Mechanical

Welding is the method which has been around us from a long period of time and different types of welds are introduced over the decades.

The weld joints can be classified according to the way the pieces of metal are placed together or align with each other. Each type of welds are different from each other by design, quality and cost wise. Selection of an appropriate weld type as per requirement needs special attention and skill of the welder.

The welding process is all about using heat to melt separate metal pieces so that their molten portion flow together and fuse to form a single seamless piece.

Different Types of Weld Joints

Welds can be geometrically prepared in many different ways.

According to American Welding Society(AWS), Welding Joints can be classified basically as below :

• Butt joint
• Corner joint
• Edge joint
• Lap joint
• Tee joint

The above mentioned weld joints cover different weld types.

Welders have to select a weld type observing certain criterions like welding method and thickness of the members to be welded. Generally, welds are described by their shapes when we observe their cross sections. 

In a weld joint different members are joined together to form a single part so that the stresses acting on them are distributed. A weld joint has to withstand different types of stresses like tensile stress, compressive stress, bending, torsion and shear stresses. The capability of a welded joint to overcome theses stresses depends on both the design and integrity of the weld.

The welding method and the joint design are inter related, depending on the welding method we have to select the joint type and vice versa.

A particular welding method results a particular type of weld accurately and efficiently. The characteristic of the welding method like the rate of travel, penetration, deposition rate, heat input etc affect its performance and resulting weld.

Butt joint

Butt welds are very common and simple to weld, here metal pieces are placed near to each other in the same surface and pieces are joined edge to edge. Most common applications of butt weld are fabrication industry and piping system.

Different types of butt welds(variation in groove shape, applications, width of the gap etc.) in butt welding  are listed below:

• Square
• Single bevel
• Double bevel
• Single J
• Double J
• Single V
• Double V
• Single U
• Double U grooves

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Because the orientation of the material usually presents only one end to a long gluing or welding surface, the resulting joint is inherently weak. 

Accumulation of slag, porosity, cracking etc are certain drawbacks of butt welds which make it weaken. Butt welds can be fed through automatic welding machines accurately due to their simplicity in design.

Corner joint

Corner joints are common in sheet metal industries to weld frames, boxes, tanks etc. It is similar to butt welds, two plates at right angles to each other in the ‘corner’ in either an open or closed manner, giving an L shape.

In the case of light weighted flexible sheets accurate alignment is quite difficult. To avoid the occurrence of air trap, try to get rid of air pockets, pits, surface irregularities at the weld joint.

Different geometric patterns of corner welds in corner joints are as below:

(i) Fillet weld
(ii) Spot weld
(iii) Square-groove weld or butt weld
(iv) V-groove weld
(v) Bevel-groove weld
(vi) U-groove weld
(vii) J-groove weld
(viii) Flare-V-groove weld
(ix) Edge weld
(x) Corner-flange weld

Edge joint

In edge joint, the metal pieces are placed in such a way that the edges give an even surface and then one or both the surfaces are bent at an angle to form the joint. In case of applications to withstand heavy loads, additional filler metals are applied to fuse the edges completely.

The various weld types in this welding joint are:

Square-groove weld or butt weld
Bevel-groove weld
V-groove weld
J-groove weld
U-groove weld
Edge-flange weld
Corner-flange weld

Lap joint

In case of lap welds the two ends of the metal pieces of different thicknesses are placed in such a way that one piece can overlap the other one. Depending on the necessities, welds have done only on one side or on both the sides.

This type of joints are generally avoided for thicker materials and preferred for sheet metals. Corrosion is the main issue associated with lap welds, however using modern techniques and changing variables this problem can be prevented. Since, Lap joints have the characteristics same as Fillet welds, so it is considered as a Fillet Weld also.

The Various weld types in lap joint are

(i) Fillet weld
(ii) Bevel-groove weld
(iii) J-groove weld
(iv) Plug weld
(v) Slot weld
(vi) Spot weld
(vii) Flare-bevel-groove weld

Tee Joint

In T welds two pieces are welded at a 90-degree angle to each other, one piece is generally attached to the center of another one giving a T shape. This type of joint is frequently seen in welding a pipe on a base plate.

Different welding styles that can be used to create a tee joint are as follows

• Plug weld
• Slot weld
• Bevel-groove weld
• Fillet weld
• J-groove weld
• Melt-through weld
• Flare-bevel-groove weld

 A groove is introduced when the base metal piece is thick and welding on both sides unable to withstand the load, the joint must support. In case of T joints effective penetration into the roof of the weld must be ensured.

Different Types of Welds are:

• Fillet weld
• Groove weld
• Seam Weld
• Spot Weld
• Plug Weld
• Slot Weld
• Full and Partial Penetration Weld

Fillet weld

It is one of the most commonly seen weld type in fabrication industries.

Fillet welds have covered almost 70-80% of all the welds made by arc welding method. Tee joint, lap joint, corner joints all come under fillet welding joints. Since there is no requirement of any edge preparation, fillet welds are simpler as well as cheaper than butt welds.

Different types of fillet welds are mentioned below:

Square groove weld

Single -V groove weld

Single -bevel groove weld

Single -U groove weld

Single -J groove weld

Flare V weld

Flare Bevel weld

The main difference between Butt and Fillet welds is the surfaces to be joined in butt welds are on the same plane and in fillet welds the surfaces make an angle of 90 degree to each other.

A 45 degree angle is formed between the two parts in case of fillet welds whereas butt joint weld looks like a seam or bead.

When the bolts are not strong enough and wear off easily, welders generally prefer fillet welds, also to join flanges to pipelines and welded fabrications.

Groove Weld

The Groove weld is a type of joint, where an opening between two members provides a space to deposit the metal.

Two main types of groove welds are single V type and Double V type. Groove welds can resemble butt welds when two members of butt weld are having grooves on them.

Seam Weld

Seam welds are a continuous joint between two overlapping members, similar or dissimilar materials, created by the use of pressure and electric current.

Since metals have th characteristic of conducting electricity and can sustain high pressure, this process is performed on mostly on metals. Resistance seam welding is the most commonly used process for seam welds. Seam welds are very durable and robust in natue because a large area is joined by the weld and the joint is forged due to heat and pressure applied.

Spot Welds

Here two metal sheets are joined together at certain spots. In case of spot welds two sheets are placed in an overlapping position to each other(just like in lap joint), then a rotating tool is pressed with high force on to the top surface.

 The frictional heat and the high pressure plastify the sheet metal, the pin of the tool is plunged into the sheets until the shoulder is in contact with the surface of the top sheet.

This tool consists of a pin which rotates and penetrates into the sheet, the shoulder in the tool is the source of high forging pressure which binds the sheets without melting. After a short gap the rotating tool is pull out from the sheet materials to make another spot weld in each 5 seconds.

Plug Weld

Plug welds are mainly used to replace rivets and used to join overlapping surfaces, one of which has holes on it.

 These are circular welds used to join two members together through a small hole in one of the members and the hole is generally partially or completely filled with weld metal.

In most of the automotive applications, plug welds replace spot welds when the space required to operate a spot welding equipment is not sufficient. The plug welds give a stronger joint than a spot weld.

Slot Weld

Just like the Plug welds, Slot welds are also used for joining overlapping surfaces one of which has holes on it, round in case of plug welds and elongated for slot welds.

In simple words in case of slot welds one piece of material is connected with another piece of metal through an elongated shaped hole. The elongated hole can be open at one end or may be partially or completely.

Full and Partial Penetration Welds

Full Penetration weld or Complete Joint Penetration (CJP) weld has a special kind of groove that allows the filler material to flow through the entire gap starting from the top to the bottom of the joint.

In case of Partial Joint Penetration(PJP) Welds, the filler material does not reach the root portion of the joint. If you observe the cross section of the joint you will find gap between the two members.

The metal edges are generally beveled properly to assist full penetration or CJP, U,J and V grooves are very common shapes for the full penetrations . A well done CJP gives a strong and durable joint than PJP.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q1: State differences between Butt and Fillet Welds.

