Plant

In this article, you will get to know about the seed plant examples. Seed plants are phanerogams(currently not in use) and also known as spermatophytes, a collection of gymnosperm & angiosperms.

Seed plants evolved from cryptogams by the occurrence of seed habit. The first step towards this is shown by the formation of two types of spores i.e. megaspores producing female gametophytes and microspores producing male gametophytes.

• Cycas revoluta
• Cycas circinalis
• Cycas pectinata
• Cycas rumphii
• Cycas beddomei
• Cycas siamensis
• Ginkgo biloba
• Pinus roxburghii
• Zamia fufuracea
• Ephedra sinica
• Welwitschia mirabilis
• Gnetum costatum
• Gnetum gnemon
• Sequoia sempervirens
• Thuja occidentalis
• Araucaria hetrophylla
• Agathis australis
• Agathis robusta
• Pinus radiata
• Pinus gigardiana
• Pinus sylvestris
• Pinus khasya
• Pinus wallichiana
• Pinus merkushi
• Abies balsemea

The first seed plant is a gymnosperm, having a naked seed without fruit. They are flowerless and lack the enclosure of fruit. They have cones or strobili as reproducing organs. They are the most abundant group of plants in the class. It includes a wide range of plants from shrubs to trees. It ranges from the smallest wolfia to the longest sequoias.

They are divided into 4 main domains:

1. Cycadophyta
2. Ginkgophyta 
3. Coniferophyta
4. Gnetophyta

Are any of the Seed Plant Examples also Monoecious?

Yes, several seed plant examples are also monoecious. Monoecious plant examples include corn, pumpkin, and oak trees. These plants possess both male and female reproductive organs on separate parts of the same plant. As a result, they are capable of self-fertilization and cross-pollination, promoting genetic diversity within their species.

Cycadophyta

The genus Cycas includes about 20 species distributed worldwide, cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions over the planet. It is found in Australia, New Zealand, Japan, China, Burma and other pacific islands. In India, it is found in Orissa, Bengal, Madras etc. It looks like a small palm tree in appearance and two species are planted for ornamental purposes in gardens (ex: Cycas revoluta and Cycas siamensis). Other four species also found in India are Cycas circinalis, Cycas pectinata, Cycas rumphii, and Cycas beddomei.

They are having slow growth process, unbranched stem and soft-wood trunks i.e. manoxylic type

Anemophilous type of pollination is found, having no female cones and devoid of double fertilization.

They possess coralloid roots with a normal root system. Some members of cyanobacteria occupied the internal spaces in between roots for better absorption of water and minerals by developing a symbiotic relationship with them. Example: Nostoc and Anabaena

Cycas revoluta

It is commonly known as Sago palm or King Sago. They are native to Japanese islands and southern china. It is drug-tolerant and requires very little maintenance.

The height of the plant lies between 2-9feet. Due to slower growth, it can be used as ornamental at home. They are common as Bonsai plants. Leaves are arranged in a rosette fashion and are deep green.

Cycas circinalis

It is restricted to the southwest zone of India. Commonly known as Queen Sago. The height of the plant is 4-5 metres. It is found in rocky geographical regions as well as near coastal regions. It is considered “Endangered” in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species,2010 due to a population reduction. 

Cycas rumphii

It is native to Australia and Indonesia. The height of the tree is up to 10 metres. This species is classified as the “Near-threatened species” in the IUCN Red List of Threatened species in 2011. It is commonly known as Bread palm. The gum extracted from the plant is used for the making of glues/adhesives.

Cycas beddomei

It is native to Tirumala Hills near Andhra Pradesh and the northwest of Madras. Pollens are narcotic so are seeds as well. Gum is used as an antidote for snake and other animal bites. It is also one of the threatened plant species of India.

Cycas pectinata

It is found in the northeast region of the country. Native to China, Bangladesh and some parts of Nepal. They are most probably 10-12 metres long in height. Stems are mostly used to make toys and cosmetics for hair-related issues. Species are classified as “Vulnerable” in IUCN Red List Data, 2010.

