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When a deformable material is stretched in a particular direction, its length increases in that direction, and thickness reduces in the lateral one. Similarly, the material is compressed in a specific direction and, its length decreases in that direction, and thickness increases in the lateral one. Poisson’s ratio is a parameter that relates these deformations, which is useful in material selection and application.
Poisson’s Ratio Definition | Poisson’s Ratio Equation
When we apply tensile stress on the material, there is elongation in the direction of applied force and shrinkage in the transverse/lateral movement. Thus the strain gets produced in both directions. The ratio of strain produced in the transverse direction to the strain produced in the direction of tensile stress application is known as Poisson’s ratio.
Its symbol is ʋ or μ.
The ratio obtained has a negative sign, as the ratio obtained is always negative.
Thus,
Poisson’s Ratio= Transverse Strain/ axial Strain
ʋ= -(εx/εy)
Figure : Lateral Strain
Similarly, if compressive stress is applied to the material, there is shrinkage in the direction of applied force and thickening in the transverse/ lateral direction. Thus, the strain gets produced in both directions. The ratio of strain produced in the transverse direction to the strain produced in the direction of compressive stress application is also known as Poisson’s ratio.
Generally, it ranges from 0 to 0.5 for engineering materials. Its value increases under tensile stress and decreases under compressive stress.
The value of Poisson’s ratio for steel ranges from 0.25 to 0.33.
The average value of Poisson’s ratio for steel 0.28.
It depends on the steel type used.
Following is the list of Poisson’s ratio for different steels
Steel Type
Poisson’s Ratio
High Carbon Steel
0.295
Mild Steel
0.303
Cast Steel
0.265
Cold Rolled Steel
0.287
Stainless Steel 18-8
0.305( 0.30-0.31)
Poisson’s Ratio of Aluminum
The value of Poisson’s ratio for aluminum ranges from 0.33 to 0.34.
The average value of Poisson’s ratio for aluminum is 0.33 and for aluminum alloy 0.32.
It depends on the type of aluminum or aluminum alloy used.
Following is the list of Poisson’s ratio for different aluminum
Aluminum Type
Poisson’s Ratio
Aluminum Bronze
0.30
Rolled Aluminum
0.337/0.339
Rolled Pure Aluminum
0.327
Poisson’s Ratio of Concrete
The value of Poisson’s ratio for concrete ranges from 0.15 to 0.25.
Its general value is taken as 0.2.
It depends on the type of concrete (wet, dry, saturated) and loading conditions.
Its value for high strength concrete is 0.1, and for low strength concrete, it is o.2.
Poisson’s Ratio of Copper
The value of Poisson’s ratio ranges from 0.34 to 0.35.
Its general value is taken as 0.355.
It depends on the type of copper or copper alloy used.
Following is the list of Poisson’s ratio for different copper
Copper Type
Poisson’s Ratio
Normal Brass
0.34
Brass, 70-30
0.331
Brass, cast
0.357
Bronze
0.34
Poisson’s Ratio of Rubber
The value of Poisson’s ratio for rubber is from 0.48 to 0.50.
For most of the rubbers, it is equal to 0.5.
Its value for natural rubber is 0.5.
It has the highest value of Poisson’s Ratio.
Poisson’s Ratio of Plastic
The Poisson’s ratio of plastics generally increases with time, strain, and temperature and decreases with strain rate.
Following is the list of Poisson’s ratio for different plastics
Plastic Type
Poisson’s Ratio
PAMS
0.32
PPMS
0.34
PS
0.35
PVC
0.40
Poisson’s Ratio and Young’s Modulus
The materials for which elastic behavior does not vary with the crystallographic direction are known as elastically isotropic materials. Using Poisson’s ratio of the material, we can obtain a relation between Modulus of Rigidity and Modulus of Elasticity for isotropic materials as follows.
Y= 2*G*(1+ʋ)
Where, Y= Modulus of Elasticity
G= Modulus of Rigidity
ʋ= Poisson’s Ratio
Questions and Answers
What is meant by Poisson’s ratio?
When we apply tensile stress on the material, there is elongation in the direction of applied force and shrinkage in the transverse/lateral direction. Thus the strain gets produced in both directions. The ratio of strain produced in the transverse direction to the strain produced in the direction of tensile stress application is known as Poisson’s ratio.
Figure : Lateral Strain
What does a Poisson ratio of 0.5 mean?
Poisson’s ratio of precisely 0.5 means the material is perfectly incompressible isotropic material deformed elastically at small strains.
How is Poisson’s ratio calculated?
Poisson’s Ratio= Transverse Strain/ axial Strain
ʋ=-εx/εy
Figure : Lateral Strain
What is the Poisson’s ratio for steel?
The value of Poisson’s ratio for steel ranges between 0.25 to 0.33.
The average value of Poisson’s ratio for steel 0.28.
What is Poisson’s ratio for aluminum?
The value of Poisson’s ratio for aluminum ranges between 0.33 to 0.34.
The average value of Poisson’s ratio for aluminum is 0.33 and for aluminum alloy 0.32.
What is Poisson’s ratio for concrete?
The value of Poisson’s ratio for concrete ranges between 0.15 to 0.25.
Its general value is taken as 0.2.
It depends on the type of concrete (wet, dry, saturated) and loading conditions.
Its value for high strength concrete is 0.1, and for low strength concrete, it is 0.2.
What is the relation between Poisson’s Ratio and Young’s Modulus of Elasticity?
Y= 2*G*(1+ʋ)
Where, Y= Modulus of Elasticity
G= Modulus of Rigidity
ʋ= Poisson’s Ratio
Which parameters affect the Poisson’s Ratio of Polymers?
The Poisson’s ratio of polymeric materials like plastic generally increases with time, strain, and temperature and decreases with strain rate.
What if Poisson’s ratio is zero?
If the Poisson’s ratio is zero, the material is not deformable; hence, it is a rigid body.
Which material has the highest Poisson’s ratio?
Rubber has the highest Poisson’s Ratio, almost equal to 0.5.
Why is Poisson’s ratio always positive?
Poisson’s ratio is the negative of the ratio of lateral strain to axial strain. The ratio of lateral strain to axial strain is always negative because elongation causes contraction in diameter, which ultimately makes the ratio negative .similarly, compression causes elongation in diameter, which makes the ratio negative.
Is Poisson’s ratio constant?
For the stresses in the elastic range, Poisson’s ratio is almost constant.
Does Poisson’s ratio dependent on temperature?
Yes. With the increasing temperature, Poisson’s ratio decreases.
ObjectiveQuestions
Tensile stress is applied along the longitudinal axis of a cylindrical brass rod with a diameter of 10mm. Determine the magnitude of the strain produced in the transverse direction where the load is required to produce a 2.5 *10-3 change in diameter if the deformation is entirely elastic. Poisson’s ratio of brass is 0.34.
3.5*10-3
5.5*10-3
7.35*10-3
1.0*10-3
Solution: Answer is option 3.
A wire of length 2 m is loaded, and an elongation of 2mm is produced. If the wire’s diameter is 5 mm, find the change in the diameter of the wire when elongated. Poisson’s ratio of the wire is 0.35
Lateral Strain= Change in diameter/ Original Diameter=0.35*10-3
Change in Diameter=0.35*10-3*5*10-3
= 1.75*10-6
=1.75*10-7
Thus, the Change in diameter is 1.75*10-7mm.
A wire of steel having a cross-sectional area of 2 mm2 is stretched by 20 N. Find the lateral strain produced in the wire. Young’s Modulus for steel is 2*1011N/m2, and Poisson’s ratio is 0.311.
In this articles, all the important concepts related to Poisson’s Ratio are discussed in detailed . Numerical and subjective type of questions are added for practice.
There are two types of body: rigid body and deformable-body. Distance between any two points remains constant with force applied on a body is known as a rigid body and the body in which this distance change is known as a deformable body. Strength of material is the study of deformable bodies. In this, we study the different properties of materials by applying force on it. Study of the strength of materials helps to select material for different applications according to their properties. Strength of Material is also referred as Mechanics of Material. Strength of Material includes stress, strain, stress-strain curve etc.
Engineering Stress
Instantaneous load or force applied per unit original area of cross-section (Before any deformation) is known as engineering stress.
It is denoted by σ (sigma). SI unit of engineering stress is N/m2 or Pascal (Pa).
Generally following engineering stresses are classified in strength of materials studies.
Strength of Materials : Classification of Stresses
Normal Stress
When the applied force is perpendicular to the given cross-section of the specimen (axial load), then the corresponding stress produced in the material is known as normal stress.
Many times force applied on the surface is not uniform; in that case, we take an average of the applied force.
Normal Stress= (Perpendicular component of Applied Force)/ Area
Tensile Stress
When the applied force is away from the material, then the Stress produced is known as tensile stress.
Strength of Materials : Tensile Stress
Compressive Stress
When the applied force is in towards the object, then the Stress produced is known as compression stress.
Strength of Materials: Compressive Stress
Bending Stress
When force is applied on the beam-shaped material, the material’s top surface undergoes a compressive type of stress, and the bottom surface undergoes tension-type of Stress and middle of the beam remains neutral. Such stress is known as bending Stress.
It is also known as flexural Stress.
Strength of Materials: Bending Stress
Shear Stress
When the applied force is parallel to the area on which it is applied, the Stress is known as shear stress.
Strength of Materials : Shear Stress
Shear Stress Formula
Shear Stress= (Force imposed parallel to the upper and lower faces) / Area.