Answer: If two metal pieces are lying on the same plane and they are joined together then we get a butt weld. Butt welds require edge preparation.

If the metal pieces to be joined are making an angle of 90 degrees with each other then we get a fillet weld. Edge preparation is not necessary.

Q2. What are the differences between weld joint and rivet joint.

Answer: The Difference between Welded and Riveted Joint are mentioned below:

Welded Joint	Riveted Joint
For welded Joints, no holes are required on the parent members.	Number of holes on the parent members are required to join them with the help of rivets.
A continuous type of joint is obtained.	An intermittent type of joint is obtained due to the existence of gaps between rivets.
Joints are generally leak proof	Chances of leakage is quite high.
Strength of welded joint is quite high	Riveted joints are comparatively weak.
The whole assembly is lighter in weight.	The whole assembly consist of a number of components which make it heavy in weight.
Time required for welding is less	Multiple steps are involved in riveting process which consumes long time.

Conclusion:

To wrap up our post we can state that there are different types of welds and each one has unique characteristics. To achieve specialization in welding we should properly know their qualities and which one will be suitable as per our requirement.

In this article, the topic ,”groove welding” with  groove welding connected facts such as, Symbol, Diagram, Process, Machine, Strength will be summarize.

The groove welding is used when the portion of the base metals are comes together to each other in a similar level. The groove welding is applied in the joints of the butt and it can be take a preparation before or after the process of welding in base metals. The most common groove welds known as, Butt joint.

What is groove welding?

The groove welding can be divided in two parts. One groove welding named as Single V groove and another groove welding named is Double V groove.

Groove welding can be defined as, groove welding actually a classification of welding process where the weld of the base metals is preserved in the groove received by the two feature of the plates of the butting or features of the tubes. Groove welding and Butt welding can be same.

Types of groove welding:

The shape for the preparation of the groove is the discerning creator for the classification of the weld of the groove.

Mainly groove welding can be classified in two parts,

• Single V groove
• Double V groove

The types of groove weld are based on the preparation of groove such and classified such as,

• Single Bevel groove weld
• Double Bevel groove weld
• Single V groove weld
• Double V groove weld
• Single U groove weld
• Double U groove weld
• Single J groove weld
• Double J groove weld
• Flare V groove weld
• Flare bevel groove weld

Groove welding symbols:

The parts which are consists of the weld of groove are Groove angle, Root face, Bevel angle, Root gap.

The steps which are describe the symbols for the Welds of the Grooves are listed below,

• Determine the classification of the joint and preparation of the joined is required
• Visualize the opening of the root
• Visualize the angle of the groove
• Visualize the radii of the root and also the face dimension of the root
• Visualize the thickness of the groove
• Visualize the size of the weld
• Visualize the contour finish
• Visualize the finishing process
• Visualize the edge of the joint

Determine the classification of the joint and preparation of the joined is required:-

The AWS A2.4:2007 is introduced by the American Welding Society they are published the symbol for the process of welding which contain different classifications of joints of groove which can be double or single. Single groove means joint by only one side and double groove means joint by both side. The symbols of the welding for the different types of joints of groove are listed below,

• Bevel groove
• V groove
• Scarf
• Square groove
• U groove
• J groove
• Flare V groove
• Flare bevel groove

Visualize the opening of the root:-

The opening of root will be indicating within the sign of the groove type. Root opening actually the amount of the detachment by the two pieces of the base metal. If detachment is not present showing that’s mean no space is present in by the parts. 0 is also admissible for the sign of the root opening.

Visualize the angle of the groove:-

The groove angle is expressed as degree. The angle of the groove can be present in the above section or the below section of the dimension of the root. The presences of groove angle depend upon the arrow.

Visualize the radii of the root and also the face dimension of the root:-

In the two ways, the radii of the root and also the face dimension of the root can be determined. The ways are listed below,

With the help of the drawing of cross section the dimension for the root opening is shown.

Need to note down the tail for the symbol of the welding process.

Visualize the thickness of the groove:-

The thickness of the preparation of the grooves is shown in the side of the left of groove weld symbol.

Visualize the size of the weld:-

In a groove weld, weld size is the effective throat. The weld size is included the penetration rate of the root of the groove and also the depth of the groove. The weld size will be display the left side of the symbol of the groove in parenthesis. If number is absent in the parenthesis then weld size not be lower than the depth of the groove.  

Visualize the contour finish:-

The contour finish for the fillet weld can be classified in three categorized, such as,

• Flat contour finish
• Concave contour finish
• Convex contour finish

Visualize the finishing process:-

The symbol of the welding describes how much contour can be achieved. As a example, a flat contour by the grinding process the requirement is, AWS A2.4:2007 is introduced by the American Welding Society standard symbol for Brazing, Non-destructive investigation identified methods of finishing with 7th unspecified method,

1. C – Chipping
2. G – Grinding
3. H – Hammering
4. M – Machining
5. P – Planishing
6. R – Rolling
7. U – Unspecified

Visualize the edge of the joint to be produce when the picture demands for a single bevel:-

In the case for the J groove, flare bevel and bevel symbol of welding inform us which side need to produce by having an arrow which is broken. When we observe the arrow which is already broken that’s mean the particular the side of the weld need to prepared. The most effective factor for the groove weld is, the size of the weld and the type of the weld.

Groove welding positions:

The process of groove welding can be serial following to the location of the workpiece or the joint of the welding in sections or plates being welded.

The American Welding Society according to the positions of the groove welding classified in four sections and they are listed below,

• 1G or Flat position
• 2G or Horizontal position
• 3G or Vertical position
• 4G or Overhead position

The symbols of the welding for groove are listed below,

1. 1 representing to a position which is flat – either 1G
2. 2 representing to a position which is horizontal – either 2G
3. 3 representing to a position which is vertical – either 3G
4. 4 representing to a position which is overhead – either 4G

1G or Flat position:-

The 1G or Flat position is work from the upper of the groove joint. The face of this type of weld is approximately in horizontal.

Another term for the 1G or Flat position is down hand.

In other word 1G or Flat position can be explained as, the deposition of the base metal is done from the above.

2G or Horizontal position:-

The position of the plate will be at vertical plane with the axis of the weld horizontal.

3G or Vertical position:-

The position of the plate will be at vertical plane with the axis of the weld vertical.

4G or Overhead position:-

The position of the plate will be at horizontal plane with the axis of the metal of the weld preserved from underneath.

When any type of conservation is done related to the position of the weld that time the main factor plays the role is face of the weld.

The number for the position of the weld is representing the type of the weld such as, F stands for Fillet, G stand for Groove.

Groove welding process:

In the process of the narrow groove welding is another name is narrow gap welding. The process of the narrow groove used to weld the sections which are comparatively thick.

To weld the any base metals with the help of V groove welding, the process of welding are used are listed below,

• Gas Tungsten Arc Welding
• Submerged Arc Welding
• Gas Metal Arc Welding

Gas tungsten arc welding:-

In the Gas Tungsten Arc Welding method (GTAW) an electrode is used which should be non consumable to produce high temperature near about 3800 degree centigrade and temperature have more melting point than the base metal to create the weld for the desired shape.

In the materials where Gas Tungsten Arc Welding method is applied are non – ferrous metals such as magnesium, aluminium, stainless steel.

Follow some basic process to run the Gas Tungsten Arc Welding method smoothly:-

Need to wear protective gear.

1. The material use in the Gas Tungsten Arc Welding method should be clean.
2. Keep the right angle of the torch.
3. Minimum power should be use to run Gas Tungsten Arc Welding method.
4. Filler rod should not be dissolve directly.
5. Right Tungsten should be choosing.
6. Working with the stainless steel.

Advantages:-

Advantages of Gas Tungsten Arc Welding method are listed below,

1. Flux is not required.
2. Clean welds can make with Gas Tungsten Arc Welding method.
3. High quality weld can made with Gas Tungsten Arc Welding method.
4. Allow all position of welding.
5. Smoke is not produce.
6. Sparks and slag also not produce.
7. Work with verities of metals.
8. Filler metal not essential.