Cycas siamensis

Native to Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam and some other nearby countries. It is commonly known as Thai Sago. It is approx 100-150 cm long. Only young leaves are edible while seeds are not edible due to toxicity. Because it contains a toxic phytochemical “cyacin” which is a hepatotoxic agent. It is also categorised under the vulnerable species in the IUCN list.

Ginkgophyta

Two of the three genera become extinct i.e. Ginkgogoites and Baiera while the only living genus is Ginkgo. The single species of this genus is Ginkgo biloba also known as the maidenhair tree. It has been found in the Jurassic period (the era of dinossaraus). It is native to China but also found in some regions of America, Central Europe, Australia and North America etc. It is approx 60-90 meters long in height. They possess a specific feature of fire resistance.

Ginkgo biloba

The only surviving plant of this division with a height of ~156 meters. Deciduous in nature and has hard woody trunks with proper growth rings. As per the specific name, leaves are bilobed and become golden during autumn.

Reproductive parts are dioecious as they are present on different plant bodies. They are highly rich in flavonoids and terpenes & specially used in the treatment of pre-menstrual syndromes, vertigo and cognitive impairment.

CONIFEROPHYTA/PINOPHYTA

Commonly known as conifers i.e. cone-bearing plants. Over 700 species are present over the earth. They are dominant in the colder regions worldwide and cold zones of the north of the country. From the largest tree to the oldest ones all are lying in this group of gymnosperms. 

They have needle-like leaf structures with xerophytic characteristics like the presence of sunken stomata with a thick cuticle layer over the leaf surface to prevent the process of transpiration. Stems are mostly tall and branched in nature due to the rich deposition of lignin in stems, that’s why they are so hard and represent the pycnoxylic type of woody trunks. Tap-root system is found with the mutual relationship of ectotrophic mycorrhiza.

Male and Female cones are present and are monoecious, which helps in the process of reproduction. They can reach up to the height of 3-50 metres. They appear pyramidal or conical like a “Christmas tree’ due to radial branching. This shape helps in the slipping of snow from the trees to prevent them from being overweight on ice on them.

Some of the common examples are Sequoia, Thuja, Abies, Firs, hemlock and spruces etc.

Thuja occidentalis

1. Native to Europe and North America.
2. Commonly known as White cedar
3. Highly used for homoeopathic medicines

Zamia furfuracea

1. Native to Mexico
2. Common name-Cardboard palm
3. Drought  tolerance

Araucaria hetrophylla

They are endemic to Norfolk Islands and also found in Brazil, Argentina and New Guinea. These trees are also know as monkey-puzzle trees.They can reach up to 200 feet in length. they posses beautiful whorls and exactly looks like a Christmas trees decorated with snow.

Araucaria hetrophylla

Abies  balsemea

• Also known as Canada balsam
• Gum is used as a fixative agent to form permanent slides in laboratories.

Sequoia sempervirens

1. Also known as Redwood
2. Tallest gymnosperm with a height of 110-120 metres.
3. It cannot tolerate atmospheric pollution.

Pinus roxburghii

• This is also called “Chir pine”
• Native to North-America

Pinus wallichaina

They are native to Himalayan & Hindi-kush mountains and reach a height of 55-60 metres long. They fall into the threatened species of IUCN Red List Threatened Species. They are also called Himalayan White Pine.                

Pinus gigardiana

• Commonly known as the Chilgoza tree
• Used as the most expensive dry fruit.
• They are the only edible pine-nuts
• Native to Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh

Agasthis australis

They are native to New Zealand and other northern regions of the world. They are the oldest species in the family as they are a follow-up from the Jurassic era. Wind pollination is observed in the flowers of the plant. The height of the tree is 45-50 metres.

              

Agasthis robusta

• These are also known as Kauri pine. Trees are up to a height of 25-30 metres. They are native to Australia and Budapest. The canopy is almost cylindrical. Woods and trunks are used for furniture, pencils and bats making purposes.

