by gripping the workpiece by chuck or centres,

• Drilling operation
• Facing operation
• Turning operation
• a. Taper turning operation
• b. Straight turning operation
• c. Shoulder turning operation
• d. Rough turning operation
• e. Eccentric turning operation
• Grooving operation
• Filing operation
• Knurling operation
• Chamfering operation
• Polishing operation
• Forming operation
• Spring Winding operation
• Spinning operation

The operations done by the lathe machine is listed below by gripping the angle plate or the faceplate or by the chuck of the machine tool,

• Boring
• Parting – off
• Tapping
• Drilling
• Undercutting
• Counter boring
• Internal thread cutting
• Reaming
• Taper boring

The operations done by the lathe machine is listed below by behaving special link – ups,

• Milling
• Grinding

Advantages:-

The advantages of the lathe machine are listed below,

1. In a short time medium type volume production to high type volume production can be made.
2. Accuracy especially for the Computer Numerical Controlled lathe machine is very higher.

Disadvantages:-

The disadvantages of the lathe machine are listed below,

• Initial cost for the lathe machine is high.
• Maintenance cost is also high.
• Tool wear appearing
• Safety is needed
• Skilled operator needed.
• For the high cutting speed bad smell is appearing.

Computer Numerical Controlled lathe machine uses:

Operating system with the Computer Numerical Controlled lathe machine carried accurate instructions of designs. In the Computer Numerical Controlled lathe machine materials are placed and spin by the help of main spindle.

The uses for the Computer Numerical Controlled lathe machine are listed below,

1. Cue sticks
2. Baseball Bats
3. Musical instruments
4. Crankshafts
5. Bowls
6. Camshafts
7. Gun Barrels
8. Dining room table
9. Dining room Chair legs

Cue sticks:-

By the help of Computer Numerical Controlled lathe machine cue stick is produce. Cue stick is sports equipment which is used in carom, pool, and snooker. For striking a ball cue stick used.

Baseball Bats:-

By the help of Computer Numerical Controlled lathe machine baseball bats are produce. Baseball bats can be metal or wooden smooth club. Baseball bats also a gaming item. In baseball game when pitcher thrown a ball for hitting the ball baseball bats are used.

Musical instruments:-

For making musical instruments accuracy is very important for this reason only with the Computer Numerical Controlled lathe machine musical instruments are made of. From very earlier musical instruments are used for various objectives such as, rituals, as an entertainment concert of viewers, medicine and accompaniment of dances.

Crankshafts:-

For the internal combustion engine crankshaft is very important part. Crankshaft is made by the help of Computer Numerical Controlled lathe machine. The crankshaft is responsible for converting the motion of the linear to the motion of the rotational.

High fatigue strength should be carry by the crankshaft. The wear resistance of the crankshaft should be high.

Bowls:-

The bowls are made by the help of Computer Numerical Controlled lathe machine. Bowl is a container in round shaped foe consuming, serving and preparing any food item. In various types of culture bowls are used as a vessel where any type of food item is served and eaten.

The size of the bowls can be various types they can be small to large size. Small sized bowls are known as Tea bowl and which bowls are contained big sizes is generally known as Bowl.

Camshafts:-

For making the camshaft accuracy plays a very important role. In most of cases camshafts are made by the Computer Numerical Controlled lathe machine. The vehicles camshafts are in general made by metal. For making the camshaft in general chilled cast iron is used. A pointed cam is carried by the camshaft.

The main purpose of the camshaft is to transform the motion of rotational to the motion of reciprocal. The systems which are carried the camshaft are, ignition system which is controlled by mechanically, internal combustion engine and also in the electrically motor speed controller.

The other uses of the Computer Numerical Controlled lathe machine are,

1. Gun Barrels
2. Dining room table
3. Dining room Chair legs

Parts:-

The parts which are carry by the Computer Numerical Control lathe machine is listed below,

1. Computer Numerical Control panel
2. Headstock
3. Computer Numerical Control lathe bed
4. Foot switch
5. Tailstock
6. Tool Turret
7. Chuck
8. Tailstock Quill

Advantages:-

The advantages of the Computer Numerical Control lathe machine is listed below,

1. The machining process of the Computer Numerical Control lathe machine is more precise and accurate.
2. To perform job in a workpiece takes very minimum time for this reason a medium volume production to high volume production easily can be make.
3. Reliable
4. Safe to operate.
5. Complicated design can be made with the help of Computer Numerical Control lathe machine.
6. Maintenance cost is low.
7. Computer Numerical Control lathe machine can work for 24 hours.
8. Versatile.
9. Human errors are not possible because it is automated process.
10. Huge numbers of labors are not needed to run the process.
11. Uniform designs can be easily make.

Disadvantages:-

The disadvantages of the Computer Numerical Control lathe machine is listed below,

1. Initial cost of the Computer Numerical Control lathe machine is too high.
2. Skilled operator need to run the process.

Wood lathe machine uses:

With the help of the Wood lathe machine the material of wooden can be give desired shaped into a cylindrical profile.

The uses for the Wood lathe machine are listed below,

Wooden dining table made

• Wooden dining table chair
• Baseball bats
• Bowls
• Legs of the furniture
• Lamp posts
• Bed

Advantages:-

The advantages of the Wood lathe machine is listed below,

1. The initial cost of the wood lathe machine is not too high.
2. Maintenance cost is low.
3. High skilled labor not needed to work with wood lathe machine.
4. Simple in design.
5. Light weight.
6. Models can be carrying so easily by this wood lathe machine.
7. Rotation control of the effective pulley is easy.
8. Working mechanism is simple.

Disadvantages:-

The disadvantages of the Wood lathe machine is listed below,

1. Rotation speed of the pulley is very low.
2. Wood lathe machine cannot work with heavy materials.

Center lathe machine uses:

The Centre Lathe is used to produce cylindrical shapes from a range of materials including; steels and plastics. Many of the components that go together to make an engine work have been manufactured using lathes.

Advantages:-

The advantages of the Center Lathe Machine are listed below,

1. Pass rate advantage
2. Mass production can be made easily with the Center Lathe Machine.
3. Time Consuming.
4. Accuracy of the Center Lathe Machine is very high.

Disadvantages:-

The disadvantages of the Center Lathe Machine are listed below,

1. The initial cost is high.
2. Skilled labor needed to operate.

Vertical lathe machine uses:

The Vertical Lathe Machine another name is Vertical Turing Lathe. The Vertical Lathe Machine is a machine tool which is raising the spindle of the machine tool in the plane which is situated vertically.

The complexity of the Vertical Lathe Machine is less compare to the horizontal lathe machine. The workpiece of the Vertical Lathe Machine can moving up, spin and also moving down to establish it in the row by the cutting head.The uses for the Vertical lathe machine are listed below,

• Bore repairing
• 4^th Axis Machining
• Press Plate Machining
• Production Runs
• Valve repairing
• Three Dimensional Painting
• Part Mapping
• Casting Machining

Advantages:-

The advantages of the Vertical Lathe Machine is listed below,

1. The construction of the vertical lathe machine is rigid.
2. Stable performance.
3. Efficiency of Vertical Lathe Machine is very high.
4. Chips of the products can be removed easily.
5. Time consuming.
6. Medium volume production can be made with Vertical Lathe Machine.