Disadvantages:-

Disadvantages of Gas Tungsten Arc Welding method are listed below,

1. Deposition rate is too low.
2. High skilled welders are needed.
3. Dissimilar metals cannot be work with the Gas Tungsten Arc Welding method.

Submerged Arc Welding:-

The welding process of submerged arc welding is used in various industrial fields such as, vessel construction and structural constriction. Submerged arc welding is automated process but also semi automated system is also available. The materials which are used in the submerged arc welding are low alloys steel, carbon steels, and nickel based alloys.

Advantages:-

Advantages of Submerged Arc Welding method are listed below,

1. Less distortion.
2. Thick material can be welded with the help of Submerged Arc Welding method.
3. Minimal edge preparation.
4. In the Submerged Arc welding method arc light emitted in very low portion.
5. Very less emission of welding fume.
6. Strong in nature.
7. Both outdoor and indoor work can be done with the help of Submerged Arc Welding method.
8. Deposition rate is too high.

Disadvantages:-

Disadvantages of Submerged Arc Welding method are listed below,

1. Flux handing is difficult.
2. Not portable.
3. Submerged Arc Welding method may be limited to flat or horizontal-fillet welding positions.

Gas Metal Arc Welding:-

In the automotive sector and household purposes Gas Metal Arc Welding method is widely used. Gas Metal Arc Welding method Welding can be used in very thick metal sheet the metal sheet thickness can be vary upto 40 mm.

The materials which are used in the Gas Metal Arc Welding method Welding method are steels, non – ferrous materials.

In the Gas Metal Arc Welding method the equipments which are used are Welding power supply, Welding torch, Wire feed unit, Shielding gas supply and Welding electrode wire.

Advantages:-

Advantages of Gas Metal Arc Welding method are listed below,

1. Skilled operator not needed to run the Gas Metal Arc Welding method.
2. Allow all position of welding.
3. By the help of Gas Metal Arc welding method alloys and metal both can be welded.
4. The Gas Metal Arc Welding method is fully automated for this reason a huge amount of production can be made.
5. Weld penetration is good.
6. Strength of the Gas Metal Arc Welding method is superior with similar sizes of welds.
7. Emission of welding fume is less.

Disadvantages:-

Disadvantages of Gas Metal Arc Welding method are listed below,

1. Process is complicated.
2. Initial cost is high.
3. Maintenance cost is high.
4. Pre cleaning is necessary for the base metals.
5. Used base metal should be rust free.
6. Deposition rate is not too high.
7. Smaller construction cannot be done with the Gas Metal Arc Welding method.

Groove welding in flat position:

Groove welding in flat position is worked from the upper portion of the joint. The face of the groove welding in flat position is nearly stays at horizontal position.

The American Welding Society according to the flat positions of the groove welding classified in four sections and they are listed below,

• 1G or Flat position
• 2G or Horizontal position
• 3G or Vertical position
• 4G or Overhead position

The symbols of the welding for groove are listed below,

• 1 representing to a position which is flat – either 1G
• 2 representing to a position which is horizontal – either 2G
• 3 representing to a position which is vertical – either 3G
• 4 representing to a position which is overhead – either 4G

Groove angle in welding:

In a single-bevel groove weld, the included angle is same to the bevel angle but for a single-v groove weld, the included angle is not same to the bevel angle. If both plates were bevelled at the 30-degree angles, the included angle would be 60 degrees.

When to use groove welds in steel?

The groove welds in steel will be used when to come the parts of the base metal together in the same surface. The groove weld will be applied in a butt joint and may have a preparation or not before welding.

Groove welding use:

A groove weld will be used when the parts of the base metals come together in the same plane. Groove welds is applied in a butt joint and may have a preparation or not before welding. This is the reason there are several types of groove welding symbols.

Conclusion:-

The groove weld is, a lowland in the face of the workpiece or an opening between two joint members take measuring space to contain weld metal. When the characteristic of the plates of the butting are made groove in that particular case the groove welding and butt welding became same.

In this article, the topic, “v groove welding” with v groove welding involved facts like Symbol, Diagram, Process, Machine, Strength will be discuss.

V groove welding is a type of the groove welding. If the V groove welding is compare with another types of the welding then V groove welding is takes more time to perform, its time consuming process and very easily without skilled operator the V groove welding cannot be proceed.

The parts of the weld of groove are Groove angle, Root face, Bevel angle, Root gap.

What is v groove welding?

Groove weld can be classified in different types, among the all classification the groove classified in main two categorised such as, Single V groove and Double V groove.

The V – shaped groove of weld can be derive as, v shaped groove is the combination of,

• The groove which is shapes as V in the area of the member.
• Members of the butting carry the shape of the single bevel edge
• Non butting and butting both members carrying surfaces of the planer prepared to create a groove.

The types of groove weld are based on the preparation of groove such and classified such as, Single Bevel groove weld, Double Bevel groove weld, Single V groove weld, Double V groove weld, Single U groove weld, Double V groove weld, Single J groove weld, Double J groove weld. The shape for the preparation of the groove is the discerning creator for the classification of the weld of the groove.

V groove welding symbol:

The welding symbol the V groove is given below,

Advantages symbols of the weld:-

Weld plays a very important role for where the flow of the work for any workpiece can be done in a smooth way. With the help of the symbols of the weld we easily can understand the size, shape and classification for this reason we don’t need to waste time to understand only about the weld. All information can be easily defined by the help of symbols of the welds.

Welding uses in V groove welding process:

In the process of the narrow groove welding is another name is narrow gap welding. The process of the narrow groove used to weld the sections which are comparatively thick.

To weld the any base metals with the help of V groove welding, the process of welding are used are listed below,

• Gas Tungsten Arc Welding
• Submerged Arc Welding
• Gas Metal Arc Welding

Gas Tungsten Arc Welding:-

Another name for the Tungsten Insert Gas Welding process is Gas Tungsten Arc Welding process. In the Tungsten Insert Gas Welding process electrode which is made tungsten is used and the electrode should be non – consumable type to create weld.

The base metals which can be work with Tungsten Insert Gas Welding process are, Aluminium and alloys of aluminium, carbon steel and alloys of carbon steel, stainless steel.

Submerged Arc Welding:-

Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) is a joining process that involves the formation of an electric arc between a continuously fed electrode and the workpiece to be welded. A blanket of powdered flux surrounds and covers the arc and, when molten, provides electrical conduction between the metal to be joined and the electrode.

Gas Metal Arc Welding:-

Metal insert gas welding process an example of arc welding method. In the Metal Insert Gas Welding process electrode which is used should be consumable type to create weld. The two base metals are joined with each other by the help of Metal insert gas welding process.

V groove welding angle:

The most suitable angle work with the geometry of V groove welding is 54 degree. In the 54 degree the properties of the mechanical is best for the tension strength.

Overhead v groove welding:

The most complicated position for working with the weld is overhead position. In the overhead v groove welding penetration rate is not too high.

Overhead v groove welding can be explained as; the process of the welding is accomplished together with two metal pieces above the welder. In the overhead v groove welding the experts are angled themselves and used equipment for reaching to the joints of the base metals.

Open v groove welding:

The symbols for the open v groove welding consists of,

• Arrow line
• Reference line
• Weld procedure specifications

Double v groove welding:

Double v groove can be explain as, a classification of the weld of the groove in which one feature has a junction outskirts bevelled on too portions.

Frequent Asked Questions:-

Question: – Explain the advantages the joints of the welding.

Solution: – The welding joints are also known as permanent joints. In the welding joint the plates of the two metals are configuration or arrangement fitted tightly to each other.

The advantages the joints of the welding are listed below,

• Leak proof joining
• Joining of the different shapes
• Metals which are dissimilar are jointed
• Strength of the joint is superior
• High load capacity
• Joining of plastics
• Light welded assemblies
• Changing of the mechanical properties

Leak proof joining:-

In some joining process main disadvantage is leakage is appearing post joining process, but in the process of the welding the base metals are joined without any leakage. Over the all joining process welding is leak proof.