Tensile Stress vs Shear Stress
Tensile Stress
Shear Stress
The applied force is perpendicular to the surface.
The applied force is parallel to the surface.
It is denoted by σ.
It is denoted by τ.
Combined Stress Equation
While studying strength of materials in real-life examples, we can have cases in which more than one type of Stress is acting on the material, in that case, we need to have an equation which can combine different type of stresses
Following is the equation which combines shear and tensile stresses.
Where,
fx= tensile or compressive stress in the x-direction
fy= tensile or compressive stress in the y-direction
fs= shear stresses acting on the faces in x and y-direction
f1= maximum principle Stress
f2= minimum tensile Stress
q= maximum shear stress
Stress Concentration Factor
In the studies of Strength of Materials, many times the material on which we are applying Stress is not uniform. It may have some irregularities in its geometry or within the structure formed due to nicks, scratches holes, fillets, grooves, etc., which causes the concentration of stress to be very high at some point on the material known as stress concentration or stress riser/raiser.
The degree of this concentration is expressed as the ratio of maximum Stress to reference Stress, where reference stress is total Stress within an element under the same loading conditions, without any concentration or discontinuity.
Stress Concentration Factor Formula:
Stress Concentration= maximum Stress / Reference Stress
While studying strength of Materials, there are always some uncertainties in the measured values of stresses; therefore, the stress that we are going to consider for our use known as working stress (σw) is always less than the experimental value of stress. In most of the applications, we consider yield strength (σy).
Working Stress is determined by reducing the yield strength by a factor; that factor is known as the factor of safety. So, the factor of safety is a ratio of yield strength to working stress. Its symbol is N. It is a unitless quantity.
Factor of Safety= Yield Strength/ Working Stress
Engineering Strain
Change in length at some instant of the material per unit original length (Before any application of force) is known as engineering strain.
It is denoted by ε (Epsilon) or γ (Gamma). It’s a unitless quantity.
Engineering Strain= (Change in length)/ (Original Length)
Strength of Materials : Engineering Strain
Poisson’s Ratio
When tensile stress is applied to the material, there is elongation along the applied load axis and shortening along with perpendicular directions to the applied Stress. Thus, the strain produced in the applied stress direction is known as axial strain and the strain produced in the perpendicular direction the applied Stress is known as lateral strain or transverse strain.
The ratioof the lateral strain and axial strain is known as Poisson’s Ratio. It is denoted by ʋ (nu). It is a very important constant for a given material.
Poisson’s Ratio= – (Lateral Strain/ Axial Strain)
Let the applied load is in z-direction and strain produced in that direction is εx and material is isotropic and homogeneous ( ) then Poisson’s ratio is
Plotting of stress to strain gives a considerable number of properties of the material in strength of materials study.
The stress-strain curve is stress versus strain curve in which strain is on independent axis i.e., x-axis and stress is on dependent i.e. y-axis. It is an important characteristic of the material.
On the load application, two types of deformation occur in the material depending upon the strain value, first is elastic deformation and second is plastic deformation.
Strength of Materials: Stress-Strain Curve
True Stress-Strain Curve
It is a stress-strain curve in which true Stress is plotted against true strain. Both Stress and strain are based on instantaneous measurement. Hence, the instantaneous cross-section area is considered instead of original cross-section, and instantaneous length is considered instead of the original length.
Elastic Deformation
Elastic deformation is the deformation in which material regains its original shape on the removal of the force.
This region has a proportional limit, elastic limit, upper yield point and lower yield point.
Modulus of Elasticity | Hooke’s Law
When this type of deformation occurs, the strain in the metal piece is nearly proportional to the stress; therefore, this deformation occurs as a straight line in Stress versus strain plot except for some materials like grey cast iron, concrete and many polymers.
Stress is proportional to the strain through this relationship.
This is known as Hooke’s Law, where Y the proportionality constant is known as Young’s Modulus or Modulusof Elasticity. It is also denoted by E. It is the slope of the stress-strain curve in the elastic limit. It is one of the most important law in the studies of strength of material.
Modulus of Elasticity Formula
Its value is slightly higher for ceramics than metals and value is slightly lower for polymers than metals. Or most structures are required to have deformation only in the elastic limit; therefore, this region is quite important.
Plastic Deformation
If the applied force is removed in this region, then the material does not regain its original shape.
The deformation in the material is permanent.
In this region, Hooke’s law is not valid.
This region has ultimate tensile strength of materials and breaking point.
There are some points on the curve around which type of deformation changes. These points are very important as they tell us about the limitations and ranges of material which are ultimately useful in material’s application.
Proportional Limit
It is the point in the curve up to which Stress is proportional to the strain.
When the material is stretched beyond the proportionality limit, stress is not proportional to the strain, but still, it shows elastic behaviour.
Elastic Limit
It is the point in the curve up to which material shows elastic behaviour.
After this point, plastic deformation in the material begins.
Beyond the elastic limit, Stress causes the material to flow or yield.
Yield Point
It is the point where yielding of the material occurs; hence plastic deformation of material begins from this point.
What is Yield Strength?
Stress corresponding to the yield point is known as yield strength—its resistance to its plastic deformation.
Many times it is not possible to locate it precisely. The elastic-plastic transition is well-defined and very abruptly, termed as yield point phenomenon.
Upper Yield Point: It is the point in the graph at which maximum load or Stress required to initiate the plastic deformation of the material.
Lower Yield Point: It is a point at which minimum Stress or load is required to maintain the material’s plastic behavior.
The upper yield point is unstable, but lower yield point is stable, so we use a lower yield point while designing the components.
After yielding, as plastic deformation continues, it reaches a maximum limit known as ultimate Stress or ultimate strength.
It is also known as Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) or tensile strength. It is the maximum stress that can be sustained by material in tension.
All deformation up to this point is uniform, but at this maximum stress, small narrowing of material begins to form, this phenomenon is termed as ‘necking’.
Rupture Point | Fracture Point | Breaking Point
Stress necessary to continue plastic deformation starts to decrease after ultimate strength and eventually breaks the material at a point known as rupture point or fracture point.
The stress of the material at rupture point is known as ‘rupture strength’.
Stress-Strain curve for Brittle material
Strength of Materials : Stress-Strain Curve for Brittle Material
Stress-Strain Curve for Ductile Material
Strength of Materials : Stress-Strain Curve Ductile Material
When the applied force is parallel to the area on which it is applied, the Stress is known as shear stress.
What is Factor of Safety?
There are always some uncertainties in the measured values of stresses; therefore, the stress that we are going to consider for our use known as working Stress (σw) is always less than the experimental value of Stress. In most of the applications, we consider yield strength (σy).
Working Stress is determined by reducing the yield strength by a factor; that factor is known as the factor of safety. So, the factor of safety is a ratio of yield strength to working stress. Its symbol is N. It is a unitless quantity.
What is True Stress-Strain Curve?
It is a stress-strain curve in which true Stress is plotted against true strain. Both Stress and strain are based on instantaneous measurement hence instantaneous area of the cross-section is considered instead of original cross-section and instantaneous length is considered instead of the original length.
What is Breaking Point?
Stress necessary to continue plastic deformation starts to decrease after ultimate strength and eventually breaks the material at a point known as breaking point.
What is Ultimate Tensile Strength?
After yielding, as plastic deformation continues, it reaches a maximum limit known as ultimate Stress or ultimate strength, it is also known as Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS)
What is Hooke’s Law? | Explain Hooke’s Law
When this type of deformation occurs, the strain in the metal piece is nearly proportional to the stress; therefore, this deformation occurs as a straight line in Stress versus strain plot except for some materials like grey cast iron, concrete and many polymers. Stress is proportional to the strain through this relationship.
This is known as Hooke’s Law, where Y the proportionality constant is known as Young’s Modulus.
It is one of the most important law in the studies of Strength of Materials.
CONCLUSION
In this articles important terminology of strength of materials are explained in detailed such as engineering stress, strain, stress-strain curve for both ductile and brittle materials, young modulus, Poisson’s ratio etc. Strength of materials is also known as mechanics of materials.
To Learn more on mechanical engineering and Strength of Materials click here!
How to access Perfecto Cloud devices for Manual testing
This Perfecto Tutorial by Lambda Geeks is written to give a complete and exhaustive overview of Perfecto. From accessing Perfecto Cloud devices for Manual Testing to Performance testing, we will discuss the in-depth exploration of all the different verticals.
Introduction
The Perfecto Automation tool is web-based SaaS (Software as a Service), a mobile application testing platform that permits mobile application designers and QA professionals. Perfecto supports mobile automation with advanced features like barcode scanning, colour detection, Network virtualization, monitoring, and different performance testing facilities. The perfect tool provides many mobile devices across several geographical locations for automation and manual testing.
Overview of mobile testing using Perfecto cloud
There are three ways where you can access the mobile phone from Perfecto.
Accessing Perfecto Public Cloud:
Perfecto has its mobile cloud, where they have hosted thousands of mobile devices in different geographical locations. Consumers can avail of a vast option of multiple manufacturers and models with all Operating System variants.
Advantages:
This is a license-based model for mobile access. Comparatively, it is cost-effective. Users can access a massive number of devices.
Disadvantages:
Sometimes, the mobile you want to access the same device is already reserved by someone else. Then you have to wait until the reserved device is going to be released.