Pinus merkushi

They are native to Myanmar and Vietnam. Leaves are needle-like in shape and are long up to 20-25 metres.

                  

Pinus sylvestris

They are also known as Scotch-pine and are native to Russia, China, Finland, Germany and many other countries. Trees are long up to 30-40 metres. They also have mycorrhizal interaction in their roots for proper water and mineral absorption.

Pinus radiata

They are native to California and Mexico. They are the evergreen conifer of the family. Flowers bloom in the season in bright and beautiful yellow colour that’s why termed as yellow showering of the pinus. In roots, they show mycorrhizal interactions as Verbicular-Arbuscular mycorrhizae(VAM) along with the normal root system.

Pinus khasya

As the name suggests, they are found on the Khasi hills of Meghalaya in India that’s why are named Pinus khasya. They are used for timber purposes and the production of turpentine. They can grow up to 45 metres. Initially, they are conical in shape but as time passes away it becomes rounded. These plants are categorised as “Least concern” in IUCN Red List Book.

GNETOPHYTA

Almost 65 species are found in these genera. They are specifically found in the Himalayan regions of India. It includes the living plants close to angiosperms by having the flower-like arrangement of sporophylls. Gnetales are the highest gymnosperm as they act as the connective link between gymnosperms and angiosperms group of plants. Most are extinct while the living plants are

Ephedra (E.sinica, E.nevadenis); Gnetum(G. gnemon, G.costatum); and Welwitschia(Welwitschia mirabilis).

Ephedra sinica

They are sun-loving and mostly found in arid regions i.e. regions of Asia, Europe and North Africa. It is an evergreen shrub with scaly leaves and is used in the treatment of cough and cold. Ephedrine is the phytochemical extracted from the plant which is similar to adrenalin. Some of the deaths were observed during the trials which is why it was banned by US FDA (Food and Drug Administration) in 2004. 

Gnetum

It is generally found in some regions of Africa and South America. The tree is about 20 metres long and has pulm-like edible fruit. It inhabits humid, tropical and swampy rainforest and possesses angiosperms like leaves having margined lamina with pinnate venation. Examples: Gnetum gnemon, Gnetum costatum

Welwitschia mirabilis

Dessert-dwelling and confined to dry-region of the world. They show extremely xerophytic features. The plant is mostly dioecious and has an unbranched stem. They have a unique characteristic of slow growth as two leaves grow for the entire lifespan of the plant.

Please click to learn about Polycarpic Plant Example.

Also Read:

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• Parenchyma cells in plants
• Vascular plants examples
• Difference between animal and plant cell chromosomes
• Thermal power station coal power plants
• Woody plants examples
• Dioecious plant example
• Creeper plant example

The creeping plants are mostly said to be the creepers and are mostly also said to be vine, small plants that shall be close to the ground.

Some of the creepers can be called to be the fast climbers and some may be specific with its work with many also being expensive. Some of the creeper plant example are-

• Gourd
• Pumpkin
• Spurge
• Grapevine
• Watermelon
• Pea plant
• Jasmine
• Cucumber
• Money plant
• Strawberry

In case of the vines they are said to be long to much extent and shall be able to climb on with a structure and need to have them trained and a security to have them support in order to get a height. This is how the creeper plant example differ from the climbers and are considered to be another class of the vines.

Creepers as the name sounds are the one that tend to creep on the surface and are much fragile, long having thin stems and cannot stand straight or erect or can have a support at the right. Climber are said to be much more advanced that the creepers and are quite thin with having weak stem and cannot stand upright but shall have external support to have it grown vertically and the carry its own weight.

The once that are creeper plant example are said to be small in size and are seen to crawl on its bellies or lower area on the ground that usually tend to make good ground covers. One cannot have them trained for climbing as they are too tiny for it. The vines that is the longest belong to the creeping myrtle and are the creeping juniper plants. They have tendril that help the creeper plant example climb.