Joining of the different shapes:-

Different types of shapes of the materials can be joined by the help of welding process. Almost every shape such as sheets, plates, bars can be joined by the process of welding.

Metals which are dissimilar are jointed:-

Without applying any filler metal the dissimilar metal can be joined with using the process of welding. Two or more than two dissimilar metal easily can be joined. Extra carefulness is required while dissimilar of two metals are joined with each other.

Strength of the joint is superior:-

The joining strength for the process of the welding is superior almost 100% strength we can get from the process of the welding.

High load capacity:-

The load capacity for the process of the welding is high. The components of the process of the welding are remain unchanged after completing the process.

Joining of plastics:-

The materials which are made with plastics in the welding process easily can be joined. In the other process of joining the material made with plastic can be damage, which is not requried at all.

Light welded assemblies:-

The joints made with weld are comparatively light weighted. The joints of the rivets required some additional equipment such as rivets, straps and many more.

Changing of the mechanical properties:-

By the help of the welding process various materials properties of the mechanical easily can be improved to reach the desired level. In the welding process electrode coating, protective gas, filler material are used to weld two pieces of the base metals.

Welding standards are define by two methods,

1. International Organization for standardization
2. ANSI / AWS A2.4 – 98

The ANSI / AWS A2.4 – 98 welding standard introduced by the American Welding Society.

Question: – Write some applications of the process of the welding.

Solution: – The process of welding applications are listed below,

• Fabrication of vessels of the pressure
• Spacecrafts
• Aircrafts
• Installation of the nuclear
• Laying of railway tracks
• Coaches of the railways
• Laying of pipelines
• Electrical industries
• Defence industries

The applications for the process of the welding are also listed below,

• Industries of the automobiles
• Joining of the thin metals
• Joining of the ferrous materials
• Joining of the non ferrous materials
• Fabrication of the sheet metals.

Question: – Write different types of welds used in the process of the welding.

Solution: – The different types of welds used in the process of the welding are listed below,

• Fillet weld
• Seam weld
• Plug weld
• Groove weld
• Surfacing weld
• Slot weld
• Flash weld
• Spot weld

Question: – Discuss any three types of welds which are used in the process of the welding.

Solution: –

Three types of welds which are used in the process of the welding are discuss below,

• Plug weld
• Groove weld
• Slot weld

Plug weld: –

By the help of the plug weld two base metals are locked with each other. The plug weld is used when two different types of metals which are contain different types of thickness need to joint with each other. In the piping system plug weld widely used to weld the inside of the tubes. After completing plug weld it takes shaped liked circular.

Groove weld:-

Groove weld can be explain as, an opening by the two members of the joints which are take steps area to with hold the base metal. After the use of fillet weld, the groove weld is used most.

Groove weld can be classified in some categorized such as,

• Square Groove weld
• Flare – V weld
• Single – U groove weld
• Single – V groove weld
• Single – J groove weld
• Flare – bevel weld
• Single – bevel groove weld

Slot weld:-

By the help of the holes or elongated cavity slot weld is performed. The holes or gaps are filled with the weld of the base metal or it can be open by one side.

In this article, “Square groove weld” and square groove weld related several facts such as Symbol, Diagram, Process, Machine, and Strength will be discussed. Square groove weld is a type of Butt Welding Joint.

The limitation of the Square groove weld is the thickness of the joints. By the help of Square groove weld welders are creating joints in between one edge joint to another edges joints, although Square groove weld is also used to joints the corners, joints of the T and also joining the flat and curved pieces.

What is a square groove weld?

The work mechanism for the square groove weld is not very complicated and unskilled welder easily can work with the process of the square groove weld.

The square groove weld can be define as, it is the classification of the butt welding joint where two parallel and flat pieces are joint to each other. By the help of square groove weld a certain amount of strength can be provide to the joints. Joint thickness of the square groove weld is not so versatile.

Advantages:-

The advantages of the square groove weld are listed below,

1. Inspection process with the square groove weld is easy. Easily defect can be identifying.
2. Working mechanism square groove weld is not too much complicated.
3. Economical to use.
4. Distortion control is good for the square groove weld.
5. Strength of the square groove weld is high.
6. Penetration rate of square groove weld is too high almost 100%.
7. Provide complete fusion.
8. Stress produce by the square groove weld is very less.

Disadvantages:-

The disadvantages of the square groove weld are listed below,

1. Geometrical application for the square groove weld is limited.
2. With the weekly products like products of electronics cannot be work with the square groove weld.
3. Not self aligning. When welders work with the square groove weld backer or fixturing is required.
4. Impressionable to faying area condition.

Square groove weld symbol:

The groove of any square groove weld is made by the little amount of detachment of the margin or a tight fit. The weld symbol for the square groove weld is defining the total volume of detachment.

Square groove weld symbol is given below,

Square groove weld size:

The square groove weld is the term of the American National Standards Institute and butt weld is the term of the International Organization for Standardization.

The indication for the size of the square groove weld is the effective throat. The depth for the square groove easily can be defined by the size and also the penetration rate into the roots of the joints.

The term square groove weld and butt welds is the same classification of the weld.

Square groove weld strength:

The square groove weld is used to weld cheap and simple welding joints. In the sheet metal which thickness is less than the 5 mm in that case the square groove weld is used.

The strength of the square groove weld is depend upon some factors which are listed below,

• Thickness of the material
• Distortion rate
• Penetration rate of the edges
• Reinforcement member

Square groove weld example:

The examples of the square groove weld is listed below,

• Metalworking magazine
• Fabricating magazine
• Construction of bridges

Frequent Asked Questions:-

Question: – Classify the types of the welding process.

Solution: – The process of welding we can classify in 9 categorised. The classification of the process of welding are listed below,

• Tungsten Insert Gas Welding Process
• Metal Insert Gas Welding Process
• Thermic Welding Process
• Forge Welding Process
• Flux Cored Arc Welding Process
• Resistance Welding Process
• Stick Shield Metal Arc Welding Process
• Submerged Welding Process
• Oxyacetane Welding Process

Question: – Briefly describe any two types of the welding process.

Solution: – Two types of welding process is listed below,

• Tungsten Insert Gas Welding Process
• Metal Insert Gas Welding Process

Tungsten Insert Gas Welding Process:-

Another name for the Tungsten Insert Gas Welding process is Gas Tungsten Arc Welding process. In the Tungsten Insert Gas Welding process electrode which is made tungsten is used and the electrode should be non – consumable type to create weld.

The area of weld and electrode both are out of hazard from atmospheric contamination and oxidation with help of insert shielding gas. The shielding gas that could be use in the Tungsten Insert Gas Welding process is Helium and Argon.

The base metals which can be work with Tungsten Insert Gas Welding process are, Aluminium and alloys of aluminium, carbon steel and alloys of carbon steel, stainless steel.

Advantages:-

The advantages of the Tungsten Insert Gas Welding process are listed below,

1. Tungsten Insert Gas welding process is clean.
2. High quality weld can be making with Tungsten Insert Gas welding process.
3. Smoke is not produce.
4. A huge range of materials can be weld with the Tungsten Insert Gas welding process.
5. Almost in every position Tungsten Insert Gas Welding process can be work.

Disadvantages:-

The disadvantages of the Tungsten Insert Gas Welding process are listed below,

1. Deposition rate of the Tungsten Insert Gas Welding process is low.
2. Skilled operators are needed to operate Tungsten Insert Gas Welding process.
3. Speed of the welding is not too fast.
4. Non automation.
5. Initial cost of the Tungsten Insert Gas Welding process is high.

Metal Insert Gas Welding Process:-

Metal insert gas welding process an example of arc welding method. In the Metal Insert Gas Welding process electrode which is used should be consumable type to create weld. The two base metals are joined with each other by the help of Metal insert gas welding process. In the Metal insert gas Welding method the equipments which are used are listed below,

• 1. Welding power supply
• 2. Welding torch
• 3. Wire feed unit
• 4. Shielding gas supply
• 5. Welding electrode wire

Advantages:-

The advantages of the Metal insert gas welding process are listed below,

1. Deposition rate of the Metal insert gas welding process is too high.
2. Flux is not needed to operate Metal insert gas welding process.
3. Speed of welding is too high.
4. The process of the Metal insert gas welding process can be automated without any problem.
5. Ultra low hydrogen method.
6. Dissimilar metals can be weld in the Metal insert gas welding process.
7. Minor weld splatter.
8. Thin metal sheet easily can be welded by Metal insert gas welding process.