To get the details on advantages and disadvantages of Perfecto, please click on this link
Accessing Perfecto Private Cloud
As per the agreement with Client Perfecto will provide a dedicated private cloud to the client. Perfecto will host a specific number of mobile phones of different make and models with the desired operating system as per client requirements. Those devices will be available to the client for 24×7. If the client faces any issue, Perfecto will provide support immediately. According to Perfecto’s contract, the client can change the cloud-hosted device 3/4 times every year according to OS version up-gradation or release of new mobile models. This will depend on mutual understanding with Perfecto and the Client side.
Please follow the mentioned steps for accessing Perfecto Cloud devices and do manual testing.
Step1: Create a Perfecto account
Users can create a free trial account, which is valid for 14 days. There several limitations to free trial licenses. Another option is users have to purchase Perfecto licenses.
Free/Trial Account creation steps mentioned below
To get perfecto Mobile Cloud Testing free trial, Go to the link_ https://www.perfecto.io/, and you will see the below screen.
Click on the free trial.
Once the user clicks on the “FREE TRIAL” button and you will find form.
Fill up the mandatory fields and clicked on, “I’m not a robot.” Then click the “START FREE TRIAL” button.
Perfecto Team sends a mail to your mail for your Perfecto Free Trial Credentials,
Once you click on the link, open an interface, and put your email and password (provided in the mail).
Once the user clicks on the “SIGN IN” button, you have to update your password and submit.
Now you will find the below image and your account ready to start testing.
A Complete Guide for Perfecto Cloud access_Device Reservation
Step2:Reserving mobile in Perfecto Cloud for testing
After login to the Perfecto portal, We need to reserve mobile devices for manual testing. Please select the “OPEN DEVICE” option in the Manual Testing section.
Step3: After selecting “Open devices,” you will get the list of available devices/mobile phones in Perfecto hosted cloud devices.
You will find vast numbers of both the iOS and Android mobile phones with a different model with various OS versions that help any tester. Left side, you will get the devices’ details to count availability and recently added new mobile devices. In the availability column, the user will find the list of available mobiles for testing and the list of reserved devices booked by other testers. If any user wants to secure the “IN USE” devices, they need to wait until the present user releases it.
A Complete Guide for Perfecto Cloud access_Cloud Device Reserved
Perfecto provided the device in different geographic locations, helping the user access the device faster. You will find the device availability status (Available/IN USE) according to the availability.
Step4: As per the user’s requirement, he/she can reserve the devices. First, identify the device you want to book, hover the mouse over the device, and find the “OPEN” option on the rightest side of the device name.
Step5: After click on the “Open” button, the available device will be launched within a few seconds.
Note: One thing the user should keep in mind that the user’s network speed should be more than 10 MBPS; otherwise, the user will be facing network latency issues, which is not expected during mobile application testing.
A Complete Guide for Perfecto Cloud access_Cloud Features
Features available in Perfecto:
Inject Image:
This feature helps the tester test such applications where bar-code scanning is required or a banking application where the tester needs to scan the Check. The user needs to supply the images which will be stored in the repository.
Set location
This feature is related to those applications which are related to location-aware like OLA, Uber, and Zomato, etc. Without moving from one place to a different place, the user can test the application and generate the location data.
Network virtualization: Network virtualization is an extraordinary kind of feature supported by limited numbers of tools. Primarily it is required for performance testing of any mobile application. It helps developers and others tester for a different kind of testing also. It permits the developer and performance tester to emulate real-world network conditions as a part of the testing scenario. There are primarily three commands for Network virtualization, i.e., start, update and stop.
For a real-world example: consider that if any user wants to check the application’s performance in low network conditions, he/she can set the 2G/3G/4G network condition using the Network virtualization feature and get the performance details, and the user can do the required modification as per application performance.
Restart the mobile:
This feature helps users if it is required to restart the mobile device during any application’s compatibility.
Rotate screen:
This feature helps the user to test the application in landscape or portrait mode. If the application does make itself resized or fit into the specified screen resolution, the tester needs to inform the developer to fix the defect.
Vital:
When the user wants to know the mobile Memory usage, CPU usage, and CPU Kernel, then the Vital command is used. While collecting the device vitals, it does not hamper the existing task or automation execution.
Device logs
Device logs are essential for the developer. While the tester performs any testing, a device log will be generated, and if the tester found any issue, then the device log will help the developer debug the issue. Command for collecting device logs in Perfecto-> mobile:device:log
Image analysis:
Perfecto has provided an outstanding feature called Visual analysis, which covers both the text and image analysis. This feature is helpful for both manual and automation testing.
It can touch the screen near the recognized text. It can choose UI elements based on the analysis. It supports image and text (using OCR) recognition on the device screen.
Object Finder:
Object finder is a useful feature provided by perfecto; this feature helps them identify and retrieve objects from the mobile screen for all kinds of applications (Native, Hybrid, and web).
Screenshot capturing:
During any kind of testing, the tester needs to collect evidence for every issue and defect to understand the problem correctly and resolve the issue quickly.
Step6: Installing Applications in reserved devices.
A Complete Guide for Perfecto Cloud access_App Installation
If any user wants to install a specific application as per his/her requirement, Please click on the menu button. You will find the option to install the application you want to test in the reserved mobile from the Perfecto cloud.
Pre-requisite for app installation: User should have the .apk/.ipa file in the repository or local drive.
A Complete Guide for Perfecto Cloud access_Application Local Path
Step7: provide the .apk file location
The first user needs to click on the “Select app,” then he/she needs to select one option between Repository or Computer as per the installable application location. Otherwise, the user can drag and drop the application in a mentioned place. Below a screenshot of the application; installation is in progress.
A Complete Guide for Perfecto Cloud access_App installation in Progress
Step8: Configuring app setting
When the application installation is completed, please do the necessary configuration for app testing. To do the same, please select “CONFIGURE APP” and please make the radio button on or off as per your testing requirement.
A Complete Guide for Perfecto Cloud access_Configure App Setting
Step9: To get the device ID or device attribute capability
To start automation for mobile applications, we need to make the application and device synchronization; we need to configure device attributes.
We can get attribute details from selecting the “Capabilities” option.
A Complete Guide for Perfecto Cloud access_Capture Screenshot
Step10: Capturing screenshot during testing
Capturing the screenshot feature helps the tester to collect the evidence for any defect/error/issue. It enables the developer to debug and fix the problem.
A Complete Guide for Perfecto Cloud access_Get Device Attribute
Step11: Release the Cloud device
When the user completes the testing, the device needs to be released so that other users can use it for testing.
A Complete Guide for Perfecto Cloud access_Release Cloud Device
Conclusion
In this topic, We have covered how to reserve a mobile device from Perfecto Cloud and do manual testing. In the next topic, We will write about Perfecto configuration and set up for Automation. For more details on Perfecto, please refer to this link.
Through out this Perfecto Tutorial, we will provide complete overview of Perfecto as mobile test automation tool. We will do an in-depth exploration of all the major segments.
The Perfecto Automation tool is an entirely web-based SaaS (Software as a Service) a platform that allows mobile application designers and QA professionals both work with services like advanced automation, monitoring and testing services. It is the perfect tool for a mobile application tester to automate testing for mobile phone devices associated with diverse mobile networks spread across different geographic locations.
The automated testing is done using an in-built web-based user interface design, which permits the conception of tests scripts which are easy to design and easy to use without any code. The commands containing the hands are readily available on the websites in the form of widgets. Test developers just right to click on the authorities to add to the scripts and define its properties in the user interface. Keyword-based Script Once technology permit engineers to create test scripts. Perfecto Mobile testing tool works on both image & text recognition. The formation of these scripts can be watched in the following videos.
Test developers can freely install third-party applications or APK files on the remote devices using their Install widget. Upon formation, the application will be visible in the Application list of the device. The automation tools work based on OCR based text and image recognition mechanism thatenables the device to analyze and test the applications’ user interface without any limitation. From native apps, web-based apps, or hybrid apps tools it can try anything. As far as Flash content is designed, the sales team are not sure whether the devices can check this or not.
For both the tools, Technical support remains if the user requires them.
Perfecto Mobile Cloud provides Hybrid objects progress, which contains both Visual based objects & native objects for iOS/Android applications, as well as real DOM objects for Web/Hybrid based programs. It offers both HP UFT or an automation framework, an object finder tool which allows easy object filtering and identification and easy scripting.
They also provide three different cloud-based deployment
option: public cloud, Private cloud and Local solution – called Mobile Cloud.
Early in the mobile app, development progress usually senses to conduct manual testing while the test strategy is being refined. Then once the testing processes are standardized, automated testing starts to deliver significant benefits.
1. It allows an interface to design the test scripts for test automation.
2. An executable file can be created which can be executed with out referring any external dll files.
3. Perfecto provides many commands (keywords) and methods to perform the test automation activities.
4. It allows users to add their graphic orders. Source code of the authorities is available.
5. The basics of Perfecto can be learned quickly for the entry level software testers.
Keyboard & Mouse Recorder feature:
1. We can generate executable files through the recording features of Perfecto.
2. The macro files can be created which can be executed as stand-alone file or can be used from the script editor interface.
3. The recorder has the ability to memorize the the active windows which can be activated again during the playback.
Launcher:
1. Any files or applications including website’s URL, document, programs etc., can be launched using the Perfecto.
2. It is an easy-to-use shortcut manager.
3. Allows us to execute any application which are available in system tray menu.
4. There is no restriction to create user-defined sub folders.
Scheduler:
1. It allows to schedule any programs to execute for a predefined times.
2. It can be integrated with Launcher. The scheduler can be configured based on the items available in the launcher.
3. Task execution can be done through hotkeys.
Codeless Automation:
The codeless means the scripting can be done based on configuration changes with drag-drop facility. The Perfect Codeless feature allows to design test cases with out writing the scripts.