There are few plants that grow as vine and some stay vines for certain time. The creeper plant example from this can be the bittersweet or also called to be by other name and can thus grow as shrub and then support the one that is not available but yet shall become creepers when any support is shown displaying its growth based on the stems. They serve to give two uses.

Gourd

These are said to be some fruit of the flowering plant and the flower are of the species Cucurbitaceae making it a creeper plant example.

The word means many species and also the sub species that have hard shells and some also without them. One of its oldest plant type in this category is the bottle gourd and has been seen from the ancient times. Balafon is an instrument that is made from this creeper plant example.

They have many uses via the entire history and it includes the arts, the food, as tools and instruments making sounds and more. There are many type of gourd and creeper plant example seen around the world and link it with water as they seem to be in many of the oldest myths. History proofs its safe and today as well they are used in crafts, dishes, utensils and much more fore decorations.

Pumpkin

They are said to be the cultivar in terms of creeper plant example and are also known to be winter squash being round in shape.

The skin of it is a bit ribbed and is mostly dep yellow in appearance and has a shell that is thick and has pulp and seeds. They are sometimes called to be pumpkins along with having many look alike. They are a domesticated plants and have been a part of culture from 7000 to 5000 BC.

They are grown like a food and also for aesthetic used. Meals like pumpkin pie are famous in many parts and is quite popular in the United States. They are a crop of warn climate and is mostly seen in the early July. There are good know conditions needed for its growth like a temperature for soil being 3 inches deep and being 15 degrees and a soil that can retain water.

Spurge

They are said to be a creeper plant example that is herbaceous and is also a shrub that has milky latex and is tiny bearing flowers green in color.

Many of these are grown to be of good use in commercial way and also grown for many ornaments. They are much diverse and are also called to be Euphorbia. They have about 2100 species and are the flowering plant type. Some like the Myrtle spurge is not good for making damages.

It takes its name from the general herbs and is under the common annual herbs section. They are about 3.3 foot in length and the seeds of it are sued as the laxative effect. These have its species in most area of Africa and also resemble the Cactus plant. These creeper plant example may include the creepy hers and the trees as well as the shrubs. They have a single female flower having only one pistil and surrounded is many stamens.

Grapevine

Grapes are used as food, making of juice and also helps in wine making and also used as an ornament.

This creeper plant example is seen in the early spring and are mostly harvested in the late summer and also in the arrival of the falls. It does not only make good sweet fruits but also and to the drama of the garden and are fats growers that have good pruning.

They make good fruits in less time and can be alive till about 30 years or even more and there are three types of it being the America, the European and the French-America and are all the hybrids. The ones that are the hybrids in creeper plant example are mostly hazard free or cold and are not sweet and are mostly seen in the nursery. Some of them can be small and some may be even fast growers along with being self-fertile.

Watermelon

They are said to be the sweet creeper plant example and are also low in calories and a good snack for the summer times.

They are good in nutrition having the minerals, antioxidants and also the vitamins. They are also said to be a part of the Cucurbitacear family and some of its common type are seedless, having seeds, orange, yellow or mini. They also give in body fiber and promote good gut.

Thiscreeper plant example has about 90% of water in it and can help remove the molecules called as free radicals and are also reactive for body. At the time of natural methods, they make free radicals like metabolism and can make stress if present inside. It has vitamin C that help prevent asthma and also can offer help to body. It also shall help in controlling the blood level and help in cancer having dietary antioxidants.

Pea plant

It iscreeper plant example and mostly green and also can be yellow shaped like a pod and grown in the colder season.

They are quite common and a pod fruit. Each of the pod has many peas and can be wither yellow or green and are mostly called to be the fruits having seeds that can be seen to make a flower and are consumed easily thus having eatable seeds.

These are said to be the annual plants and within a life cycle of a year. They are staple too much and is pod shaped and can be planted in a soil where the temperature is about 13 to 18 and cannot thrive in the heat and can grow in the good cold area that has high altitude and has maturity after 60 days of getting planted. Peas has good cultivators and grow low having to go tendrils and then support the peas to climb.  Sowing time for pea seeds are dependent on the area of cultivation. In India ,usually Rabi season crop sowing begins from October to November mid in the plains

Jasmine

They are of the genus of vines and shrubs and contains more than 200 species that are native to be dangerous to warn and temperate area.