Disadvantages:-

The disadvantages of the Metal insert gas welding process are listed below,

1. Thick cannot be weld with the help of Metal insert gas welding process, only can work with 5 mm thick metal sheet.
2. Metal preparation is required in Metal insert gas welding process.
3. For the outside welding Metal insert gas welding process is not appropriate.

Question: – What is the advantage of using the square groove joint?

Solution: – With V-groove welds, the edges of both pieces are chamfered, either singly or doubly, to create the groove.

Each type of joint has its advantages and disadvantages, but the biggest advantage of the butt joint and square groove joint is its strength. It can withstand stress better than any other type of joint design.

Question: – Write down the difference between the groove weld and fillet weld.

Solution: – The difference between the groove weld and fillet weld is,

Fillet weld = A weld of nearly triangular cross section joining two surfaces approximately at right angles to each other in a lap joint, T-joint, or corner joint.

Groove Weld = A weld made in a groove between the workpieces.

Question:- Classify the types of groove welds.

Solution: – The types of groove welds are listed below,

• Flare-bevel weld
• Flare-V weld
• Single – bevel groove weld
• Single-J groove weld
• Single-U groove weld
• Single-V groove weld
• Square groove weld

In this article, the topic named “lathe machine uses” will be summarize. The lathe is machine tool which is conduct for starters for giving desired shape of a wood or metal.

Among the all lathe machine Engine lathe is most common lathe machine which is used in a wide range. By the help of lathe machine tool the main work which is done cutting the excess amount of material from the cutting tool and other work by the lathe machine is done is  shaping metal and wood.

Lathe machine uses to do operations:-

The operations done by the lathe machine is listed below by gripping the workpiece by chuck or centres,

• Drilling operation
• Facing operation
• Turning operation
• a. Taper turning operation
• b. Straight turning operation
• c. Shoulder turning operation
• d. Rough turning operation
• e. Eccentric turning operation
• Grooving operation
• Filing operation
• Knurling operation
• Chamfering operation
• Polishing operation
• Forming operation
• Spring Winding operation
• Spinning operation

The operations done by the lathe machine is listed below by gripping the angle plate or the faceplate or by the chuck of the machine tool,

• Boring
• Parting – off
• Tapping
• Drilling
• Undercutting
• Counter boring
• Internal thread cutting
• Reaming
• Taper boring

The operations done by the lathe machine is listed below by behaving special link – ups,

• Milling
• Grinding

Advantages:-

The advantages of the lathe machine are listed below,

1. In a short time medium type volume production to high type volume production can be made.
2. Accuracy especially for the Computer Numerical Controlled lathe machine is very higher.

Disadvantages:-

The disadvantages of the lathe machine are listed below,

• Initial cost for the lathe machine is high.
• Maintenance cost is also high.
• Tool wear appearing
• Safety is needed
• Skilled operator needed.
• For the high cutting speed bad smell is appearing.

Computer Numerical Controlled lathe machine uses:

Operating system with the Computer Numerical Controlled lathe machine carried accurate instructions of designs. In the Computer Numerical Controlled lathe machine materials are placed and spin by the help of main spindle.

The uses for the Computer Numerical Controlled lathe machine are listed below,

1. Cue sticks
2. Baseball Bats
3. Musical instruments
4. Crankshafts
5. Bowls
6. Camshafts
7. Gun Barrels
8. Dining room table
9. Dining room Chair legs

Cue sticks:-

By the help of Computer Numerical Controlled lathe machine cue stick is produce. Cue stick is sports equipment which is used in carom, pool, and snooker. For striking a ball cue stick used.

Baseball Bats:-

By the help of Computer Numerical Controlled lathe machine baseball bats are produce. Baseball bats can be metal or wooden smooth club. Baseball bats also a gaming item. In baseball game when pitcher thrown a ball for hitting the ball baseball bats are used.

Musical instruments:-

For making musical instruments accuracy is very important for this reason only with the Computer Numerical Controlled lathe machine musical instruments are made of. From very earlier musical instruments are used for various objectives such as, rituals, as an entertainment concert of viewers, medicine and accompaniment of dances.

Crankshafts:-

For the internal combustion engine crankshaft is very important part. Crankshaft is made by the help of Computer Numerical Controlled lathe machine. The crankshaft is responsible for converting the motion of the linear to the motion of the rotational.

High fatigue strength should be carry by the crankshaft. The wear resistance of the crankshaft should be high.

Bowls:-

The bowls are made by the help of Computer Numerical Controlled lathe machine. Bowl is a container in round shaped foe consuming, serving and preparing any food item. In various types of culture bowls are used as a vessel where any type of food item is served and eaten.

The size of the bowls can be various types they can be small to large size. Small sized bowls are known as Tea bowl and which bowls are contained big sizes is generally known as Bowl.

Camshafts:-

For making the camshaft accuracy plays a very important role. In most of cases camshafts are made by the Computer Numerical Controlled lathe machine. The vehicles camshafts are in general made by metal. For making the camshaft in general chilled cast iron is used. A pointed cam is carried by the camshaft.

The main purpose of the camshaft is to transform the motion of rotational to the motion of reciprocal. The systems which are carried the camshaft are, ignition system which is controlled by mechanically, internal combustion engine and also in the electrically motor speed controller.

The other uses of the Computer Numerical Controlled lathe machine are,

1. Gun Barrels
2. Dining room table
3. Dining room Chair legs

Parts:-

The parts which are carry by the Computer Numerical Control lathe machine is listed below,

1. Computer Numerical Control panel
2. Headstock
3. Computer Numerical Control lathe bed
4. Foot switch
5. Tailstock
6. Tool Turret
7. Chuck
8. Tailstock Quill

Advantages:-

The advantages of the Computer Numerical Control lathe machine is listed below,

1. The machining process of the Computer Numerical Control lathe machine is more precise and accurate.
2. To perform job in a workpiece takes very minimum time for this reason a medium volume production to high volume production easily can be make.
3. Reliable
4. Safe to operate.
5. Complicated design can be made with the help of Computer Numerical Control lathe machine.
6. Maintenance cost is low.
7. Computer Numerical Control lathe machine can work for 24 hours.
8. Versatile.
9. Human errors are not possible because it is automated process.
10. Huge numbers of labors are not needed to run the process.
11. Uniform designs can be easily make.

Disadvantages:-

The disadvantages of the Computer Numerical Control lathe machine is listed below,

1. Initial cost of the Computer Numerical Control lathe machine is too high.
2. Skilled operator need to run the process.

Wood lathe machine uses:

With the help of the Wood lathe machine the material of wooden can be give desired shaped into a cylindrical profile.

The uses for the Wood lathe machine are listed below,

Wooden dining table made

• Wooden dining table chair
• Baseball bats
• Bowls
• Legs of the furniture
• Lamp posts
• Bed

Advantages:-

The advantages of the Wood lathe machine is listed below,

1. The initial cost of the wood lathe machine is not too high.
2. Maintenance cost is low.
3. High skilled labor not needed to work with wood lathe machine.
4. Simple in design.
5. Light weight.
6. Models can be carrying so easily by this wood lathe machine.
7. Rotation control of the effective pulley is easy.
8. Working mechanism is simple.

Disadvantages:-

The disadvantages of the Wood lathe machine is listed below,

1. Rotation speed of the pulley is very low.
2. Wood lathe machine cannot work with heavy materials.

Center lathe machine uses:

The Centre Lathe is used to produce cylindrical shapes from a range of materials including; steels and plastics. Many of the components that go together to make an engine work have been manufactured using lathes.