Real User Simulation:
The user application may work in ideal conditions. But, while working on test automation, testers has to be ready to consider any unexpected situations. So, before testing in the real devices, the app testing need to be done through the simulator with different types of configurations for different platforms. The simulators are very useful due to low cost, easy to setup and fast processing. The Perfecto is well compatible with simulators to perform the app testing initially.
Remote Device Access:
Perfecto’s Remote Device Access feature gives the ability to debug iOS mobile apps on ideal devices under experimental conditions which speed the process of justifying new features and fixing bugs that only show up under specific environments or situations.
AI-Driven Analytics:
The Perfecto codeless testing approach allows to create automated test cases based on Artificial Intelligence approach. The AI Approach helps to create stable and robust test cases which will improve the testing in unstable environment. This feature also helps to design the automated test suites which requires minimum maintenance.
Perfecto Services:
Continuous Testing:
The continuous testing is an approach to test the application after each of the application build in a unattended manner. This approach reduces the testing cycle drastically. The perfecto provides the continuous testing approach in mobile devices in a efficient way.
Automated Testing:
The Perfecto allows the test automation in both the android and iOS devices effectively using the codeless testing approach. It also has the ability to participate on continuous testing approach to support the DevOps.
Web Testing:
It can support the testing on web application as well through the Perfecto Cloud based solution. Please click to get more details on Perfecto Web App testing.
Find Bugs Faster:
At the end of the test cycle, this tool helps the user to identify ideal failures instantly with false negative clarify. Below features helps the user to make the testing better.
Adjust platform scenario test report with your actual users.
Test failure analysis gives ideal test failure reasons.
We can get fast feedback on testing with the help of test reports, CI dashboards, heat maps.
It will also provides a detailed comparisons of test results for different platforms.
It helps to save the time for reproduction of bugs as the defects can be created from the IDE.
It allows the integration with JIRA tool with minimum customization. It will be required for full test management.
The most useful testing artifacts such as logs, screenshots, testing reports, etc. are available with the solution.
Reduce Defects:
Reduce risks with complete test analysis, ideal device sensor testing, and global reach.
Network virtualization provides users to test like real users.
Get same-day access to modern devices and releases.
Automate testing for advanced features, like biometrics, GPS, camera, and more.
Test Analytics:
The Perfecto Test Analysis report helps to identify the test failure reason with route cause analysis easily. Also, the test analytics provides a high-level actionable steps to fix the route cause issue of the failure. It saves the reproduction efforts of the issue.
Functional Testing:
It is an approach to validate the each of the functionalities which are developed based on the requirements. The functional testing is also known as the UI testing of the software product which ensure the overall quality. The perfecto has the ability to perform in-depth functional testing in mobile devices through the mobile cloud.
Interactive Testing:
Interactive testing means to perform the testing by interacting with the real device keeping in hands. The Perfecto Mobile cloud allows to connect the real devices and browsers quickly and do the testing by interacting just like own device.
Advantages of Perfecto
Ever-changing mobile and browser releases need an up-to-date testing atmosphere. It enables immediate connection to the most recent Android and iOS platforms. It also supports the latest Chrome/Firefox/Safari browsers.
Mocking location for iOS is supported by Perfecto.
Parallel execution supported by Perfecto.
Network virtualization is a very good feature for Performance testing.
Perfecto supports Mobile setting accessibility.
Unlimited applications installation supported by Perfecto.
SIM service supported for Cloud devices.
IMEI number can be fixed for cloud devices.
OTP generate feature is supported by Perfecto cloud.
Most of the ADB command is supported by Perfecto.
JIRA integration supported by Perfecto.
To stop the security breach Perfecto support one to one tunnelling with Clint’s private cloud.
The test automation can be done for native, web and hybrid applications through the Perfecto solution.
The cross-platform testing is possible with the Perfecto. It means, we can execute the same test cases in different version of mobile operating systems which included android and iOS. It will help to crease the script reusability and reduces the maintenance efforts.
Disadvantages of Perfecto:
It is a paid tool. Nobody can install it and start working freely. But for a demo or PoC kind of things the user can get 14 days trial license version.
Software updating is very slow by Perfecto organization. Needs to be done promptly.
Performance slow response. The Perfecto environment is considerably slow, and the mobile device response time is quiet.
Perfecto does not support on premises Cloud services.
Till now We have covered the basics of Perfecto automation testing in this Perfecto Tutorial. In the upcoming articles on Perfecto, we will explain the test automation steps and integration with Selenium. Please refer to this link, to get more information.
UiPath is the agent for the main computerized method for automation technology. It helps in building the product is ready to deliver , which will assist in a union like computerize job.
2. Discuss a few reliable RPA tools?
There are primarily three admired RPA tools which are mentioned below:
Blue Prism:
Blue Prism tool recommended business performance to be agile and low cost by automating rule-based, monotonous back-office process.
Automation Anywhere:
Automation Anywhere provides robust and user-friendly RPA tools to automate jobs of any difficulty.
UiPath:
UiPath is a Windows desktop tool applicable for automation for many types of web and desktop-based applications.
3. Tell me the activities which you have used in Pdf Automation?
Primarily used activities are Read pdf text, Read pdf with OCR & Get text.
4.Tell me the process of filtering the mail using Uipath?
There are two process for filtering the E-mails.
It can be strained using “if condition” in “for each” loop.
Users can provide filter conditions in the get Outlook filter choice.
5. Provide the steps to install Google Chrome Extension for UiPath Studio?
Below are the steps to install Google Chrome Extension for UiPath Studio:
Go to Setup ribbon tab, from the “Setup Extensions” menu, Choose Chrome. The Chrome Web Store is initiated in Google Chrome.
Setup Extension1
Click the “Add to Chrome” A verification dialogue box will have appeared.
Select the “Add extension” The extension will be installed.
Setup Extension2
Remark: Usually by default extension is kept off.
6. What do you understand by PDF Automation?
Pdf Automation is a special type of automation where the user can retrieve all the information from a pdf file.
7. What are the different type of navigation of Orchestrator?
There are more than eight types of navigation in Orchestrator alike Robot, Schedule, asset, Queue, Machine and process.
8. Tell me the method to schedule a process through Orchestrator?
There is a scheduler choice in Orchestrator options using that user can schedule the process.
9. What is Reframe work?
Reframe work is solely based on state machine and Entirely flow is State Machine. There are three states & one final states.
There are subprocess, sub modules& mini processes.
User can divide the process into different smaller projects.
10. What is the process for deploying UiPath tool?
1. Finish the installation of UiPath Studio on the desired system on which user want to automate processes.
2. Publish the scheme, except if user needs to use the existing procedure.
3. Build an Environment.
4. Create a release of the rule on the same environment.
5. Start the job
11. Tell me the process to activate UiPath Studio license?
To activate the UiPath Studio license, the user must keep the system Online. Steps are mentioned below.
Click the “Activate License”, the license window will appear.
Please provide an email id and continue to next step.
Provide the license key.
Select “Automatic activation.”
Select the “Activate”, UiPath license is now activated in the user’s system, and the user can begin building automation workflows.
License Activation
12. What is the invoking process of a UiPath workflow?
Workflows are short pieces of standard automation that are recyclable and applicable in many synopses. They are used to automate similar methods. Users can also merge two workflows to make combined automation.
13. How would you deploy UiPath?
Install UiPath Studio on the computer on which the user wants to automate processes.
Publish the process, omitting if user simply wants to make use of their existing process.
Develop an Environment.
On that Environment, make a release process.
Start job.
14. Discuss all the different status of a Robot.
Available: The Robot is not running a process and is available to be used.
Busy: The Robot is executing a process.
Disconnected: Communication has been lost or disconnected for more than 2 minutes between the Robot and Orchestrator.
4. Unresponsive: The UiPath Robot service is not working.
15. Tell me the process to allocate the load between different bots?
If you are engaging with reframe job queue functionality & if you desire to share the pressure among different workflow, then you can build two frameworks, first one is dispatcher which object is to upload data on Queue and the second one is a performer for receive the data from Queue.
16. Give a brief of UiPath tool components?
Components of UiPath tool mentioned below
UiPath studio: It is a tool; the user can create and develop their own Project using the diagrams and visually.
UiPath Robot: Usually named as a bot, using the bot user can run Project in various computers.
UiPath Orchestrator: Its an application, using this application user can deploy their Projects and use it in any place.
It’s used for Project optimization; the user can deploy, schedule, monitor the execution and extract report and update respective Team.
17. What do you mean by an argument in UiPath tool?
An argument is required to pass the data into one project to another.
18. Tell me project creation steps and the execution process.
Steps for creating the Project creation steps mentioned below:
Launch the UiPath Studio and start.
Create a new Project using below steps:
New
Simple process.
Agent Process Implementation.
Follow the ordered sequence for Transaction.
Use a new tab, Provide the name and required path and also mentioned details after creating the project.
Depends on the project design window will open.
Drag and drop the schemas into the design window
Now you can execute the project clicking the RUN button else you can press F5 button from your keyboard.
19. Clarify these two terms “Delay Before” and “Delay after”
Delay Before:
Before the operation executes it wait for the designated time and then it will perform.
Delay After:
Once the operation is executed, it waits for the designated time and performs the next process.
The delay Time should be only on milliseconds like 5000.
20. Discuss the different types of Workflows in the UiPath tool?
Sequences: The sequence is really the small type of projects which are acceptable primarily for linear methods & will permit the user to swap from one activity to another without any trouble. It works as a single activity block. Users can reuse them several times.