They have been cultivated for the character and the flower has many fragrance and the number of plants are unrelated that has the word jasmine is much common term. They are either evergreen or deciduous and can also be erect and also white or yellow and can be a bit red.

Jasmine can be either deciduous means that leaves falling in autumn or  are evergreen or green all year round, and can be erect, spreading, or climbing shrubs and vines. Their leaves are borne in opposing or alternating arrangement and can be of simple, trifoliate, or pinnate formation. The flowers are typically around 2.5 cm or 0.98 inches in diameter. They are white or yellow, although in rare instances they can be slightly reddish. The flowers are borne in clusters with a minimum of three flowers, though they can also be solitary on the ends of branchlets. Each flower has about four to nine petals, two locules, and one to four ovules.

Cucumber

They are cultivated in much area and is alsocreeper plant example and a vine pant in the family that bears fruits and vegetables.

They are also annual plant and there are three main varieties and are seedless and thus can be created and it takes place in many areas. The creeping vine that roots in the ground and grows up to wrap around supports with thin.

There can be three varieties of this plant being cutting, seedless or even slicing. It is a south Asia originated plant but is seen in many other continents and is from the general of Marah which is not of much relation to each other. It is of these are seed bearer and thus needs to be pollinated. They are mostly said to be pollinated via the bees and some are also self-pollinated. Cucumbers have a mild, refreshing taste and a high water content. They can help relieve dehydration and are pleasant to eat in hot weather.

Money plant

They are the tropical creeper pant example and are thus said to be the viner plant ion the parts of Araceae.

It is seen in the North part of Australia and comes via the South Asia area being Japan, China, India and Pakistan covering a bit of Bangladesh as well. They are hydrocotyle vulgaris being perennial and small and also in waters. This species has been assigned to a number of genera. In 1880 when it was first described, it was named Pothos aureus, which is in part why it is often commonly referred to as a pothos.

The plant has a number of common names including golden pathos, Ceylon creeper, hunter’s robe, ivy arum, house plant, money plant, silver vine, Solomon Islands ivy, marble queen, and taro vine. It is also called devil’s vine or devil’s ivy because it is almost impossible to destroy and it stays green even when kept in the dark. It is sometimes mistakenly labeled as a Philodendron in plant stores. It is commonly known as a money plant in many parts of the Indian subcontinent. It rarely flowers without artificial hormone supplements; the last known spontaneous flowering in cultivation was reported in 1964.

Strawberry

The garden strawberry  is a widely grown hybrid species of the genus Fragaria, collectively known as the strawberries, which are cultivated worldwide for their fruit.

It is consumed in large quantities, either fresh or in such prepared foods as jam, juice, pies, ice cream, milkshakes, and chocolates. Artificial strawberry flavorings and aromas are also widely used in products such as candy, soap, lip gloss, perfume, and many others.

The strawberry fruit was mentioned in ancient Roman literature in reference to its medicinal use. The French began taking the strawberry from the forest to their gardens for harvest in the 14th century. Charles V, France’s king from 1364 to 1380, had 1,200 strawberry plants in his royal garden. By the 16th century, references of cultivation of the strawberry became more common. People began using it for its supposed medicinal properties and botanists began naming the different species. In England the demand for regular strawberry farming had increased by the mid-16th century.

Also Read:

• Difference between animal and plant cell chromosomes
• Vascular plants examples
• Dioecious plant example
• Woody plants examples
• Parenchyma cells in plants
• Chromosome function in plant cell
• Seed plant examples
• Thermal power station coal power plants

Chromosomes are tiny hair-like structures that are located inside the nucleus region which carries the genetic material of the organism.

Difference between animal and plant cell chromosomes can be the number of chromosomes, genes, they type of cell division and genetic manipulation.