Disadvantages:-

The disadvantages of the Vertical Lathe Machine is listed below,

1. Heavy weight product cannot be work with the Vertical Lathe Machine.
2. Skilled operator required to operate.

Read more about Hammer.

In this article, “Autogenous welding “, with some different several facts like Types, Power Source, Exhaust, and Machine with interpretation are prate thoroughly. Autogenous welding filler material not needed.

Autogenous welding is a versatile welding process. In different types of methods of welding autogenous welding is applied. Some methods like oxyacetylene or gas tungsten arc welding can use autogenous or filler metal. Without applying filler metal autogenous welding is done to joined two or more metals.

What is autogenous welding?

The joint strength for the autogenous welding is not good at all. The joint strength is lower compare to the base plate’s strength. The part of the welded became weaker.

Autogenous is a method that link up two or more than two metals without any collection of filler metal. The most used joints in the autogenous welding are edge joint. The other types of joints can be made with the autogenous welding are corner joint and lap joint. Only tee joint cannot make with the autogenous welding.

Classifications of Autogenous welding process:

Autogenous welding is one kind of process of welding which is sustaining fusion welding method more than welding method of the specific fusion.

The Classifications of Autogenous welding process name with detailed facts are discuss below,

• Gas tungsten arc welding
• Laser beam welding
• Electron beam welding
• Plasma arc welding

Gas tungsten arc welding:-

In the Gas Tungsten Arc Welding method (GTAW) an electrode is used which should be non consumable to produce high temperature near about 3800 degree centigrade and temperature have more melting point than the base metal to create the weld for the desired shape.

In the materials where Gas Tungsten Arc Welding method is applied are non – ferrous metals such as magnesium, aluminium, stainless steel.

Follow some basic process to run the Gas Tungsten Arc Welding method smoothly:-

1. Need to wear protective gear.
2. The material use in the Gas Tungsten Arc Welding method should be clean.
3. Keep the right angle of the torch.
4. Minimum power should be use to run Gas Tungsten Arc Welding method.
5. Filler rod should not be dissolve directly.
6. Right Tungsten should be choosing.
7. Working with the stainless steel.

Advantages:-

1. Flux is not required.
2. Clean welds can make with Gas Tungsten Arc Welding method.
3. High quality weld can made with Gas Tungsten Arc Welding method.
4. Allow all position of welding.
5. Smoke is not produce.
6. Sparks and slag also not produce.
7. Work with verities of metals.
8. Filler metal not essential.

Disadvantages:-

1. Deposition rate is too low.
2. High skilled welders are needed.
3. Dissimilar metals cannot be work with the Gas Tungsten Arc Welding method.

Laser beam welding:-

The welding method of Laser Beam Welding an evaporated laser beam is used to dissolve the base metal and create the weld for the desired shape.

Advantages:-

1. Weld quality with Laser Beam Welding can be making in very preciously.
2. Electrode is not needed.
3. Laser Beam Welding is an automated method. With the help of robotic machinery a large amount of production easily can be made.
4. Laser Beam Welding is a non contact method for this reason tool wear is not appear.
5. In the Laser Beam Welding methods vacuum is not necessary for this reason in the air Laser Beam Welding easily can be done.
6. In a very small space Laser Beam Welding preciously can be done.

Disadvantages:-

1. Initial cost of Laser Beam Welding is too high.
2. Maintenance cost of Laser Beam Welding also too high.
3. Cracks are produce in Laser Beam Welding method for repetition of cooling.
4. High skilled welders are needed.
5. Only can work with 19 mm thick metals.

Electron beam welding:-

The welding method of Electron Beam Welding a strong force beam is used to dissolve the base metal and create the weld for the desired shape.

Advantages:-

1. Operating cost is not too high.
2. Welding speed for the Electron Beam Welding is too high.
3. Dissimilar metals easily can be weld with Electron Beam Welding.
4. Penetration rate to the width is high.
5. Base metals with the temperature of melting point can be work with the Electron Beam Welding method.
6. Rate of distortion is low.
7. Reactive material such as titanium and beryllium can be work with Electron Beam Welding method.
8. Inaccessible joints easily can be creating with Electron Beam Welding process.
9. Electron Beam welding process can work with 0.025 mm to 100 mm thick metals sheets.

Disadvantages:-

1. Equipment cost of the Electron Beam Welding is high.
2. High skilled welders are needed.
3. High vacuum in Electron Beam Welding process needed to run.
4. High safety is required.
5. Large amount of job cannot be performing well with the Electron Beam Welding.

Plasma arc welding:-

The welding method of Plasma Arc Welding ionized plasma arc is used to dissolve the base metal and create the weld for the desired shape.

Advantages:-

1. Welding speed for the Plasma Arc Welding is high.
2. High amount of energy is easily can get with Plasma Arc Welding.
3. Penetration rate to the width is high.
4. In low amperage Plasma Arc Welding can be work.
5. Stable arc is creating.
6. Low power consumption.

Disadvantages:-

1. Noisy operation.
2. High skilled welders are needed.
3. Maintenance cost of Plasma Arc Welding also too high.
4. More radiation Equipment cost is high.

Autogenous orbital welding:

Autogenous orbital gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) is a controlled, precise welding method which is developed to decreases the chance of operator error and improve weld quality when joining tubes or other static workpieces with a non-consumable electrode.

Autogenous laser welding:

Autogenous laser welding is a fusion welding process.

Two metal pieces are joined together by the use of laser. It is focused to the cavity between the two metal pieces to be joined. Enough amount of energy is present and also expert hand is needed to operate autogenous laser welding process.

Autogenous fusion welding:

Autogenous welding is a process of fusion welding. Autogenous welding does not need the filler metal application to form a weld. Since solid-state welding processes generally do not use filler materials, they may also be classified as autogenous.

Autogenous welding power source:

The power source of the autogenous welding are listed below,

• Gas Metal Arc Welding
• Gas Tungsten Arc welding
• Flux Cored Arc Welding
• Shielded Metal Arc Welding

Gas Metal Arc Welding:-

In the Gas Metal Arc Welding as a source electric arc is used that occurs fusion welding method.

Gas Tungsten Arc welding:-

Another name for the Gas Tungsten Arc welding is Tungsten Insert Gas Welding. The Gas Tungsten Arc welding is a type of arc welding where an electrode which is non consumable tungsten is used to make the weld.

In the materials where Gas Tungsten Arc Welding method is applied are non – ferrous metals such as magnesium, aluminium, stainless steel, alloys of copper.

Flux Cored Arc Welding:-

Another name for the Flux Cored Arc Welding is Dual Shield Welding. Flux Cored Arc Welding is semi automated arc welding process.