Flowchart: It helps in enormous jobs as well as in short projects, and the user can also use them in various projects. Flowcharts assists in several dispencing dividing of logical operators assist in developing composite business and for attaching the ventures in multiple ways.
State Machine: while a machine is using a specific number of states for automation throughout the execution process, it is also familiar as the state machine. It will only shift from one state to another if any activity is triggered.
21. Why do we need “branching” in the UiPath tool?
When we want to connect the activities, we need the branching in the Flowchart.
22. Cloud you, please explain the “Partial Selectors”?
The selector information described in attach window or in the connected browser is the partial selectors.
23. Tell me some Wildcards in the UiPath tool?
There are two wildcards.
Asterisk (*): Replaces zero or more characters.
Question mark (?): Replaces a single character.
24. What are the dissimilarities between the Attended and Unattended bot in UiPath tool?
1. Attended Robot: Attended Robot is triggered by user events, and serves beside a human, on the same workstation. AttendedRobots are practiced with Orchestrator for a centralized method deployment and logging medium.
2. UnattendedRobot: UnattendedRobot Runs abandoned in virtual environments and can automate an uncountable number of processes. Apart from that, unattended Robot is capable of job scheduling remote execution, monitoring and providing support for work queues.
25. Describe Automatic Recording in UiPath tool?
Automatic recording is very helpful and efficient as it can supply the users with a framework for business processes and can be efficiently customized and parameterized.
26. What is the use of the output panel in the UiPath Tool?
The output panel helps the programmer to view the execution results.
27. What is the different process to create variables in UiPath?
User can create a variable in two ways:
From a variable window, using ctrl+k in the property window.
Click on the Variable Pane in the toolbar.
28. Tell me the use of an outline panel in UiPath?
The Outline panel displays variables, all nodes, and the project hierarchy.
29. What are the sections available in the UiPath tool?
There are six sections are available in UiPath
1) Projects Panel.
2) Activity Panel.
3) Workflow Designer/ Main Panel.
4) Property Panel.
5) Output Panel
6) Outline Panel
UiPath Panel
30. What is the responsibility of an Orchestration job?
The primary authority is to organize the implementation of different jobs.
31. what are the processed to filter mail using the UiPath tool?
Two methods are used to filter the emails:
Emails can be filtered using if condition in for each loop.
Users can also filter email by implementing a filter condition in the “Get outlook” filter selection.
32. What do you understand by “credential manager” in the UiPath tool?
The credential manager assists developers in automating the methods. It is used for designing, making, as well as deleting the
credential using committed tasks.
33. Discuss “sequence activities” in the UiPath tool?
The sequence is a kind of project which are acceptable mainly for linear methods and will permit users to traverse from one activity to another without any hassle. It basically works as a single activity block. Users can reuse them many times.
34. How to automate excel macro using the UiPath tool?
Automating the excel macro using UiPath is achieved by executing macro activity installed from the manage package window.
35. What are the properties in UiPath?
There are different activities applied to automate applications or web-applications, and the user can discover them in the Activities Panel, inside the UI Automation section.
All of these activities have various properties in common:
Delay after: Adds a pause after the action, in milliseconds.
Delay before: Adds a pause before the action in milliseconds.
TimeoutMS: Defines the measure of time (in milliseconds) to wait for a particular element to be found before any error is thrown. The default value is 30000 milliseconds.
WaitForReady: Before executing the actions, wait for the target to become ready.
36. Describe the process of publishing a project in the UiPath tool?
When a developer or Tester wishes to publish an automation project, that implies document the workflow and all the other packages to be transferred to Robots. After configuring the Robot with the required infrastructure, the project can be executed.
Publishing projects locally needs the user to provide a path on the local machine, different from where the scripting packages are published. There, the user can later manually send the packages to the Robots to be executed.
37. Tell me the process of storing credentials in the window and utilize by UiPath tool?
Users will take secure credential activity and fetch that user-id and Password in two variables and pass into a web application or automate whatever process.
38. Discuss the “Automatic Recording” feature in the UiPath tool?
Users should use row below command: (“ColumnName”).ToString.Equals(String.Empty). This command returns a Boolean value, which authenticates empty columns in Excel.
39. Difference between sequence and flow chart in UiPath?
Sequence:
The sequence is a kind of project which are acceptable mainly for linear methods and will permit users to traverse from one activity to another without any hassle. It basically works as a single activity block. Users can reuse them many times.
Flowchart:
The flowchart is normally used for general configuration purpose in UiPath. User can use these flow charts for different types of projects for all complexity and length. Flowcharts assists the functions in creating and isolating the logical operations, in creating the complex business models, and merge various sequences.
40. Brief us the dis-similarities between RPA and the chatbot?
There are many dis-similarities between RPA and the chatbot few are mentioned below .
RPA (Robotic process automation): RPA is a broader supposition and chatbot is a very small or sub-group of RPA topic. RPA is used to automate the cumbersome processes but chatbot cannot automate the same complex process.
Chatbot: A bot is a pre-organized tool which works like a human. These chatbots assist the guests to operate some planned actions. The good thing about chatbots is that bots educate themselves from previous experiences and act as per the situation.
41. Discuss the assets configure process in Orchestrator?
Step1: Login to Orchestrator.
Step2: Select the assets option from left menu panel.
Step3: Add asset.
Step4: Provide asset name and Select type of asset.
Step5: Please keep in mind, you must have to disable the Global Value.
Step6: Add Robot name (Select the robot name if it is already existing in your dropdown list). Step7: Provide the password and click on create.
UiPath interview questions and answers: asset creation
42. Describe thick client and thin client in UiPath?
A Thin client is an application where the user cannot get all assets that he/she required while using the RPA tool. Basically, a thin client is an automation involvement done on the browser. Example: Citrix.
Thick client: Thick client is an application where the user will obtain all the attributes that are needed for the RPA tool. Basically, Thick client involved in Desktop application automation. Example: SAP GUI.
43. What are the changes required while publishing a new package for Bot?
Step1: After publishing a new package, user need to update with latest package in Orchestrator package section.
Step2: Next user need to download the package in “UiPath Robot agent”
Step3: Finally, user need to download the latest package in version management.
In this post of Tosca interview questions we are going to discuss all the essential and critical tosca interview questions and answers which is segregated in different difficulty levels such as below :
Tosca Interview Questions for Entry level
Q1) Discuss about Tricentis Tosca.
Ans. Tosca is now one of the market leader as a test automation tool which has the ability to automate all kind of applications. It allows to design script-less automated tests.
important features of Tosca:
Fast execution and capable of Continuous testing approach to support DevOps
Supports module based test development which maximize the usage of reusability.
Required minimum maintenance efforts.
Ability to integrate with major third party tools.
Test development is easy as it follows script less test automation.
Q2) Tell me the major components of Tosca?
Ans. The important components which are available in Tosca are –
Tosca Commander.
Tosca Executor.
Tosca ARA (Automation Recording Assistant)
Tosca Wizard
Test Repository.
Q3) Explain the advantages of Tosca as a test automation tool?
Ans. The benefits provided by Tosca automation tool mentioned below:
One tool combines many features.
Supports script-less test automation.
Test management.
Bulk updates are possible.
Assets can be reused.
Compatible with different platforms.
It follows model-based testing approach.
Q4) Define TOSCA Commander?
Ans. The Tosca commander is the UI interface of the tool which allow users to design, maintain, execute and analyze the test cases. So, it is the core backbone of the Tosca Test suite. The Tosca commander build with different sections such as Requirement, Modules, Test Case, Test script Design, Execution, and Reporting, etc.
(Tosca Commander) Tosca Interview Questions and Answers
Q5) How to execute test scripts from Tosca ExecutionLists?
Ans. The different approaches of Tosca test executions are mentioned below –
Using the shortcut key F6, the execution can be initiated.
Right-click on the selected test cases and select the “Run” option.
Select and run the ExecutionLists.
Q6) What are the different components available in TOSCA?
Ans: There are four different components available in Tosca
Tosca Commander
Tosca Executor
Tosca Wizard
Test Repository
Q7) How to execute test scripts from Tosca ScratchBook?
Ans. We can perform trial run of the newly created or enhanced test cases through the ScratchBook to check the correctness. The Tosca logs the execution results in ScratchBook for temporary purposes. The entire or part of test cases(i.e. test steps) can be executed through ScratchBook.
Two options are available to execute the testcases from scratch books which are explained below –
Can be executed at any time.
We can organize the test cases in scratchbook before execution.
Q8) Is it possible to integrate Tosca with Jira?
Ans: JIRA is a test management tool. By integrating with JIRA, we can manages the bug or issues which are raised in Tosca. So, if there is any new issues are raised in TOSCA, same will be synched to JIRA through the interface.
Q9) Explain the benefits of Tosca integration with Jira?
Ans. The benefits of Tosca Jira integration are mentioned below –
Synchronizes failed tests from Tosca.
The bug can be raised in JIRA automatically after the execution failure in Tosca.
Enables the DevOps process.
The cross-tool traceability can be achieved.
Q10) What are the different types of errors which can occurs in Tosca?
Ans. Three types or errors can appear during Tosca execution.
Verification-Failure: It appears when expected and actual results are not matched for the verification step.
User Abort: It appears when the execution has been stopped by the tester.
Dialog-Failure: It appears due to some unhandled exceptions or steps.
Q11) Explain Tosca Testsuite?