Advantages:-

The advantages of the Center Lathe Machine are listed below,

1. Pass rate advantage
2. Mass production can be made easily with the Center Lathe Machine.
3. Time Consuming.
4. Accuracy of the Center Lathe Machine is very high.

Disadvantages:-

The disadvantages of the Center Lathe Machine are listed below,

1. The initial cost is high.
2. Skilled labor needed to operate.

Vertical lathe machine uses:

The Vertical Lathe Machine another name is Vertical Turing Lathe. The Vertical Lathe Machine is a machine tool which is raising the spindle of the machine tool in the plane which is situated vertically.

The complexity of the Vertical Lathe Machine is less compare to the horizontal lathe machine. The workpiece of the Vertical Lathe Machine can moving up, spin and also moving down to establish it in the row by the cutting head.The uses for the Vertical lathe machine are listed below,

• Bore repairing
• 4^th Axis Machining
• Press Plate Machining
• Production Runs
• Valve repairing
• Three Dimensional Painting
• Part Mapping
• Casting Machining

Advantages:-

The advantages of the Vertical Lathe Machine is listed below,

1. The construction of the vertical lathe machine is rigid.
2. Stable performance.
3. Efficiency of Vertical Lathe Machine is very high.
4. Chips of the products can be removed easily.
5. Time consuming.
6. Medium volume production can be made with Vertical Lathe Machine.

Disadvantages:-

The disadvantages of the Vertical Lathe Machine is listed below,

1. Heavy weight product cannot be work with the Vertical Lathe Machine.
2. Skilled operator required to operate.

Read more about Hammer.

This article discusses about the topic mig vs arc welding. Welding is a fabrication technique in which two or more metals are joined together with the help of heat and pressure.

Different sources of heat provide different amount of heat at the joint. Different amount of heat and pressure will result in welds of different properties. In this article we shall focus on two kinds of welding namely mig welding and arc welding. Let us start our discussion with the definition of welding.

What is welding?

Welding is a fabrication technique used to join two or more metals. This is done with the help of heat and pressure. An optimum amount of both these parameters are needed to provide the weld of desired properties.

If any one of the parameters is not properly regulated then the weld formation will not take place properly and the weld may break due to weakness. Different applications require different types of weld properties, so the sources of heat may be changes in order to make the welding process economical and energy saving.

What is mig welding ?

Mig welding stands for Metal inert gas welding. As the name suggests, this type of welding includes the participation of inert gas like Helium.

Helium protects the weld pool and the bare wire electrode. The welding takes place as a result of arc striking the surface of the work piece. The tip of the electrode is the place where arc takes place. The arc generates enough heat to create a weld pool in the surrounding area. A weld bead is formed which is allowed to cool at room temperature. This weld bead is the desired joint.

Image credits : Weldscientist, RK WL GMAW, CC BY-SA 4.0

What is Arc welding?

Arc welding as the name suggests uses an arc to fulfil the purpose of welding. The arc is generated by an AC or DC supply. A consumable or non consumable electrode can be used in this process.

There are four types of arc welding which are been discussed in the later section of this article. The heat generated from the arc is used to join the two metals. An arc is formed when there is high voltage passing through the electrode and the electrode is lifted by a very small distance from the work piece disconnecting the circuit. The arc flows through this short distance.

Mig vs arc welding strength

The strength of welds are different for different welding processes. The table below shows the difference between mig welding and arc welding strength.

Mig welding	Arc welding
The welding is stronger on thinner materials	The welding is weaker for thinner materials
The welding is weaker on thick materials	The welding is stronger for thick materials

Gasless mig vs arc welding

The comparison between gasless mig vs arc welding is given in the table below

Gasless mig welding	Arc welding
No gas is required for shielding	No shielding is required
Better for both thin and thick sheets of metals	Better for thick sheets for metals
The set up is expensive	The set up is cheaper than gasless mig

Submerged arc welding vs mig welding

The comparison between submerged arc welding and metal inert gas welding is shown in the table below

Submerged Arc welding	Mig welding
Uses continuous feed wire	Uses continuous feed wire
Uses powdered flux for shielding	Uses inert gases like Helium for shielding
Fully automatic	Semi automatic
Used for only down handing welding	It can be used in various positions
Used for very thick metals	Used for thin plates.

Spray arc welding vs mig

Spray arc welding	Mig welding
Molten metal droplets are transferred through the arc	Only electric spark is passed through the gap between electrode and the surface of workpiece
Used for thicker metals or butt joints	Used for thin metal sheets

Shielded metal arc welding vs mig

Shielded metal arc welding	Mig welding
Conventional arc welding process which uses a flux to shield the weld.	A continuous wire is fed to the work piece. A spark between the tip of the wire and workpiece melts the wire and makes a weld pool
Manually operated	Semi automatic
The coating of the electrodes evaporates that acts as shielding gas	Inert gases like Helium is used for shielding

Mig welding vs electric arc welding

Mig welding	Electric arc welding
Continuous wire is fed to the work piece	A stick electrode is used for welding process
Works on thinner materials	Works on thicker materials
Uses inert gases for shielding	Uses the evaporated electrode coating for shielding purposes.

Is arc welding better than mig?

The answer to this question depends upon the type of application required. Both of these welding techniques are good for their respective application requirements.

If we want to weld thinner metals than mig welding is suitable as it gives a good finish for thin sheets of metals. When the metal is thick than a good weld will be formed when we use arc welding. Mig is not as effective on thicker metals as arc welding.

Sources of heat in welding

The following list shows the sources of heat in welding processes

• Arc– Arc is formed when a high amount of voltage is passed through the electrode when it is in contact with the work piece. The electrode is lifted by a very small amount such that a small gap is created. Due to high voltage the electrons jump from the electrode to the surface of the work piece. This is called as an electric arc.
• Plasma– Plasma is nothing but an electrically charged gas. This electrically charged gas particles produce enough heat on the surface of work piece that it can be used for welding
• Torch– A torch is simply a flame throwing device with a nozzle through which flame comes out. The high temperature flame is directed towards the area where welding needs to be done.
• Laser– The energy from lasers heat up the surface of work piece. The lasers produce a very high temperature at the surface of the work piece.
• Electron beam– Electron beams can be directed to the work piece to provide heat energy at the surface. The electron beam is converged to a single point using deflecting apparatus.

In this article we will discuss about the different facts which gives a clarity of Relative Humidity Vs Absolute Humidity.

Both Relative Humidity and Absolute Humidity give indication about the water vapor present in the air but they are quite different from each other. Humidity measurement is done in different ways, all the methods have different applications. These methods are: Relative Humidity, Absolute Humidity and Specific Humidity.

 Humidity measurement is crucial whenever there is a need to prevent precipitation, corrosion, mould formation etc, mainly related to fields like food industries, medicine industries, wood works, cold storage, cooling tower in refineries etc.

Measurement of RH is the most common and used for a wide range of applications, calculation of RH for weather forecasting is a well-known fact.

For changing temperature measurement of absolute value of Humidity is preferred as it is independent of temperature. Absolute value is suitable for applications like Spray drying and blower.

Relative Humidity Vs Absolute Humidity

To measure the water vapor content in the air, most common and popular methods are Relative as well as Absolute method. Both indicates the moisture content but in two divers ways.

We can discuss their differences in a tabular form as below:

Absolute Humidity	Relative Humidity
The absolute value of Humidity value gives us the total weight of water vapor per volume of air without considering the temperature. It can be calculated by dividing the total amount of water vapor mw by the given volume V of air.	It can be calculated by dividing actual vapor pressure(E) in the air by the saturated value of vapor pressure Es multiplied by 100 at a fixed temperature.
pw = mw/V	RH = (E/Es)x100
It is expressed in g/m3	RH value is expressed in percentage(%)
In the case of the Absolute method of humidity, measurement Temperature is not considered.	RH is inversely proportional to Temperature.

Relative humidity vs absolute humidity chart

RH value can be estimated from from a psychrometric or a Mollier diagram.

Mollier diagram is nothing but the European version of Anglo-American Psychrometric Chart, same parameters are used but look wise quite different from each other. Engineers and designers most widely used these diagrams as fundamental design implementation.