Shielded Metal Arc Welding:-

In the Shield Metal Arc Welding an electrode is used which is metallic consumable of an appropriate mixture for running arc by parent workpiece and itself. The dissolved metal of electrode full fills the gap of the weld and the workpiece joint with each other.

What kind of metal is exhaust in Autogenous welding?

The common classifications of steel used in exhaust process cover ferritic and austenitic stainless steel and also aluminium.

Autogenous welding examples:

Autogenous welding is most suitable for thin metal sheets.

The examples of autogeous welding and their details are prate below,

• Gas tungsten arc welding
• Laser beam welding
• Electron beam welding
• Plasma arc welding

Gas tungsten arc welding:-

In the Gas Tungsten Arc Welding method (GTAW) an electrode is used which should be non consumable to produce high temperature near about 3800 degree centigrade and temperature have more melting point than the base metal to create the weld for the desired shape.

Application:-

1. Gas Tungsten Arc Welding method can be work with aluminium and its alloys, alloys of stainless steel, alloys of magnesium, alloys of nickel base, alloys of copper base, alloys of low steels and carbon steel and many more.
2. In hard facing Gas Tungsten Arc Welding is used.

Laser beam welding:-

The welding method of Laser Beam Welding an evaporated laser beam is used to dissolve the base metal and create the weld for the desired shape.

Application:-

1. In industry of automotive Laser Beam Welding widely used.
2. Making of jeweller Laser Beam Welding is used.
3. To make high precision welds.
4. Medical fields.

Electron beam welding:-

The welding method of Electron Beam Welding a strong force beam is used to dissolve the base metal and create the weld for the desired shape.

Application:-

1. For making bridges, ship’s shell plates, electronic components, parts of the aircrafts Electron Beam Welding is used.
2. Medical industries.
3. Electron Beam Welding is use for joining titanium and alloys of the titanium.
4. Aerospace industries.

Plasma arc welding:-

The welding method of Plasma Arc Welding ionized plasma arc is used to dissolve the base metal and create the weld for the desired shape.

Application:-

1. Marine industries.
2. Aerospace industries.
3. Plasma Arc Welding is use for joining titanium and the alloys of the titanium and also stainless steel and the alloys of the stainless steel.
4. Electronic industries.
5. For repairing the tools, mould and die.
6. Coating the blades of the turbines.

Examples of Non autogenous welding:

Some examples of Non autogenous welding are listed below,

• Manual Metal Arc Welding
• Flux Cored Arc Welding
• Gas Metal Arc Welding

“Brazing vs welding” topic will be prate in a brief manner in this article. The major difference between the welding and brazing is the source of heat.

In the welding and brazing process welder added filler metal into the joints of the metals. The difference between the Brazing and welding are discuss below,

Serial number	Welding	Brazing
1.	Temperature used in the welding process is more than the melting point of a base metal. The temperature can maximum goes upto for welding process near about 38000	Temperature used in the brazing process is less than the melting point of a base metal. The temperature can maximum goes upto for brazing process near about 6000
2.	Distortion rate for the welding process is moreDistortion rate for the brazing process is less.
3.	Stress is appear in the base metals during the welding process	Stress is not appearing in the base metals during the brazing process.
4.	Filler metals are not used during the welding process	Filler metals are used during the brazing process.
5.	The tensile strength is observe during the welding process and it range will be more than 200 MPa	The tensile strength is observe during the brazing process and it range will be between 100 – 150 MPa
6.	Similar metal with made same composition and also the temperature of melting point of the base metals only can be joined together	Dissimilar metal with made dissimilar composition and also the different temperature of melting point of the base metals can be easily joined together.
7.	For the large assembly welding is used	For the small assembly brazing is used.
8.	By the help of welding stronger joints can be making.	By the help of brazing weaker joints comparative to the welding joints can be making.
9.	In the welding before doing the operation workpiece should be clean	In the brazing before doing the operation workpiece should be clean but this not necessary.
10.	In the welding process the properties for the metals are change after completing the process.	In the brazing process the properties for the metals are not change after completing the process.
11.	Welding process can be define as, in which joining process both workpiece are dissolve together without or with application of filler metal using the upper temperature of melting point of the base metals.	Brazing process can be define as, in which joining process both workpiece are dissolve together with application of filler metal using the lower temperature of melting point of the base metals.

Brazing process vs. Welding:

The process of brazing is safer compare to the welding process.

Welding process can be define as, in which joining process both workpiece are dissolve together without or with application of filler metal using the upper temperature of melting point of the base metals and Brazing process can be define as, in which joining process both workpiece are dissolve together with application of filler metal using the lower temperature of melting point of the base metals.

Brazing rod vs. Welding rod:

In the process of the brazing welding rods can be used.

In the welding process both workpiece are dissolve together without or with application of filler metal using upper temperature of melting point of the base metals in other way in the brazing process both workpiece are dissolve together with application of filler metal using the lower temperature of melting point of the base metals.

Brazing vs Welding:

Expert hands not needed in the brazing but in welding expert hands are needed.

The major difference between the process of welding and brazing is the source of heat. In the process of the brazing the source of the heat works as furnace, resistance, torch, dipped, induction and in the process of the welding the heat source works as electricity.

In the process of the brazing the temperature will be around 550 degree centigrade and the process of the brazing the temperature will be around 2800 degree centigrade.

What is the advantage of brazing over welding?

Both the welding and brazing are best solution. Sometimes brazing is appropriate for some applications and sometimes welding is appropriate for some applications.

The advantages of brazing over welding are discuss below,

• Speedy operation
• Less expensive
• Ideal production for mid volume to high volume
• Less complicated process
• Create cleaner joints
• Maintain tight tolerance

Speedy operation:-

Brazing is a speedy operation compare to the welding process. In the brazing operation the processing temperature and power input is lower compare to the welding. The joints create by the brazing process have minimal residual stress and thermal distortion rate. The heat treatment process before doing the brazing operation is not needed. Dissimilar metal with made dissimilar composition and also the different temperature of melting point of the base metals can be easily joined together.

Less expensive:-

Brazing is an automated method although expert robotics is not needed to operate this process for this reason brazing became less expensive and money can be easily saves with this process.

Ideal production for mid volume to high volume:-

In the welding process productivity takes little more time but the brazing is automated process for this reason from medium volume production to high volume production easily can be make in a short time. The brazing is time consuming process.

Less complicated process:-

Temperature used in the welding process is more than the melting point of a base metal. The temperature can maximum goes upto for welding process near about 3800⁰ for this reason the properties of the joints in base metals are changed and difficult to work with the melts of the base metal and also expert hands are needed all together welding became complicated process.

While, temperature used in the brazing process is less than the melting point of a base metal. The temperature can maximum goes upto for brazing process near about 600⁰ for this reason the properties of the joints in the base metals are not changed and not difficult to work with the melts of the base metal and also expert hands not are needed all together brazing became less complicated process.