Ans. Tosca is now one of the market leader as a test automation tool which has the ability to automate all kind of applications. It allows to design script-less automated tests.
important features of Tosca:
Fast execution and capable of Continuous testing approach to support DevOps
Supports module based test development which maximize the usage of reusability.
Required minimum maintenance efforts.
Ability to integrate with major third party tools.
Test development is easy as it follows script less test automation.
Q12) How can you read data from Excel using Tosca?
Ans. The excel data can be read with the help of either of the below approaches –
In Test Case Design approach of TOSCA, data can be read from the external excel file with predefined format.
The “Excel Engine” allows to import and read from excel file.
Q13) Is it possible to launch multiple browsers in TOSCA?
Ans: It is not possible to launch multiple browsers in Tosca. But it can be achieved by following below steps –
The Test Case Parameter(TCP) with the name “Browser” need to add testcase, root folder, or execution list level.
Using the “Browser” values as InternetExplorer, Firefox, or Chrome, the corresponding web browsers will be launched.
Q14) How to perform data-driven testing in Tosca?
Ans: The data driven test automation is possible with the help of TCD (Test Case Design). The test sheet of TCD represents the the template where we can create the instances which are representing the test data for individual test cases. Again, we can create the attributes with in test sheet that represent the each data parameters and the data values can be created with in attribute as instances with in it.
For data reusability, we can define classes. After creation of TCD, the test sheets with different data sets can be mapped with template test case from where we can generate different test cases based on the different data. The test case creation process is known as instantiation of the template test cases.
Tosca Interview Question and Answer-TestSuite
Q15) How to launch more than one browser in Tricentis TOSCA?
Ans: Launching multiple browsers is not possible in TOSCA. But the user can achieve cross-browser execution.
To perform cross-browser execution, users need to follow the below steps:
A Test Configuration Parameter “Browser” should be designed either at TestCase or its Parent Levels.
Users can choose the value as InternetExplorer, Firefox, Chrome.
The individual browsers will trigger executions.
Q16) What are the different status available after post-execution in Tosca?
Ans: By default, Tosca provides four different states after test execution. Those are –
Passed
Failed
No result
Error
Q17) Explain the limitations of TOSCA ScratchBook?
Ans: The temporary execution logs are stored in ScratchBook. During the test development, we used this option for temporary execution to check the script correctness.
If the action within a test step is executed repeatedly, the details will not be available. Also, the execution logs are not available permanently.
Q18) Explain the benefits of linking Tosca test cases with requirements?
Ans. The main purpose is the ensure the coverage of the testing based on the requirements. It will provides a high level picture of requirement coverage for test analysis.
Q19) Explain the template and process to create it?
Ans: The templates in Tosca defines a unique test flow with the help of modules. Instead of actual data, the data parameters from the TCD are linked with. Generally, the template is nothing but something in a conventional format. The Technical test case can be converted to the template by right-clicking on it. The template uses the data from TCD datasheet.
Q20) Explain the advantages of specifications which is associated with Tosca test cases?
Ans: The specifications can be linked to test cases to track the requirement coverages. It will provides a high level picture of requirement coverage for test analysis.
Q21) Explain Test Data Management.
Ans. Test data management enables you to deal with the test data necessary for test execution. The data driven test automation is possible with the help of TCD (Test Case Design). The test sheet of TCD represents the the template where we can create the instances which are representing the test data for individual test cases. Again, we can create the attributes with in test sheet that represent the each data parameters and the data values can be created with in attribute as instances with in it.
For data reusability, we can define classes. After creation of TCD, the test sheets with different data sets can be mapped with template test case from where we can generate different test cases based on the different data. The test case creation process is known as instantiation of the template test cases.
Q22) What is String Operations in Tosca?
Ans. String operations are utilized for verifying or changing the strings with regular expressions. It features count specific character/word from the announcement, aligning a word with another word, confirming the structure of a number, etc. You ought to have a module AidPack downloaded and downloaded on your endeavor to execute String operations.
Q23) Why SratchBook is required in Tricentis TOSCA?
Ans: We can perform trial run of the newly created or enhanced test cases through the ScratchBook to check the correctness. The Tosca logs the execution results in ScratchBook for temporary purposes. The entire or part of test cases(i.e. test steps) can be executed through ScratchBook.
Q24) What is exploratory testing Tosca?
Ans. Exploratory is an approach to record the test scenario will navigating the scenario manually. It records the screen shots with technical information and generates a pdf file at the end. This document can be used for future references and training purposes.
Tosca Interview Questions for Intermediate level
25) Describe the organizational units of the testing procedures in Tricentis Tosca?
Ans: The automated testing in TOSCA contains below organizational units.
Planning.
Specification.
Execution.
Logging.
Analysis.
Q26) Describe the purpose of “Tosca Query Language”(TQL)?
Ans: The TQL is the shorter form of Tosca Query Language which is used for advance searching purposes in Tosca. Conceptually, this is similar to SQL that means we can searched based on the conditions.
Q27) Is it possible to compare pdf using Tricentis Tosca?
Ans. Tosca allows users with a standard module to perform a comparison of pdf files. After the comparison of two pdf files, the mismatches will be available in execution logs.
Q28) What is Tosca CI? How does the user execute test scripts using CI Tool?
Ans: CI stands for continuous integration. TOSCA is able to execute the testcases through CI tools like Jenkins, Bamboo, etc. as part of continuous testing. With the CI features, we can integrate with CI tools easily. After the integration, test can be triggered through third party CI tools.
Tosca Interview Questions-Tosca integration with CI tool
Q29) What are the loop-statements used in Tosca?
Ans. While we need to execute test steps repeatedly, the Tosca loop is used. Tosca provides different loop structure such as Do, For, While loops, etc.
Q30) What do you mean by Tosca WebAccess?
Ans: The Tosca WebAccess is a web interface which allows to access the workspace through the web browsers. The installation of Tricentis Tosca Commander is not required to work with workspaces through the WebAccess.
The workspace server system stores the data of workspaces and using the client browsers, we can access it.
Q31) Explain the usage of Tosca API Scan?
Ans. The API scan feature of Tosca allows to create the modules after scanning the API for a specific system. Basically, it enables to automate and design the API Test Cases.
Q32) What is Tosca QC / ALM Integration?
Ans: The HP Quality Center (name of the latest release is ALM) is a test management tool which manages the test development, execution and defect cycles. Tricentis Tosca allows to integrate with Quality Center with minimum customization. The main purposes of the integration are to manage the test executions and the defect managements. The execution data and the defect details will be synched between both the tool through the integration.
Q33) Explain the Tosca test configuration parameters.
Ans. The test configuration parameters (TCPs) can be used for parametrized the test data for configuration related activities i.e. ideally it should be used for those parameters which will be applicable across the entire test suites. Tosca provides some in-build TCPs which are used to change the default configuration of the Tricentis Tosca. The user defined TCPs can be created for the below specified objects –
Project root element
ExecutionList
Test Case
ExecutionEntry
ScratchBook
Component folder
Configurations folder
Any Subfolders available in TestCase, TestCase-Design or Execution Sections.
Q34) How to integrate Tosca Connect with HP ALM?
Ans.
Install Rest API.
Install Tasktop in the test system with the License.
Do test script synchronization with Test Plan Module in HP ALM from TOSCA.
Synchronize the execution list with the test lab module in HP ALM from TOSCA.
Sync the latest execution logs, available in Tosca ExecutionList with testset which is available in ALM Testlab.
Q35) What are the modes of TC Shell.
Ans: The TOSCA commander administrator uses TC shell, and there are two different methods of starting TC Shell.
Interactive mode: The interactive mode favor by new and intermediate users, assists the user with help and options. The complete Tosca commander GUI functionalities can be access through the interactive mode.
The script mode: This is the lite version of Tosca GUI can be visible which involves minimum interaction. It’s used for execution of scripts in automated mode.
Q36) What is Synchronization in Tricentis Tosca?
Ans. Synchronization is a process that matches the application momentum with automation tool momentum. The ActionMode “WaitOn” is used to handle the synchronization in a dynamic approach. Until the satisfaction of the condition, provided as TestStepValue for “WaitOn”, the Tosca test will wait for a pre-configured timeout value. The synchronization setting can be altered from the settings – “Go to settings->TBox->synchronization”.
Q37) How to check the existence of a file in Tosca?
Ans. With the help of standard module “TBox File Existence,” we can verify the existence of any specified file. This module has below attributes –
1. Directory – The location of the test file.
2. File -Name of the test file.
Q38) How many types of logs available in Tosca?
Ans: Two types of logs are available in Tosca after the test execution. Those are –
ActualLog: It keeps the latest execution results and the execution history.
ExecutionLog: By selecting the option “Archive actual ExecutionLog”, this type of logs are generated.
Q39) What is BDD in TOSCA?
Ans: BDD is stand for Behavior Driven Development which follows agile methodology grounded software development process. The process is works as per the Test Driven Development.
BDD does not generate workable test cases but workable documentation. Here, the actions and behavior are explained as texts. This permits them to be tested as workable documentation. Requirements are depicted as user stories.
Q40) What is the purpose of ActionMode Constraint?
Ans. The ActionMode value “Constraint” is used to search for the specified values. For example – we can search a specific column value in a table with the help of “Constraint” easily.
Q41) What are the Default object components in TOSCA?
Ans. During the Tosca workspace creation window, the default objects are either auto incorporated or need to added manually using import subset option.
The default components are kept in standard.tce file which is available in the folder “%TRICENTIS_PROJECT%ToscaCommander”.