Air temperature(both dry and wet bulb temperature), amount of water vapor, enthalpy, RH values all are represented graphically in Psychrometric and Mollier charts.

If we know the dry bulb temperature and wet bulb temperature we can easily determine the RH value in the air using a psychrometric chart.

First of all find the specific dry bulb temperature on the horizontal axis of the chart and then find out the wet bulb depression value(i.e. Dry bulb temperature – Wet bulb temperature) on the vertical axis of the chart.

After that mark the point where these two lines from horizontal and vertical point intersect, this intersection point will give us the Relative value of humidity(RH) in percentage.

In the Psychrometric chart, we have Dry bulb temperature on the horizontal axis Humidity ratio(gm water/gm of dry air) on the vertical axis, and RH curves above.

For example, consider air with RH 60% at temperature 20⁰Corresponding to the 20⁰ we have to move until we reach 60% RH curve. Now move to the right side up to the end of the diagram to find the absolute humidity vertical line that will show the amount of water vapor in gm.

Absolute vs Relative Humidity Formula

Absolute value of Humidity gives us the total weight of water vapor per volume of air without considering the temperature, Relative method is an comparison between current value of absolute value of humidity and maximum possible value reached at a particular temperature.

The difference between Formulas used are as follows:

Absolute Humidity Formula	Relative Humidity Formula
Absolute pw  is the total amount of water vapor mw present in a given volume of air V regardless of temperature.	RH can be calculated by dividing actual vapor pressure(E) in the air by the saturated value of vapor pressure Es , multiplied by 100 at a fixed temperature
pw = mw/V	RH = (E/Es)x100

In case of Absolute type humidity measurement always remember that warmer air holds more moisture than colder air.

In case of Relative Humidity if temperature has increased keeping the Absolute Humidity same or keeping the moisture content same, the Relative Humidity will decrease.

By maintaining a constant Absolute value of Humidity, if we reduces the temperature in the atmosphere, a higher value of Relative value of Humidity will be observed.

Difference between Humidity and Absolute Humidity

Absolute type of humidity can be considered as a form or type of Humidity as it expresses the moisture content or water vapor content in the air in g/m³.

The differences between Humidity and Absolute Humidity Formula are as follows:

Humidity	Absolute Humidity
Humidity is water vapor content in the air. High humidity in the atmosphere makes us uncomfortable as we sweat more.	Absolute(also known as water vapor density) humidity is the mass of water vapor per unit of dry air in a specific air volume.
Depending on the requirement of the applications we can adopt methods like Relative, Absolute and Specific Humidity to determine the humidity in surrounding environment.	If the volume of air is not constant, the water vapor calculated by the Absolute method keeps changing along with the change in temperature and pressure. For this reason,  Absolute method is not applied in calculations related to chemical engineering.

Difference between Absolute and Specific Humidity

Absolute and Specific Humidity are used to measure humidity.

To know the differences between Absolute and Specific Humidity we can go through the table below:

Specific Humidity	Absolute Humidity
Specific Humidity is the ratio of the mass of water vapor in the air to the total mass of air and water vapor.	It is the actual mass of water vapor in unit volume of air.
Total air mass(including dry air) is considered	Air volume is considered
Specific humidity Unit is g/kg.	Its Unit is g/m3.

Humidity plays an important role in our daily life and devices called psychrometer or hygrometer are used to measure humidity in the air.

The cotter pin is used to fix different parts with special arrangements. Cotter pin types:

• Split type cotter
• Spring cotter pin
• Tapered pin
• Barrel type cotter pin
• Dipped cotter
• R type pin
• Straight cotter
• Split cotter pins

A cotter pin is a simple pin used to join two-part. It is passed through the holes between two-part to join or fix them. It is also known as a split pin in some countries.

The cotter pins are available in various sizes and shapes. It is designed according to the applications and the load.

Generally, these pins are manufactured from semi-circular wire with good hardness. The tapered pins are used to prevent the motion of the shaft in an axial direction.

The tapered type of pin will face compression force in working conditions. This compressive force generates frictional force due to the tightness of the pin. Due to this friction force, the motion of the shaft is prevented.

Cotter pin size

The dimension of the cotter pin is decided based on the applications.

The length of the cotter pin is the distance from the eye portion to the short side of the pin. The diameter of the pin is to be measured more than the hole.

The eye of the pin is bigger than the diameter of the hole. The pin should fit properly through the hole based on the dimension.

In actuality, the length of the pin is not fixed for every pin. It is manufactured based on the connections. The pin is measured from the connection of the pen and hole to the large end of the pin.

The size of the cotter pin starts from 1/32. There are two main dimensions of the cotter pin. One should know the length of the pin and the diameter of the pin.

The usage of the prongs is securing the connections properly. The hammer is used to increase the prong size. The prongs are used in some applications to better lock a pin in the hole. It does not allow the pin to escape from the hole.

Some precautions

• The use of cotter pins is only once, Don’t reuse the pin.
• The cotter pin should have a larger dimension than the hole.
• The safety wire is the necessary part of the cotter pin. It is inserted properly through the pin.

Split pin vs. cotter pin

A cotter pin and split pin are locking devices used in various applications.

The material used to manufacture cotter pins and split pins is different. For the cotter pin, The material is mild steel (MS). The split pin is manufactured from grade steel.

The general use of a cotter pin is to lock the nut with the bolt. The cotter pin is kept in a hole provided in the bolt so that the nut cannot go out from the bolt. The cotter pin is bent to prevent the nut’s movement on the bolt.

Cotter pin uses

There are large applications of the cotter pin in various types of machinery.

A cotter pin prevents nut’s falling out due to vibrations. It is used in various types of machinery where the nut and bolt are present. It is a device that can easily fix locking problems.

The Replacement of the cotter pin is easy than another locking device. It can be easily removed from the machinery without interfering with other components.

There are many other locking nuts and devices available in equipment. A cotter pin only fails if the shear force is extreme. Its performance is far better than another locking device. For a while, any locking device fails due to continuous vibrations.

A cotter pin prevents the loosening of the nut. The cotter pin is only possible if the hole is provided in the bolt. There are some bolts available without a hole in them. If we want to fix a nut tightly in any equipment, we must have a bolt with the drilled hole.

The bolt is specially designed to use the cotter pin. There are two prongs in the construction of the cotter pin. The prongs are twisted in the opposite direction of each other to improve safety. It is recommended in all cases to twist the ends of the cotter pin. It is a low-cost fastener but saves huge machinery to get fail.

It prevents the nuts to get fall out in any vibration conditions.

What is cotter pin?

There is requirement of locking the nut with bolt in proper manner.

Vibration is a crucial issue in any machinery. It is critical to prevent all the bolts and nuts from vibrating conditions. A cotter pin is a device used to solve this problem in machinery.

It is famous in any place to lock the nut and bolt. It is a rode shape pin manufactured from mild steel. The construction of the pin is simple with the low cost of manufacturing. The eye is provided in a cotter pin larger than the hole diameter.

It is easy to replace the cotter pin in any machinery. The cost of the cotter pin is more nominal than other locking devices. Sometimes, a simple wire is used to lock nuts in emergency conditions.

In this article, “Autogenous welding “, with some different several facts like Types, Power Source, Exhaust, and Machine with interpretation are prate thoroughly. Autogenous welding filler material not needed.

Autogenous welding is a versatile welding process. In different types of methods of welding autogenous welding is applied. Some methods like oxyacetylene or gas tungsten arc welding can use autogenous or filler metal. Without applying filler metal autogenous welding is done to joined two or more metals.

What is autogenous welding?

The joint strength for the autogenous welding is not good at all. The joint strength is lower compare to the base plate’s strength. The part of the welded became weaker.

Autogenous is a method that link up two or more than two metals without any collection of filler metal. The most used joints in the autogenous welding are edge joint. The other types of joints can be made with the autogenous welding are corner joint and lap joint. Only tee joint cannot make with the autogenous welding.