Characteristic features	Plant cell Chromosome	Animal cell chromosome
Number of chromosome	Plant cell in general tend to have fewer number of chromosomes	Animal cells usually posses more number of chromosome due to their complexity.
Genes	Plant cell majorly differ very much in their genes like plants require photosynthesis to survive so the presence of that specific gene is mandatory	Animal cell have genes related to their own factor. So the presence of animal characteristic genes like locomotor genes will be seen in the animal cell chromosome.
Cell division	In plants, the cell division takes place by cell plate method in which the cell separates itself by building a wall between them.	In animals, a physiological process called cytokinesis takes place
Genetic manipulation	Genetic manipulation is easy in plants as their chromosome can be easily modified	Recombinant technology or genetic manipulation is tedious in animal cell when compared to plant but still it is possible.

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The difference between animal and plant cell chromosomes can be classified based on few factors which will be discussed in this article. But the ultimate goal of the specific chromosome or to be more clear, any organelle will remain the same like the role of kidney in humans and animals remains the same.

Likewise, the ultimate role of the chromosomes remain the same so the difference between animal and plant cell chromosomes is much fewer yet matters a lot.

Do all plants and animal cells have the same amount of chromosomes?

Plants can prepare their own food where as animals can not, they same way plant and animal differences in their mechanisms.

So, no- not all plants and animal cells have the same amount of chromosomes. Each species of plant or animal will differ in their number of chromosomes.

Example:

The number of chromosomes present in rice is 24 chromosomes- 12 pairs  whereas in maize the number of chromosomes is 20 chromosomes- 10 pairs.

The number of chromosomes present in dogs are 78 chromosomes- 39 pairs whereas cats have 38 chromosomes- 19 pairs.

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Similarities between animal cell chromosomes and plant cell chromosomes:

The ultimate role or work of chromosomes remains the same even if they are present in animal cells or plant cells.

The ultimate role of a chromosome is to carry the genetic material intact with all the bound proteins, this remains the same in all the cells and the alignment is linear in both plant and animal cells.

Plant or animal cells do not have circular chromosomes. They show a linear form.

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Difference Between Animal And Plant Cell Chromosomes

Example:

• If 2 different organisms in animals have 18 chromosomes, it is not necessary that they should have the same genes or even alleles present in them.
• The 13th chromosome can be a protein that codes for enzyme F in one organism.
• The other organism’s 13th chromosome can code for an enzyme ABC.
• So these changes can happen even from one animal cell to another or plant cell to another.
• It is not mandatory that it must have the same replicas even though they possess the same number of chromosomes in them.

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Why do animal or plant cell chromosomes have histones in their chromosomes?

The differentiative morphology of chromosomes aid in keeping the DNA tightly wrapped or bound around the protein called histones. 

If this lacked such a kind of outer covering the DNA molecule will be left free and can not be placed intactly inside the cell. It is said that one chromosomal strand when left free is about 6 feet in length, in order to be held together they need to be bound inside proteins like histones.

Histones are proteins that present as layers on the DNA molecule in chromosomes that aid in keeping the DNA intact.

For an organism to rejuvenate and grow and even work in a correct manner, cells should undergo a cell division process to let out new cells or to even repair or replace old damaged cells. 

During the process of cell division, it is mandatory that the DNA remains intact and equally contributed among cells. Chromosomes are a vital part in this entire process as chromosomes make sure that the DNA is aptly replicated and evenly distributed.

Example of animal cell chromosome: Human chromosome

• In humans, there are about 23 pairs of chromosomes so totally humans have 46 chromosomes.
• Among these 23 pairs of chromosomes, 22 pairs are autosomes which resemble the same in both male and female.
• The one pair is the sex chromosome which differs.

• Female– XX chromosome
• Male– XY chromosome.

Also Read:

• Seed plant examples
• Woody plants examples
• Vascular plants examples
• Thermal power station coal power plants
• Dioecious plant example
• Chromosome function in plant cell
• Creeper plant example
• Parenchyma cells in plants