The default components which are associated with the file are –
Standard modules – All kind of default modules available which can be used to steer different applications, include TBox XEngines and TBox Automation Tools.
Virtual folders.
Standard Reports.
Q42) What is Damage class?
Ans: This class is used to calculate the damage values for any specific events. This is calculated based on damages in terms of cost. The range of this values are between 0 to 10 (min to max).
Q43) What is Frequency class?
Ans: This class is used to calculate the damage values for any specific events. This is calculated based on damage quantity in terms of frequency. The range of this values are between 0 to 10 (min to max).
Q44) Discuss the manual test case template creation steps in Tosca?
Ans. Users can design the TestCase templates using the anticipated sections of Samples.tce subset and Tosca BI Modules. We need to follow below steps to create TestCase template –
1. Create a TestCase according to the user’s requirements.
2. We can convert technical test case into template by selecting context menu option “Convert to Template” after right-clicking on test case.
3. Drag and drop the appropriate TestSheet onto the desired TestCase Template.
4. Assign the TestSheet attributes(data parameter) for the required TestStepValues using XL tag.
Tosca Interview Questions for Advanced level
Q45) Explain the merits of Tricentis Tosca?
Ans: The main advantages of Tosca as a test automation tool, are specified below –
Allows script-less test automation approach.
Easy to learn the tool with very minimum skillset.
Test automation can be initiated at the very early phase of testing.
Supports the model-based test automation framework. So, it’s not required to spent efforts on test framework creation.
High scale of reusability approach can be utilized with the help of components like Modules, Reusable TestStepBlock, TCD, etc.
The tool itself supports the test management and functional testing activities.
ALM integration is possible.
Can trigger the selenium testcases from Tosca.
Mass update is possible with the help of TQL.
Q46) Is API Testing possible with Tosca?
Ans: Yes, Tosca supports the API Testing. The API Scan is used to scan create the modules for the corresponding APIs. Using the API modules we can send the request and receive the response for the API call.
Q47) How to use multiple web browsers within the same test case using Tosca?
Ans. Users want to automate a test script pass over different applications that execute on other browsers. Using buffers, changing the Test Configuration Parameters at execution time by the below methods.
1. Alternating the value of test ordering Parameter to {B[Browser]} or any other Buffer Name user prefers.
2. During the execution, we can change the buffer value using “TBOX Set Buffer” module to change the value of “Browser” test configuration parameter according to the browser name to launch.
Q48) What is TOSCA Classic Engine?
Ans: The Classic or Base engine is responsible to the test execution. Base engine follows the architecture of the test cases which are managed as business-based objects. The business-based object information and activities to steer the controls, which are related to test scripts, are accepted by the Classic engine.
Q49) What are the steps required in Object Steering in Tosca?
Ans: There are two steps involved in Object Steering:
Object access.
Object steering.
Q50) Discuss Tosca Model-Based Testing?
Ans. The models represent the unit of functionalities which are created by scanning the application. The modules contain the technical information of the controls to steer the test objects. Now, model-based testing explain the approach where test cases are developed and executed based on the modules. Basically, modules are added into test case as a test step through drag-drop approach to complete the test cases. In the testcase, we need to provide the data as TestStepValue and actions. No scripting is required to develop the test case.
Q51) What do you mean by Distributed Execution in TOSCA?
Ans: When any user or Test wants to execute a large set of test scripts in multiple machines, the tester must create TestEvents in Tosca commander.
Q52) Describe Test Data Management (tdm)?
Ans: The Test data Management(TDM) components are used to managing the test data which are required for test execution. The TDM component is available with the standard Tosca installation. The data are stored same as shared database repository which is used to create the workspace, through the TDM which will be assigned to test cases during the execution. In case of SQLite, the separate instance of database is required for TDM.
Q54) How to run Tests using ScratchBook?
Ans: We can perform trial run of the newly created or enhanced test cases through the ScratchBook to ensure the correctness. The Tosca logs the execution results in ScratchBook for temporary purposes. The entire or part of test cases(i.e. test steps) can be executed in ScratchBook.
After right-clicking on one or more selected test cases, test case folders or test steps, we can initiate the execution by selection of option from context-menu.
Q55) What is the use of TestMandates?
Ans: There are many scenarios like banking, insurance, etc. domain projects; we required a batch to be run at a specific time. This requirement can be fulfilled using TestMandates. The test mandate allows to execute different parts of execution list parallelly with out locking the main execution list.
Q56) Discuss the steps to instantiate TestCases using Excel?
Ans. The process instantiating means to generate the instance test cases from the template based on the different data which are defined in “TestCase Design” section or in excel template.
Below are the steps to instantiate TestCases with excel:
1. The template test case is required to create instance test cases.
2. The the data sheet attributes which are defined in TCD or external excel template, i.e. the data parameters have to be linked with template attribute with the correct syntax.
3. Right-click on the template testcase and select the context menu option “Create TemplateInstance” to start the process.
4. The excel sheet with predefined structure, has to be displayed in the subsequent dialog.
5. Handle the authentication dialogue and proceed.
6. Next, click on OK button to start the process.
Q57) Describe Instantiating Template?
Ans: he process instantiating means to generate the instance test cases from the template based on the different data which are defined in “TestCase Design” section. This approach in Tosca, is also known as data-driven testing.
Ans. The business parameters are use to pass the data into a Reusable TestStepBlock as arguments. The primary purpose of the business parameters is to parameterized the use of test data in Reusable TestStepBlock instead of using hard coded data. It can be created after right-clicking on the selected Reusable TestStepBlock which is created in Library folder.
Q59) Explain about TC-Shell?
Ans. TC-Shell allows to control the Tosca commander from the command line. It can be launched in two unique manners using interactive and script.
A group of commands which are written in a flat file (such as bat file), can mange some operation such as execution of tests from execution with out opening the Tosca Commander. This approach is used to automate the triggering of test execution process.
Users may use the comprehensive selection of purposes of the GUI version from the Tosca commander.
Q60) Explain the steps that create test cases through ARA?
Ans: The process steps are –
Record any scenario using ARA Wizard.
Add verification points during recording and perform clean up on the recorded scenario.
Export the recording.
Import recording in Tosca.
Execute test cases which are auto-created during recording.
Q61) Specify the different approaches for object identification in Tosca?
Ans: The different approaches to steer the controls during the scanning, for any test objects are mentioned below-
Identify by properties
Identify by Anchor
Identify by index
Identify by image
Q62) What is DokuSnapper in Tosca?
Ans: The DokuSnapper function enables to an archive of the progress of automated tests in a document. Tosca creates a Microsoft Word document for every test script upon each execution. The document name consists of the test script name and the timestamp of the execution time.
Ans: TDS stands for Test Data Service, which is used for test data management in Tosca. Using TDS, we can store the dynamic test data in a shared location which is easy to read/ update by the test case. As the data stored in a shared location, it is useful to share the same dynamic data across multiple test cases. Also, we can update it without opening Tosca as it’s treated as a separate component.
Q64) Explain the API Testing using TOSCA? Explain the advantages.
Ans: API stands for Application Interface. In a multi-application environment where one application is interacting other application through API, we have to wait for the completion of development of all the application for testing. So the testing is going to be a time-consuming process. Instead of that, we can start the testing of APIs once any of the application is ready to reduce the execution cycle time. So API testing is an approach to test the interface through API before integration of the entire application. Tosca provides an API scanning wizard; through this, we can scan the API and creates API modules. Later based on the module, we can create test cases to perform Tosca API Testing.
The advantages are –
Fast execution.
Reduce execution cycle time.
Testing can be initiated before system integration.
Q65) Explain the exploratory testing features available in Tosca?
Ans: It’s an approach to record test scenarios as a document for functional analysis, verification/ testing of training purpose.
Q66) How can we change the value of any Test Configuration Parameter during the execution?
Ans: First, one buffer has to be assigned for the Test Configuration Parameter (TCP). After that, by changing the buffer value using “Tbox Set Buffer”, we will be able to change the TCP value during execution.
Q67) Is it possible to automate mobile apps in Tosca?
Ans: Yes, Tosca supports mobile automation using engine ME3.0 for mobile testing.
Q68) Explain the approach of mobile testing?
Ans: We need to follow the below steps to perform mobile automation.
We need to connect the physical or simulator mobile device with our system or Appium server. For an iOS device, we need to connect the device in Appium configured Mac system.
Select the Scan->Mobile option while scanning mobile devices.
In the scan window, we need to provide basic details such as Connection type as Local or Appium Server, Name of the device, Device Id and device type as Android or iOS.
We need to select the checkbox for “Run Live View” to replicate mobile screen in the device.
To establish the connection with mobile devices, need to click on “Connect” button.
Select the desire mobile screen and scan to create nodule.
Create the mobile test cases based on the created modules and some standard modules such as an open mobile app.
Execute the test case.
Q69) What kinds of mobile apps are supported by Tosca?
Ans: Only Android or iOS mobile devices are supported by Tosca. Also, it can automate mobile web, native and hybrid apps.
Q70) What are the different engine available for mobile automation?
Ans: There is two engines are available –
Tosca Mobile + – It’s used for old devices.
Mobile Engine 3.0 (ME 3.0) – It’s used for the latest devices.
Q71) What is the basic configuration required to execute any test case in mobile Chrome browser?
Ans: We need to set the value as “CromeAndroid” for TCP Browser.
Q72) What is ARA?
Ans: ARA stands for Automation Recording Assistant. This is an advanced recording feature of TOSCA. With the help of ARA, we can record any scenario with the verification and generate the test cases instantly. After recording ARA generates a .ara file which needs to be imported in TOSCA to generate the instant test case. This is very useful for the business user who does not have any bits of knowledge about Tosca.