Create cleaner joints:-

Irregular beads are made in the welding process that creates from the part. In the other way no beads or very small beads are made in the brazing process which is great for the welders.

Maintain tight tolerance:-

In the brazing process the base metals are not melt being joint for this reason the shape of the base metal not defected, while in the welding process the base metals are melt being joint for this reason the shape of the base metal are defected due to higher temperature than the melting temperature of the base metals.

Is brazing harder than welding?

In the welding process the properties of the base metals are changed.

Brazing harder than the welding or welding harder than the brazing is totally depending upon the joint configuration. The inner joints of the base metals are easy to weld and in the case of joining dissimilar metal brazing are easier than the welding.

Brazing vs. welding strength:

The method of brazing is not too much effective in the high temperature.

The joints strength for the base metals is strong in the process of the welding. Brazing process is work lower than the melting points for the base metals for this reason base metal does not dissolve. Rather, the source of the heat dissolve a filler metal and by the action of the capillary and compose it within the joints.

Brazing vs. welding cast iron:

Brazing is more suitable work with the cast iron.

Cast iron jobs are done in small repairing and in the case of brazing also suitable for small area repairing and risk of cracking is easily can be reduce for this while cast iron jobs are not suitable for welds.

Brazing vs. welding bike frame:

Bike frames are usually made with aluminium, carbon, steel even with cardboard.

With the both brazing and welding process frames of the bikes are made it’s totally depend on the materials and structure. With aluminium we easily can weld and with the steel frames of the bikes brazing can be done.

Brazing vs. welding steel:

Propane torch is used in the braze.

Brazing steel joint is stronger compare to the welding steel joint. A properly created brazed joint is more strong compare to the base metals being joined and the temperatures in that case remain low near about 600 degree centigrade.

Brazing vs. welding aluminium:

Brazing with aluminium is speedier.

In the joining of metals for aluminium brazing process is more quick compare to the Tungsten Insert Gas Welding process. The strength for the aluminium brazing and aluminium welding both are same.

Bronze brazing vs. welding:

For joining dissimilar metals bronze brazing is more effective.

In the welding process both workpiece are dissolve together without or with application of filler metal using upper temperature of melting point of the base metals in other way in the brazing process both workpiece are dissolve together with application of filler metal using the lower temperature of melting point of the base metals.

Fillet brazing vs. welding:

Brazing can joins permanently two metals with the help of torch.

Lugged joints and fillet brazed joints are done by heating the filler material (but not the base metal) to its melting point using a very hot flame, usually from oxy-acetylene or oxy-propane whereas welding is done by electrical current – basically tiny lightning bolts are used to melt the metals.

“Tig vs Mig welding” topic will be summarize in a brief manner in this article. Tig and Mig both welding are use to prepare the weld with the help of an electric arc.

The way of using the arc is the major difference between the tig welding and mig welding. The difference between the tig welding and mig welding are discuss below,

Serial number	MIG Welding	TIG Welding
1.	The meaning of the MIG is Metal Insert Gas Welding. MIG Welding also define as, Metal Active Gas Welding (MAG), Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW).	The meaning of the TIG is Tungsten Insert Gas Welding. TIG Welding also define as, Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW).
2.	In the MIG Welding method the electric arc is produce in between a workpiece metal and consumable wire electrode.	In the TIG Welding method the electric arc is produce in between a workpiece metal and non consumable tungsten electrode.
3.	In the MIG Welding method the electrode which is used is a type of consumable wire electrode.	In the TIG Welding method the electrode which is used is a type of non consumable tungsten electrode.
4.	MIG Welding is speedy welding process.	TIG Welding is not too speedy welding process.
5.	MIG Welding is not appropriate for various types of positions.	TIG Welding is appropriate for various types of positions.
6.	MIG Welding is most used in source of direct current power, constant voltage. The MID Welding method also used in alternating current and constant current.	TIG Welding is most used power supply for the constant current in the method of the welding.
7.	Weld deposition rate is too high for the MIG Welding method.	Weld deposition rate is not too high for the TIG Welding method.
8.	MIG Welding method uses in continuous wire feed.	TIG Welding method not uses in continuous wire feed.
9.	MIG Welding method can be applied in thick metal sheet that thickness can be vary upto 40 mm.	TIG Welding method cannot be applied in thick metal sheet, it only applied for thin metal sheet that thickness can be vary upto 5 mm.
10.	The materials which are used in the MIG Welding method are steels, non – ferrous materials and aluminium.	The materials which are used in the TIG Welding method are non – ferrous materials such as magnesium, copper alloys and aluminium, stainless steel.
11.	In the MIG Welding method high skilled operators are not needed to operate.	In the TIG Welding method high skilled operators are needed to operate.
12.	In the MIG Welding method application of filler metal is common.	In the TIG Welding method application of filler metal is not common, when in the process filler metal is needed only that time filler metal is applied.
13.	In the MIG Welding method the equipments which are used are listed below, 1. Welding power supply 2. Welding torch 3. Wire feed unit 4. Shielding gas supply 5. Welding electrode wire	In the TIG Welding method the equipments which are used are listed below, 1. Shielding gas supply 2. Constant current power supply source 3. Non consumable tungsten electrode 4. Welding torch
14.	In the MIG Welding method less virtue of weld is produce	In the TIG Welding method high virtue of weld is produce
15.	In the MIG Welding method filler metal is not needed. The feed electrode wire dissolves and works as a filler metal.	In the TIG Welding method filler metal sometimes needed or sometimes not needed.

­­Tig vs. Mig welding strength:

TIG Welding is makes more precise and cleaner weld comparative to the MIG Welding and also others types of methods of arc welding.

TIG Welding method commonly higher and stronger in efficiency comparative to the MIG Welding method.

MIG Welding:-

MIG Welding method is a classification of Arc welding. In the method of MIG Welding a small wire is fed by a torch or tube that catches welded to the metal as the feeds the tube out the wire. MIG Welding is faster easier to operate and cheaper comparative to TIG Welding method. In automotive sector as welding process and in home projects as DIY MIG Welding method is widely used.

TIG Welding:-

TIG Welding is faster not easier to operate and time consuming, costly and by the help of TIG welding process high quality welds is produce. In the welding robots website and industry of aerospace MIG Welding is use. In the method TIG Welding both foot by a foot pedal and hands are need to perform.

Tig vs. Mig welding body panels:

Both Metal Insert Gas Welding and Tungsten Insert Gas welding require shielding gases.

While MIG welding is useful when tackling body panels, and doesn’t require such exacting tolerances between panels, the weld is harder than in TIG welding, and leaves a higher weld, meaning heat is generated when grinding a MIG weld back (which often isn’t required at all with TIG) and the hard weld makes it tougher to work with a hammer and dolly to eliminate any warpage.

The benefits of MIG welding are that it’s way easier to weld vertically or even upside down with MIG, less operator skill is required, long welds can be made if distortion isn’t a factor, and it’s easier to learn. Benefits of TIG welding are superior quality welds, precise control of heat input, it’s spatter-free and offers low distortion and minimal cleanup. It also looks good.