Classifications of Autogenous welding process:

Autogenous welding is one kind of process of welding which is sustaining fusion welding method more than welding method of the specific fusion.

The Classifications of Autogenous welding process name with detailed facts are discuss below,

• Gas tungsten arc welding
• Laser beam welding
• Electron beam welding
• Plasma arc welding

Gas tungsten arc welding:-

In the Gas Tungsten Arc Welding method (GTAW) an electrode is used which should be non consumable to produce high temperature near about 3800 degree centigrade and temperature have more melting point than the base metal to create the weld for the desired shape.

In the materials where Gas Tungsten Arc Welding method is applied are non – ferrous metals such as magnesium, aluminium, stainless steel.

Follow some basic process to run the Gas Tungsten Arc Welding method smoothly:-

1. Need to wear protective gear.
2. The material use in the Gas Tungsten Arc Welding method should be clean.
3. Keep the right angle of the torch.
4. Minimum power should be use to run Gas Tungsten Arc Welding method.
5. Filler rod should not be dissolve directly.
6. Right Tungsten should be choosing.
7. Working with the stainless steel.

Advantages:-

1. Flux is not required.
2. Clean welds can make with Gas Tungsten Arc Welding method.
3. High quality weld can made with Gas Tungsten Arc Welding method.
4. Allow all position of welding.
5. Smoke is not produce.
6. Sparks and slag also not produce.
7. Work with verities of metals.
8. Filler metal not essential.

Disadvantages:-

1. Deposition rate is too low.
2. High skilled welders are needed.
3. Dissimilar metals cannot be work with the Gas Tungsten Arc Welding method.

Laser beam welding:-

The welding method of Laser Beam Welding an evaporated laser beam is used to dissolve the base metal and create the weld for the desired shape.

Advantages:-

1. Weld quality with Laser Beam Welding can be making in very preciously.
2. Electrode is not needed.
3. Laser Beam Welding is an automated method. With the help of robotic machinery a large amount of production easily can be made.
4. Laser Beam Welding is a non contact method for this reason tool wear is not appear.
5. In the Laser Beam Welding methods vacuum is not necessary for this reason in the air Laser Beam Welding easily can be done.
6. In a very small space Laser Beam Welding preciously can be done.

Disadvantages:-

1. Initial cost of Laser Beam Welding is too high.
2. Maintenance cost of Laser Beam Welding also too high.
3. Cracks are produce in Laser Beam Welding method for repetition of cooling.
4. High skilled welders are needed.
5. Only can work with 19 mm thick metals.

Electron beam welding:-

The welding method of Electron Beam Welding a strong force beam is used to dissolve the base metal and create the weld for the desired shape.

Advantages:-

1. Operating cost is not too high.
2. Welding speed for the Electron Beam Welding is too high.
3. Dissimilar metals easily can be weld with Electron Beam Welding.
4. Penetration rate to the width is high.
5. Base metals with the temperature of melting point can be work with the Electron Beam Welding method.
6. Rate of distortion is low.
7. Reactive material such as titanium and beryllium can be work with Electron Beam Welding method.
8. Inaccessible joints easily can be creating with Electron Beam Welding process.
9. Electron Beam welding process can work with 0.025 mm to 100 mm thick metals sheets.

Disadvantages:-

1. Equipment cost of the Electron Beam Welding is high.
2. High skilled welders are needed.
3. High vacuum in Electron Beam Welding process needed to run.
4. High safety is required.
5. Large amount of job cannot be performing well with the Electron Beam Welding.

Plasma arc welding:-

The welding method of Plasma Arc Welding ionized plasma arc is used to dissolve the base metal and create the weld for the desired shape.

Advantages:-

1. Welding speed for the Plasma Arc Welding is high.
2. High amount of energy is easily can get with Plasma Arc Welding.
3. Penetration rate to the width is high.
4. In low amperage Plasma Arc Welding can be work.
5. Stable arc is creating.
6. Low power consumption.

Disadvantages:-

1. Noisy operation.
2. High skilled welders are needed.
3. Maintenance cost of Plasma Arc Welding also too high.
4. More radiation Equipment cost is high.

Autogenous orbital welding:

Autogenous orbital gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) is a controlled, precise welding method which is developed to decreases the chance of operator error and improve weld quality when joining tubes or other static workpieces with a non-consumable electrode.

Autogenous laser welding:

Autogenous laser welding is a fusion welding process.

Two metal pieces are joined together by the use of laser. It is focused to the cavity between the two metal pieces to be joined. Enough amount of energy is present and also expert hand is needed to operate autogenous laser welding process.

Autogenous fusion welding:

Autogenous welding is a process of fusion welding. Autogenous welding does not need the filler metal application to form a weld. Since solid-state welding processes generally do not use filler materials, they may also be classified as autogenous.

Autogenous welding power source:

The power source of the autogenous welding are listed below,

• Gas Metal Arc Welding
• Gas Tungsten Arc welding
• Flux Cored Arc Welding
• Shielded Metal Arc Welding

Gas Metal Arc Welding:-

In the Gas Metal Arc Welding as a source electric arc is used that occurs fusion welding method.

Gas Tungsten Arc welding:-

Another name for the Gas Tungsten Arc welding is Tungsten Insert Gas Welding. The Gas Tungsten Arc welding is a type of arc welding where an electrode which is non consumable tungsten is used to make the weld.

In the materials where Gas Tungsten Arc Welding method is applied are non – ferrous metals such as magnesium, aluminium, stainless steel, alloys of copper.

Flux Cored Arc Welding:-

Another name for the Flux Cored Arc Welding is Dual Shield Welding. Flux Cored Arc Welding is semi automated arc welding process.

Shielded Metal Arc Welding:-

In the Shield Metal Arc Welding an electrode is used which is metallic consumable of an appropriate mixture for running arc by parent workpiece and itself. The dissolved metal of electrode full fills the gap of the weld and the workpiece joint with each other.

What kind of metal is exhaust in Autogenous welding?

The common classifications of steel used in exhaust process cover ferritic and austenitic stainless steel and also aluminium.

Autogenous welding examples:

Autogenous welding is most suitable for thin metal sheets.

The examples of autogeous welding and their details are prate below,

• Gas tungsten arc welding
• Laser beam welding
• Electron beam welding
• Plasma arc welding

Gas tungsten arc welding:-

In the Gas Tungsten Arc Welding method (GTAW) an electrode is used which should be non consumable to produce high temperature near about 3800 degree centigrade and temperature have more melting point than the base metal to create the weld for the desired shape.

Application:-

1. Gas Tungsten Arc Welding method can be work with aluminium and its alloys, alloys of stainless steel, alloys of magnesium, alloys of nickel base, alloys of copper base, alloys of low steels and carbon steel and many more.
2. In hard facing Gas Tungsten Arc Welding is used.

Laser beam welding:-

The welding method of Laser Beam Welding an evaporated laser beam is used to dissolve the base metal and create the weld for the desired shape.

Application:-

1. In industry of automotive Laser Beam Welding widely used.
2. Making of jeweller Laser Beam Welding is used.
3. To make high precision welds.
4. Medical fields.

Electron beam welding:-

The welding method of Electron Beam Welding a strong force beam is used to dissolve the base metal and create the weld for the desired shape.

Application:-

1. For making bridges, ship’s shell plates, electronic components, parts of the aircrafts Electron Beam Welding is used.
2. Medical industries.
3. Electron Beam Welding is use for joining titanium and alloys of the titanium.
4. Aerospace industries.

Plasma arc welding:-

The welding method of Plasma Arc Welding ionized plasma arc is used to dissolve the base metal and create the weld for the desired shape.

Application:-

1. Marine industries.
2. Aerospace industries.
3. Plasma Arc Welding is use for joining titanium and the alloys of the titanium and also stainless steel and the alloys of the stainless steel.
4. Electronic industries.
5. For repairing the tools, mould and die.
6. Coating the blades of the turbines.

Examples of Non autogenous welding:

Some examples of Non autogenous welding are listed below,

• Manual Metal Arc Welding
• Flux Cored Arc Welding
• Gas Metal Arc Welding