Q73) Explain the advantages of ARA?
Ans: The major advantages are –
• Standalone recording wizard
• Intuitive recording
• On-the-fly remarks & verifications
• No duplicate modules in a single recording
• Easy clean-up
• Fast playback
• Easy to export & import recordings
Q74) Explain the limitations of ARA?
Ans: The limitations of ARA are –
• Compatible with Tosca 13.1 & above
• Linear recording
• License required for standalone installation
• Duplicate modules get created in multiple recordings
• Challenging to modify existing tests
• Yet to be compatible with Android/iOS
Q75. What is Vision AI in Tosca?
Ans: It is going to be an advanced test automation approach to automate the test cases irrespective of the technology of the test application. This approach will be made with the help of the artificial intelligence (AI) concept while recognizing the objects through TOSCA AI Scan. Based on looks and appearances, the objects are getting identified using AI features.
Q76. From which version the Vision AI is available?
Ans: The Tricentis Tosca has introduced these features from Version 14.x.
Q77. What are the features of Vision AI in Tosca?
Ans: The major features of Vision AI are specified below –
AI-driven Object recognization – Tosa AI engine is capable of identifying the test objects based on the appearance and looks, without considering the technology of the application.
Automate Citrix-based application – We can automate the applications which are hosted in Citrix.
Automate under development application – The AI engine is capable of automating the application before completion of the development. Here, Tosca is able to automate based on the mockup environment or based on the designed layout diagram.
Automation testing can be started from the very early phases.
Larger varieties of applications can be automated.
Some modules can be re-used over different applications (having the same look and feel) irrespective of technology.
Reduces the maintenance efforts in vision AI.
Q78. How Tosca identifies objects using AI Engine?
Ans: The Tosca AI engine considers below aspects to steer test objects –
The appearance and the position of the test objects.
Look and feel includes color, size, etc.
The attached labels of the test objects.
Q79. What will happen for the existing tests which are developed through AI Engine after changing the technology, keeping the same UI?
Ans: There will be no impact on the existing test cases which are developed with an AI engine. The reason is that the AI engine does not consider the technology of the application.
Q80. Specify the different object identification methods used by Tosca AI Engine?
Ans: The Tosca AI engine follows below identification methods –
Identify by Properties – The properties available based on the appearances.
Identify by Index – Based on the repetitions of the same kind of objects.
Q81: How do you handle Test Configuration Errors in Tosca? A: Tosca test configuration errors can arise from misconfigurations in test environment settings, missing modules, or discrepancies in versions. To handle these, ensure alignment with test environment settings, verify all necessary modules and dependencies are installed, and ensure the Tosca version is compatible with all modules.
Q82: Describe a scenario where Execution Errors can occur in Tosca and how to resolve them. A: Execution Errors might occur when a UI element is modified or moved in the application under test. To resolve, re-scan the application and update the test case with the new UI element definition.
Q83: What are the benefits of ExecutionLists in Tosca? Can you schedule them? A: ExecutionLists help group, order, and execute test cases in sequence, aiding in regression testing, end-to-end processes, and ensuring dependent test cases execute in order. Yes, using the Test Execution Scheduler, you can set a specific time and frequency for ExecutionLists.
Q84: How does Tosca’s API Scan facilitate performance testing? Describe a complex scenario you automated using Tosca’s API testing features. A: While Tosca is primarily a functional testing tool, its API Scan captures API requests and responses, and you can measure response times for API calls, offering basic performance metrics. For a complex scenario, consider automating a multi-step checkout process in an e-commerce application, involving adding items to the cart, applying discounts, validating stock, and confirming payment.
Q85: How does TDS in Tosca support data-driven testing? Describe a challenge you faced while managing test data in Tosca and how you resolved it. A: TDS (Test Data Service) allows creation, management, and supply of test data to test cases. A challenge might be maintaining consistency and avoiding duplicate/outdated data. By using features like data aging and pooling in TDS, you can manage data efficiently.
Q86: Describe a scenario where Dynamic Loops are beneficial in Tosca. How would you implement Progressive Loops in a Tosca test case? A: Dynamic Loops are useful when iterations aren’t known in advance. For instance, testing a cart with variable items. For Progressive Loops, set the loop to start from a specific row in your dataset and define the step size to test every nth data set.
Q87: How does Tosca CI support DevOps pipelines? Describe a situation where Tosca CI significantly improved the testing process. A: Tosca’s CI capabilities integrate with CI/CD tools, enabling automated test execution as part of the DevOps pipeline. In situations where frequent integrations occur, integrating Tosca with a CI server can automatically trigger test suites, ensuring new code doesn’t introduce defects.
Q88: How do Control Groups enhance test case organization in Tosca? Describe a scenario where you utilized Control Groups for a UI testing challenge. A: Control Groups organize and group UI elements in a module, enhancing organization in complex UI structures. For instance, on a webpage with multiple tabs, using Control Groups can segregate controls for each tab, simplifying test creation and maintenance.
Q89: How do you configure a Cleanup Scenario in Tosca? Describe a complex recovery scenario. A: A Cleanup Scenario ensures the system returns to a known state post-test. In the TestCase design, use the “Cleanup” section for recovery actions. For a complex scenario, after creating test data and encountering a test failure, the Cleanup Scenario can delete the test data, preparing the application for the next run.
Q90: How does integrating Tosca with JIRA improve bug tracking? Describe challenges faced during integration and resolutions. A: Integration streamlines defect tracking, allowing automatic bug logging in JIRA when a test fails. Challenges might arise in mapping Tosca’s defect fields to JIRA’s custom fields, which can be resolved by ensuring a consistent field naming convention and using Tosca’s settings for correct field mapping.
Q91: Describe a scenario where the Rescan feature was crucial in updating your Tosca test cases. How does Rescan support agile development? A: Rescan is crucial when the application undergoes changes, helping update Tosca modules. In agile, with frequent changes, Rescan ensures test cases are updated with minimal effort, keeping automation relevant in rapidly evolving environments.
Q92: How do Tosca Templates facilitate test step reuse? Describe a complex scenario you automated using Tosca Templates. A: Templates create reusable test steps, promoting reusability and reducing redundancy. For complexity, in a multi-user login scenario, a template for login steps can be created and post-login validations for user types can be customized using the template.
Q93: How does associating test scenarios with requirements improve test coverage in Tosca? Describe a situation where this association identified a testing gap. A: Associating test scenarios with requirements provides traceability, indicating which requirements are tested and which are pending. If a new feature is added without test scenarios, this association would highlight the gap, prompting the creation of relevant test cases.
Q94: How does exploratory testing in Tosca support manual testing? Describe a challenge faced during exploratory testing in Tosca and resolutions. A: Tosca’s exploratory testing aids manual testers by allowing defect logging, screenshot captures, and note-making during sessions. A challenge might be reproducing a specific defect found during testing. With Tosca’s session logs and notes, providing context becomes easier.
Q95: How do you use TQL for advanced searching in Tosca? Describe a complex query you executed using TQL. A: TQL (Tricentis Query Language) enables advanced searching in Tosca. For complexity, you might use TQL to find all test cases related to a module that failed in the last run and were last modified by a specific user.
Q96: How does Tosca WebAccess facilitate remote testing? Describe a situation where it improved your testing workflow. A: Tosca WebAccess is a web-based interface for Tosca, allowing remote access without local installation. It’s beneficial for distributed teams or when testers need to access Tosca outside their usual environment, like when a critical bug is reported and needs immediate validation.
Q97: How would you debug Syntax Errors in Tosca? Describe a scenario where System Errors occurred and the resolution. A: Syntax errors arise from incorrect test scripting or TQL formulation. Using Tosca’s error messages can help pinpoint and rectify them. System errors might occur from issues with the system where Tosca runs, such as insufficient memory. The resolution might involve optimizing system resources or increasing RAM.
Q98: How would you validate API responses against expected values in Tosca? A: Tosca allows validation of API responses against expected values using assertions. You capture the expected response and use Tosca’s comparison capabilities to validate the actual response against it.
Q99: How would you handle infinite looping issues in Tosca? A: Infinite looping arises from incorrect loop configurations. Ensure loops have a clear exit criterion and regularly validate test logic.
Q100: How do you configure Tosca CI for different development environments? A: Tosca CI can be tailored for various development environments by integrating with specific CI/CD tools, configuring environment-specific variables in Tosca, and ensuring the Tosca workspace is accessible across environments.
Q101: What steps would you take to ensure the effectiveness of a Cleanup Scenario in Tosca? A: Regularly validate that the Cleanup Scenario returns the system to the desired state, execute it independently to verify its actions, and monitor logs for successful completion.
Q102: How do you manage Rescan conflicts in Tosca? A: Review each conflict to understand the change’s nature, decide on accepting the new change, retaining the existing configuration, or merging the changes. Ensure test cases are re-executed post-rescan for validation.
Q103: How would you customize Tosca Templates for complex test scenarios? A: Add custom steps or logic for unique testing needs, use parameters and variables for adaptability, and incorporate conditional logic for different test conditions.
Q104: How would you optimize TQL queries for large Tosca projects? A: Limit the scope of the search to relevant areas, use precise criteria to filter results, and regularly review and update saved queries for relevance.
Q105: How do you ensure security while accessing Tosca workspaces via WebAccess? A: Implement strong authentication and authorization measures, ensure data encryption during transmission, and regularly monitor access logs for suspicious activities.