Tig vs. Mig welding gloves:

The major differences in the gloves of the weldings are difference between gloves used for TIG and MIG welding.

MIG gloves generally include a thick pad at the back of the hand. This provides protection for a common MIG hand position wherein the weldor will rest the edge of the non-dominant hand against the workpiece, thumb-up.

TIG gloves, on the other hand, are generally made of much thinner, softer leather, or sometimes a mixture of leather and fire-resistant fabric.

MIG gloves also generally have a loose fit. This is handy for quickly removing them if they overheat–a glove can be flung off with one hand.

TIG gloves more snugly, and allows easy finger mobility.

Tig vs. Mig welding sheet metal:

For the both welding process of TIG and MIG sheet metal are used with the stainless steel and aluminium.

In the MIG welding thick sheet metal is used which thickness will be near about 40 mm and in TIG welding the process is done in a thin sheet metal which thickness will be around 6 mm.

Tig vs. Mig welding exhaust:

TIG can be employed with all weldable metals but is the most useful for the welding of alloys such as stainless steel and for thin materials. For this reason, a quality racing exhaust header should be welded using TIG welding.

The hand crafted quality, strength and visual appeal of TIG welding sets Cobra Exhausts apart from other brands that use MIG welding. TIG welding produces a stronger more durable weld that is generally more malleable and less brittle due to the slower cooling rate of the metals.

MIG welding should be mentioned as it is a popular welding method due to its ease of use.To weld an exhaust pipe, we recommend using a MIG welder because it works incredibly well in the welding of thinner metals. The exhaust pipes of vehicles are generally made with thinner metals so that they are lightweight when attached.

Tig vs. Mig welding cost:

The welding cost for the Tungsten Insert Gas welding more expensive than the Metal Insert Gas Welding.

Welding cost of the TIG welding is high because of TIG welding process is very slow welding process and deposition rate will also low and also need to operate this welding process expert hand, altogether tig process became costly whereas, Welding cost of the MIG welding is not too high compare to  TIG welding process.

MIG welding process is very fast welding process and deposition rate will also fast and also not need to operate expert hands to operate this welding process.

When to use Tig vs. Mig welding:

In the Metal Insert Gas Welding and Tungsten Insert Gas Welding we cannot use same gas for the both cases.

When we should to use Metal Insert Gas Welding and Tungsten Insert Gas Welding is describe below,

Metal Insert Gas Welding:-

1. In the automotive sector and household purposes Metal Insert Gas Welding is widely used.
2. MIG Welding can be used in very thick metal sheet the metal sheet thickness can be vary upto 40 mm.
3. The materials which are used in the MIG Welding method are steels, non – ferrous materials.

Tungsten Insert Gas Welding:-

1. In the pipeline welding and pipeline tig welding process is widely used and also in various industrial fields such as aviation, a sheet metal industry is also used.
2. TIG Welding can be used in thin metal sheet the metal sheet thickness can be varying upto only 6 mm.
3. The materials which are used in the TIG Welding method are non – ferrous materials such as magnesium, copper alloys and aluminium, stainless steel.

Tig welding vs. Mig welding roll cage:

Mainly there have three types of welder which is sufficient for the roll cages, such as stick, MIG Welder and TIG.

Metal Insert Gas welding can make acceptable welds in a roll cage, where Tungsten Insert Gas welding produce better quality roll cages and a rider could get safer ride in her/his car.

Tig vs Mig welding aluminium:

Aluminium metal is used for both methods Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) and Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW).

In the industries the experts are prefer more aluminium metal in the Tungsten Insert Gas Welding process because it gives more good result on the thin and light gauge materials comparative to the Metal Insert Gas Welding. Tungsten Insert Gas welding aluminium can make more good quality welds.

Tungsten Insert Gas welding is a slower process and experts are needed to operate but can gives more precise details in the products whereas Metal Insert Gas Welding process is speedy process but not able to give so precise details in the products.

Tig vs Mig welding stainless steel:

Metal Insert Gas welding is a better option when fast welding is needed for the materials like stainless steel.

Stainless steel metal is used for both methods Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) and Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW). In the industries the experts are prefer more stainless steel  metal in the Metal Insert Gas Welding process because it gives more good result on the thick and heavy gauge materials comparative to the Tungsten Insert Gas Welding.

Metal Insert Gas welding can make more good quality welds on the stainless steel materials. Metal Insert Gas welding is a very fast forward process and experts are not needed to operate but it cannot gives more precise details in the products comparative to the Tungsten Insert Gas Welding, whereas Tungsten Insert Gas Welding process is slow process and able to give so precise details in the products.

Tig welding gas vs. Mig welding gas:

In the Tig welding process longer tube is use for fuse two metals and in the mig welding is a feed wire is use which is moves constantly by the gun for creating spark then dissolve to make the weld.

The difference between Tungsten Insert Gas Welding and Metal Insert Gas Welding are describe below,

Tungsten Insert Gas Welding:-

In the Tungsten Insert Gas Welding 100% Argon gas is used. If in the Tungsten Insert Gas Weldingcarbon dioxide gas is a little amount is present then the process could not perform well because carbon dioxide reaction with electrode which is made with tungsten metal. The electrodes of the Tungsten Insert Gas Weldingare non consumable, weld fools are fed with the help of hand. TIG Welding is needed expert to operate but it could give better result than the MIG Welding.

Metal Insert Gas Welding:-

Metal Insert Gas Welding is made with Helium, Argon or Carbon dioxide, but compound of gas normally common as oxygen and argon. The astute reader always should to remember that oxygen and carbon dioxide is not the noble gases. Oxygen and carbon dioxide is deriving as semi insert gases, together with hydrogen and nitrogen. Semi insert gas helps to improve the quality of welding process but can causes too much damage.

Tig vs Mig welding machine:

TIG Welding and MIG Welding both are uses as an electric arc for make the weld.

The major difference between the tig welding and mig welding are listed below,

• Diversity
• Speed
• Cost
• Comfort

Diversity:-

The reason behind the widely use of mig welding in the welding process is the varieties of choices of jobs. Tig welding only can uses in the thin metal sheet which thickness is about 6 mm whereas the mig welding process can be used in the thick metal sheet that can be upto 40 mm. The materials which are used in the MIG Welding method are steels, non – ferrous materials and aluminium and the materials which are used in the TIG Welding method are non – ferrous materials such as magnesium, copper alloys and aluminium, stainless steel.

The most advantage of the mig welding method is the wire feed not only works as an electrode it also works as filler metal. As a result, the pieces which are more thick easily can be fused together without heat applying on it the entire path through. For the two different martial type of welding process mig welding easily can be work on workpiece.

Speed:-

The speed of the mig welding method is more than the tig welding method. The welding gun of the mig welding process is designed to run for a very long time without stop which making them more productive and efficient than its counterpart. In the large operations industrial fields’ high production rate is much needed in that particular case mig welding process is very useful. In automotive sector as welding process and in home projects as DIY MIG Welding method is widely used.

Cost:-

In the mig welding process the production of the product can make very quickly in a short time for this reason the mig welding gives more profit margin to any industrial field where as the tig welding process the production of the product cannot make very quickly in a short time for this reason the tig welding cannot gives profit margin as much as mig welding process.

Comfort:-

In the MIG Welding method high skilled operators are not needed to operate for this reason the operation method of the mig welding process is easier than the tig welding process whereas, in the TIG Welding method high skilled operators are needed to operate.

When to use mig welding:

In the Metal Insert Gas Welding process a consumable wire is used which is works as both as filler metal and electrode.

The welding process of mig is uses is listed below,

1. In the automotive sector and household purposes Metal Insert Gas Welding is widely used.
2. MIG Welding can be used in very thick metal sheet the metal sheet thickness can be vary upto 40 mm.
3. The materials which are used in the MIG Welding method are steels, non – ferrous materials.

Application of mig welding:-

• MIG Welding used for maximum classifications of sheet metal welding.
• Fabrication of steel structure and pressure vessels.
• Home improvement industry and automotive industry.

When to use tig welding:

In the Tungsten Insert Gas Welding process filler metal is all time not needed. When filler metal is needed in the operation only that time filler metal is used.

The welding process of tig is uses is listed below,

• In the pipeline welding and pipeline tig welding process is widely used and also in various industrial fields such as aviation, a sheet metal industry is also used.
• TIG Welding can be used in thin metal sheet the metal sheet thickness can be varying upto only 6 mm.
• The materials which are used in the TIG Welding method are non – ferrous materials such as magnesium, copper alloys and aluminium, stainless steel.

Application of tig welding:-

• TIG Welding used for automotive industry.
• Aircraft construction and aerospace.
• Repairing for auto body.

In this article the topic of “Lathe machine working” about every parts is discuss in a brief manner. The lathe is actually a machine tool that is mainly used to remove excess amount of material from the face workpiece.

Lathe is a machine tool. The lathe which about an axis is rotate a workpiece to carry out various types of functions such as facing, drilling, cutting, turning, deformation, knurling, sanding, with the help of tools which is exerted to the workpiece thus a needed shaped object can get.

The parts of the lathe machine:-

• Headstock
• Bed
• Tail stock
• Main spindle
• Carriage

Lathe machine working with detailed explanations about each part:-

The each parts of the lathe working with detailed explanations is discuss below,

Headstock:-

In the machine tool of the lathe the part plays an important role is Headstock. The headstock permanently mounted in the inner guide ways of the bed in the left side.

Headstock contains some parts such as back bear drive, main spindle, a chuck which is fitted at the spindle nose and also all the gear drive.

Function:-

The work of the headstock is to carry the whole mechanism or pegs of the lathe machine tool which is hold the strings at the top of the instrument. At the tail of the lathe the strings of the string are usually carry by the bridge or tailpiece.

Accessories:-

The accessories carried by the headstock spindle is listed below,

1. Three jaw chuck
2. Magnetic chuck
3. Four jaw chuck
4. Collect chuck
5. Faceplate
6. Lathe center
7. Lathe dog

Bed:-

The bed of the machine tool of the lathe forms the base.

Bed of the lathe is made with cast iron. The top surface of the bed is machined precisely and accurately.

The bed of the lathe is bolted to the ground.

The bed is placed in the legs of the machine tool of the lathe.

Function:-

The base of the bed for a machine tool of lathe is robust and by the help of bed headstock is connected and allows and tailstock the carriage to be moved freely parallel by the axis of the spindle.

Support is given by the bed of the parts of the lathe machine tool such as, carriage, tailstock, feed mechanism and many more.

Deflection made by the cutting force which is prevent by the bed.

A bed is rigid and has enough good capacity to take vibration of the machine tool

Tail stock:-

The body of the tailstock is made with cast iron.

The structure of the tailstock is house and bored the spindle of the tailstock.

Tailstock is placed on the right side exactly above the bed of the machine tool of lathe.

Function:-

The tail stock grips the tool so that the tools can perform different types of operations such as tapping, drilling, reaming and many more.

The tail stock support the longer end o the job for minimize and holding its sagging.

Main spindle:-

The main spindle is a shaft which is hollow cylindrical and in between the main spindle long job easily can go through.

The design of the main spindle is so good thus the cutting tool of the lathe machine tool thus thrust cannot deflect the spindle.

Carriage:-

The carriage of the lathe machine tool is used to guide, support and also feed against the workpiece when the machining is done.

The parts which are carrying by the carriage are listed below,

1. Apron
2. Cross – slide
3. Saddle
4. Toolpost
5. Compound rest

The three movements which are provide by the carriage to the workpiece are listed below,

1. Longitudinal feed through carriage movement
2. Cross feed through slide movement
3. Angular feed through slide movement

Function:-

The carriage controls and moves the cutting tool.

During the operation the carriage provide a rigid support to the tool.

Transform the power from the feed rod to the cutting tool by the apron mechanism for longitudinal cross – feeding.

Lathe machine operations:

The operations is done by the lathe machine is listed below,

• Facing
• Centering
• Grooving
• Chamfering
• Knurling
• Boring

Facing:-

On the lathe machine tool facing is acts as a facing tool for cutting a flat area perpendicular to the job’s rotational axis. A facing tool is situated into a tool holder that is rest on the carriage of the machine tool of the lathe.

After that the tool will be feed perpendicularly to the area’s rotational axis as it rotates in the jaw of the chuck. The user has the option for hand feeding the machine tool of the lathe while facing or the power feed option can be use. For getting a more smooth surface, the power feed option is uses to appeasement due to a feed rate which stays at constant. Factors which are affect the effectiveness and quality of facing actions on the lathe machine tool such as, cutter size, speeds and feeds, material hardness, and also how the section is clamped down.

Centering:-

Centering is a process of gripping the job into chuck of the machine tool of the lathe, face place and drive plate on the center portion of the lathe machine. The process of the center is needed for the workpiece concentric to the center for the machining into the cylindrical shaped.

Work to be turned in the machine tool of the lathe may be either held in the centres; or fastened in a chuck, or clamped to the faceplate. The work which is to be faced or turned true with a finished hole is held either no a mandrel between centres, or on a special mandrel the shank of which fits the spindle. In the case of work to be held between the live and dead centres of the lathe, first sixty degree counter-sink holes (which fit the sixty degree lathe centres) are drilled and reamed in both ends of the work.

The work is fitted in the centres and is usually driven from the face-plate by means of a dog which is securely clamped to it on the live-centre end. The work thus turns with the live centre which acts both as a support and a bearing.

Grooving:-

Grooving is an operation by which diameter is reduced of a workpiece in a very narrow space. With the help of groove tool the operation grooving is done. Grooving tool is almost same to the parting tool. It is frequently done at the part of the end of a thread or neighbouring to a shoulder to parting a small margin.

Chamfering:-

Chamfering is an operation which is done in the end section of the bolt and the end section of the shaft. In the chamfering operation on the workpiece which is mainly in cylindrical shaped get a bevelled area. By the help of chamfering damage can be avoided in the edges of the sharp and also protect the operation getting hurt during the other operation. The chamfering operation helps to screw the nut upon the bolt.

Knurling:-

Knurling is an operation by which in a workpiece diamond shape is obtained for the purpose of the gripping. Knurling operation is done for holding better into the surface of the workpiece when operation done by hand. By the using a knurling tool the operation of knurling is done. The knurling tool carried of a set of hardening steel roller and rigidly holds the toolpost.

Boring:-

Most of the turning methods that appear with external turning are also to be found in boring. With external turning, the length of the workpiece does not affect the tool overhang and the size of the toolholder can be chosen so that it withstands the forces and stresses that arise during the operation. However, with internal turning, or boring, the choice of tool is very much restricted by the workpiece’s hole diameter and length.

A general rule, which applies to all machining, is to minimize the tool overhang to obtain the best possible stability and thereby accuracy. With boring the depth of the hole determines the overhang. The stability is increased when a larger tool diameter is used, but even then the possibilities are limited since the space allowed by the diameter of the hole in the workpiece must be taken into consideration for chip evacuation and radial movements.

The other operations which are done by the lathe machine named are also listed below,

• Rough turning
• Finish turning
• Recessing
• Reaming by occupying the cutting tool by the help of taper upon the short length
• Boring (internal turning) taper and straight
• Cutting helical threads
• Forming internal and external
• Taper turning
• Axial drilling
• Shouldering

Lathe machine specification:

The specifications of lathe machine are listed below,

• Lead screw pitch
• Maximum diameter of the bar
• The length by the centers of the two
• Height of the center
• Tailstock sleeve travel
• Motor horse power and Revolution per minute
• Shipping dimension (Weight * Length * height * Width)
• Metric thread pitches
• Swing diameter on the bed

Click to Read more on 10+ Rack And Pinion Examples: Types, Working, Parts.

In this article the topic is “Specific humidity vs. relative humidity” and specific humidity vs. relative humidity related facts and relationship will be prate in a brief manner.

Specific humidity is a physical parameter by which express as the ratio between the mass of the water vapor and net moist mass of the air parcel. Relative humidity derives as in a particular temperature the portion to reveal a present state of absolute humidity comparative to a maximum humidity.

How to determine the specific humidity to relative humidity:

Determination of the specific humidity to relative humidity is discuss below,

Relative humidity can be express as e/e₀ and derive as, the proportion of the vapor pressure to the pressure of the saturation vapour. In other word the proportion of mass compound proportions of vapor of water at practical and saturation values and express as, w/w_s. If the value of the specific humidity is know then compound mixing proportion of the vapor of water in air can be written as,

q ≡ m_v/m_v+m_d = w/w+1 ≈ w

Relative humidity can be derive as, the proportion of the vapor of water compound proportion to vapor of water compound proportion w/w_s \\frac{w}{w_s}

Where,

w_s ≡ m_vs/m_d = e_sR_d/R_v (p-e_s) ≈ 0.622e_s/p

And from the Clausius – Clapeyron equation we can write,

When the value of w and w_s is obtained in that case we can write,

RH = 100w/w_s ≈ 0.263pq[exp(17.67(T-T₀)/T-29.65)]

We also can calculate the value using this equation,

RH = 100e/e_s

But with this equation problems can be arise just because q is not straightforward.

The variables are used in this equation are given below,

q = Specific humidity or mass compound proportion of the vapor of the water to total amount of air and it is dimensionless

T = Temperature and unit is Kelvin

m_v= Specific mass of the vapor of the water and unit is kilogram

m_d = Specific mass of the air which is dry and unit is kilogram

w = Mass compound proportion of the vapor of the air which is dry and it is dimensionless

m_vs = Specific mass of the vapor of the water at equilibrium and unit is kilogram

w_s= Mass compound proportion of the vapor of the air which is dry at equilibrium and it is dimensionless

[ L_v= Specific enthalpy for the vaporization and unit is Joule per kilogram per Kelvin

R_d= Specific gas constant of the air which is dry and unit is Joule per kilogram per Kelvin

R_v= Specific gas constant of the vapor of the water and unit is Joule per kilogram per Kelvin

e_s= Saturation pressure of the vapor at T and unit is Pascal

e_s0= Saturation pressure of the vapor at T₀ unit is Pascal

p = Pressure and unit is Pascal

Define major points for the specific humidity vs relative humidity:

Humidity is the amount of vapor of the water which is present in the air. Humidity can be derive as, relative value, specific value and absolute value.

The difference between specific humidity and relative humidity is describe below,

When the value of relative humidity is known of the air which is most and the density of the vapor of the water, and the density of the vapor of the air in that particular case the specific humidity can be written as,

x = 0.622φρ_ws/ρ-ρ_ws x 100%

Where,

x = Specific humidity of the vapor of the air compound

φ= Relative humidity

ρ_ws= Densisity of the vapor of the water and unit is kilogram per cubic meter

ρ= Density of the vapor of the humid air and unit is kilogram per cubic meter

What is the specific humidity?

The unit of the specific humidity is most useful unit of the dimension of the humidity.

Specific humidity can be derive as, the total mass of the vapor of the water in a unit mass o the air of the moist. In air conditioning system the specific humidity can be express as, grains per pound and usually the specific humidity can be express as vapor of the air in kilogram.

The equation of the specific humidity is,

SH = 0.622 x P/P-P_w x 100%

Where,

SH = Specific humidity or mass compound proportion of the vapor of the water to total amount of air and it is dimensionless

P = Pressure and unit is Pascal

P_w= Pressure pressure of the vapor of the water and unit is Pascal

As temperature decreases, the amount of water vapor needed to reach saturation also decreases and as temperature increases, the amount of water vapor needed to reach saturation also increases. As the temperature of a parcel of air becomes lower it will eventually reach the point of saturation without adding or losing water mass.

How to calculate specific humidity with temperature, relative humidity and pressure?

Determine the specific humidity with temperature, relative humidity and pressure is describe below,

If the equation the value of Relative humidity is given in that case the value of temperature and pressure easily can be calculate using this equation,

RH = e/e_s

w = eR_d/R_v(p-e)

And,

q = w/w+1

After that we can estimate the value of specific humidity which is express as q. The value of specific humidity can be estimate using this equation,

From the equation of e = RH \\times e_s we can estimate the value of e and then value of the e is plug into the equation for w. Then putting the value of the result into the equation for q.

The variables are used in this equation are given below,

q = Specific humidity or mass compound proportion of the vapor of the water to total amount of air and it is dimensionless

w = Mass compound proportion of the vapor of the air which is dry and it is dimensionless

e_s= Saturation pressure of the vapor at T and unit is Pascal

e_s0= Saturation pressure of the vapor at T₀unit is Pascal

R_d= Specific gas constant of the air which is dry and unit is Joule per kilogram per Kelvin

R_v= Specific gas constant of the vapor of the water and unit is Joule per kilogram per Kelvin

p = Pressure and unit is Pascal

L_v= Specific enthalpy for the vaporization and unit is Joule per kilogram per Kelvin

T = Temperature and unit is Kelvin

T₀= Reference temperature and unit is Kelvin

How to find specific humidity from dew point?

Dew point can be derive as in this way the fixed temperature at which vapor of the water start to condense in to water.

Finding the specific humidity from dew point is given below,

The variables are used in this equation are given below,

T_s= Dew point

b = Magnus coefficient

a = Magnus coefficient

T = Temperature

RH = Relative humidity of the air

How to calculate maximum specific humidity?

The calculation of the maximum specific humidity is discuss below,

At the beginning of the process of calculation of the specific humidity need to measure the net amount of pressure for the air.

In the next step of the calculation of the specific humidity need to determine the partial pressure for the vapor of the water.

In final step using the specific humidity equation put the value of pressure for the air and partial pressure for the vapor of the water and determines the value.

The equation of the specific humidity is,

SH = 0.622 x P/P-P_w x 100%

Where,

SH = Specific humidity or mass compound proportion of the vapor of the water to total amount of air and it is dimensionless

P = Pressure and unit is Pascal

P_w= Pressure pressure of the vapor of the water and unit is Pascal

Frequent asked question:-

Question: – Write down the conditions which are most preferred for the dew points.

Answer: – The conditions which are most prefer for the dew points is listed below,

1. Clear sky at the night time particularly a day after warm
2. Little amount of vapor of the water at the higher surrounding
3. If no strong wind is not present in the night time means calm night
4. In the lower tier of the higher humidity

Question: – Write down the structures which are most preferred for the dew points.

Answer: – The structures which are most preferred for the dew points are listed below,

• Good radiators
• Poor thermal conductivity
• Exposed and thin matters such as petals, grass blades and leaves
• Well isolated from the surface

In this article the topic of “Quasi static process example” will be discuss with quasi static process example related details. When the sliding friction force is work on that time it became irreversible.

5+ Quasi Static Process Example is listed below,

• In the daytime the expansion of railway tracks
• Charging of Smartphone
• Growing of a tree
• Growing of hair
• Growing of nail

In the daytime the expansion of railway tracks:-

In the thermodynamic the Quasi Static Process is defined as very slow process. Quasi Static Process appear infinitesimally slow.In the Quasi Static Process all the state stays in equilibrium. The expansion of railway tracks in the morning is one of the examples of Quasi Static Process. During the morning time the metal steel, cast iron  with which the railway track made of it absorb the heat and expansion is happened.

The expansion of railway tracks are happened in very slow process to avoid accident a certain amount of gap is present in between two railway tracks.

Charging of Smartphone:-

Another example of the Quasi Static Process is charging of a Smartphone. During the charging of the Smartphone it takes a long time.  The Smartphone need to charge when is needed. But we should not fall below twenty percent or more than the twenty percent and fully avoid discharging the battery of the Smartphone if not calibration is needed. Should to unplug the Smartphone when the charge stays between eighty percent to hundred percent.

Some process to make faster of the charging of Smartphone:-

1. Avoid wireless charging
2. A wall socket should be use
3. Turn the phone off
4. Should to carry a power bank
5. High quality cable should be use
6. Enable airplane mode
7. Case of the phone need to remove
8. Enable charge mode

Growing of a tree:-

Growing of a tree is another example of the Quasi Static Process. Growing a tree takes a very long time and go through some stages of the life cycle. The states of the a life cycle are,

• Sprout (Germination)
• Seedling
• Sapling
• Mature Tree

Sprout (Germination):-

When a seed could find appropriate condition the seed need to stable and secure its life itself. At the first of the state the roots are breaks from the seed. Anchoring it and takes water for grow of the tree. In the next step of the germination is takes place that it could emergence of the embryonic shoot.

After that the shoot grows up and pushes up by the soil.

Seedling:-

The shoot is became a seed when it come above of the ground. In this stage the tree faces most risk because in this particular state the tree can faces dieses and also facing damage such as deer grazing. The trees which have long life span for them sapling became longer such as oaks, yews and in other way the trees which have short life span for them sapling became shorter such as wild cherry, silver birch.

Sapling:-

A tree is called a sapling when it became near about 3 ft tall. The length of a sapling is totally depending on the family of the tree. Some characterises is carried by the sapling they are listed below,

• Flexible trunks
• Smoother bark comparative to the mature trees
• An inability to make flowers
• An inability to make fruits

Mature Tree:-

A tree is called mature when it begins to make flowers and fruits. In the stage of producing flowers and fruits the tree stays at most productive state. Depend on the species the tree make flowers and fruits.

Growing of hair:-

Growing of hair is another example of the Quasi Static Process. In this process hair takes time to grow and growing of hair is slow process. just like quasi static process.

Growing of nail:-

Growing of nails is another example of the Quasi Static Process. In this process hair takes time to grow.

Frequent Asked Question:-

Question: – Describe about the thermodynamic processes.

Solution: – A thermodynamic ring is a sequence of several processes. The thermodynamic process is start and ends at the very same thermodynamic state.

The thermodynamic processes are listed below,

• Isothermal process
• Isobaric process
• Isochoric process
• Adiabatic process

Isothermal process:-

When the system is undergoes to change from one state to the other state, but that time system does not change its temperature. The temperature of the system remains constant.

Thus, in our example of hot water in a thermos flask, if we remove a certain quantity of water from the flask but keep its temperature constant at 50 degree Celsius, the process is said to be an isothermal process.

Isobaric process:-

When the system is undergoes to change from one state to the other state, but that time system does not change its pressure. The pressure of the system remains constant. The process is said to be an isobaric process.

Isochoric process:-

When the system is undergoes to change from one state to the other state, but that time system does not change its volume. The volume of the system remains constant. The process is said to be an isochoric process.

The heating of gas in a closed cylinder is an example of an isochoric process.

Adiabatic process:-

The process during which the heat content of the system or a certain quantity of matter remains constant is called an adiabatic process.

Thus, in the adiabatic process, no heat transfer between the system and its surroundings occurs.

Question: – Describe about the workdone by thermodynamic processes.

Solution: – The workdone by thermodynamic processes is done by foue proceeses, they are listed below,

• Constant pressure or Isobaric process
• Constant volume or Isochoric process
• Constant temperature or Isothermal process
• Polytropic process

Constant pressure or Isobaric process:-

Constant volume or Isochoric process:-

Constant temperature or Isothermal process:-

Where, Pressure express as p differ with volume express as v.

PV = P₁P₂ = C

So, W_1-2 = P₁V₁ln(V₂/V₁)

Polytropic process:-

W_1-2 = (P₁V₁ – P₂V₂)/n-1