Cycle

The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle, is a crucial part of cellular respiration. It takes place in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and is responsible for generating energy in the form of ATP. However, it is important to note that the Krebs cycle is not directly involved in photosynthesis. Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells and involves the conversion of light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose. While both processes are essential for the survival of living organisms, they are distinct and occur in different cellular compartments.

Key Takeaways

Fact	Description
1.	The Krebs cycle is a part of cellular respiration.
2.	It takes place in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells.
3.	The Krebs cycle generates energy in the form of ATP.
4.	Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells.
5.	Photosynthesis converts light energy into glucose.

Understanding the Krebs Cycle

The Krebs Cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle, is a vital part of cellular respiration. It is a metabolic pathway that occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells, including plant cells. This cycle plays a crucial role in the conversion of glucose into ATP, the energy currency of the cell. Let’s delve deeper into the various aspects of the Krebs Cycle.

Definition of Krebs Cycle

The Krebs Cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that take place in the mitochondria. It is a complex metabolic pathway that involves the oxidation of acetyl-CoA, a molecule derived from the breakdown of glucose during glycolysis. This cycle is named after its discoverer, Sir Hans Krebs, who elucidated its steps in the 1930s.

The Metabolic Pathway of Krebs Cycle

The Krebs Cycle is a series of eight interconnected reactions that occur in a cyclic manner. It starts with the combination of acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate, forming citrate. Through a series of enzymatic reactions, citrate is gradually converted back into oxaloacetate, completing the cycle. Along the way, several important molecules are produced, including NADH, FADH2, and ATP.

Why is the Krebs Cycle a Cycle?

The Krebs Cycle is referred to as a cycle because the final product, oxaloacetate, is regenerated at the end of the pathway. This allows the cycle to continue, enabling the continuous production of energy-rich molecules. The regeneration of oxaloacetate is crucial for the efficient functioning of the Krebs Cycle and the overall process of cellular respiration.

How Does Krebs Cycle Work?

The Krebs Cycle works by breaking down acetyl-CoA, derived from glucose, into carbon dioxide and energy-rich molecules. Each step of the cycle is catalyzed by specific enzymes, ensuring the smooth progression of the pathway. The energy released during these reactions is captured in the form of NADH and FADH2, which will later participate in oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP.

Does Krebs Cycle Produce Energy?

Yes, the Krebs Cycle is an essential step in ATP production. While the cycle itself does not directly produce ATP, it generates energy-rich molecules, such as NADH and FADH2, which are utilized in the subsequent process of oxidative phosphorylation. This final step of cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria and leads to the production of ATP through the electron transport chain.

In summary, the Krebs Cycle is a crucial part of cellular respiration, playing a central role in the conversion of glucose into ATP. It is a cyclic metabolic pathway that produces energy-rich molecules and serves as a bridge between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Understanding the intricacies of the Krebs Cycle is fundamental to comprehending the biochemistry of energy conversion in living organisms.

The Krebs Cycle and Photosynthesis

Is Krebs Cycle Part of Photosynthesis?

The Krebs Cycle, also known as the Citric Acid Cycle, is not directly part of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and other photosynthetic organisms convert sunlight into chemical energy in the form of glucose. On the other hand, the Krebs Cycle is a biochemical pathway that occurs during cellular respiration, which is the process by which cells convert glucose into ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the energy currency of the cell.

The Role of Krebs Cycle in Photosynthesis

Although the Krebs Cycle is not directly involved in photosynthesis, it indirectly plays a crucial role in the overall process. During photosynthesis, plants capture sunlight energy through light-dependent reactions that occur in the chloroplasts. This energy is then used to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose through a series of light-independent reactions, also known as the Calvin cycle.

The glucose produced during photosynthesis is then broken down in the cells through a process called glycolysis. Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration, where glucose is converted into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH in the process. The pyruvate then enters the mitochondria, where it undergoes further breakdown in the Krebs Cycle.

In the Krebs Cycle, the pyruvate is converted into acetyl-CoA, which enters a series of reactions that produce NADH and FADH2, as well as ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation. These high-energy molecules, NADH and FADH2, are then used in the electron transport chain to generate even more ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.

So, while the Krebs Cycle is not directly part of photosynthesis, it is an essential component of cellular respiration, which ultimately provides the energy needed for photosynthesis to occur.

Is the Citric Acid Cycle Part of Photosynthesis?

The Citric Acid Cycle, also known as the Krebs Cycle, is not part of photosynthesis. As mentioned earlier, photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert sunlight energy into glucose, while the Krebs Cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that occur during cellular respiration.

However, it is important to note that both photosynthesis and the Krebs Cycle are interconnected through the overall metabolic processes of the cell. Photosynthesis produces glucose, which is then broken down in the cells through glycolysis and enters the Krebs Cycle to generate ATP and other high-energy molecules.

In summary, while the Krebs Cycle is not directly part of photosynthesis, it plays a vital role in the overall energy conversion and metabolic processes of the cell, which are essential for the production of glucose during photosynthesis.

The Krebs Cycle in Cellular Respiration

Is the Krebs Cycle Part of Cellular Respiration?

Yes, the Krebs Cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, is an essential part of cellular respiration. It is a series of biochemical reactions that occur in the mitochondria of cells, playing a crucial role in the production of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the energy currency of the cell.

Location of Krebs Cycle in Cellular Respiration

The Krebs Cycle takes place in the mitochondria, which are often referred to as the “powerhouses” of the cell. These organelles are responsible for energy conversion and play a vital role in various metabolic processes. Within the mitochondria, the Krebs Cycle occurs in the matrix, the innermost compartment.

What is Krebs Cycle in Cellular Respiration?

The Krebs Cycle is a complex metabolic pathway that completes the oxidation of glucose, derived from the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. It is a cyclic process that involves a series of enzymatic reactions, resulting in the production of ATP, carbon dioxide (CO2), and high-energy electron carriers such as NADH and FADH2.

Let’s take a closer look at the steps involved in the Krebs Cycle:

1. Step 1: Acetyl-CoA Formation – Before entering the Krebs Cycle, pyruvate, a product of glycolysis, is converted into acetyl-CoA. This step occurs in the mitochondria and generates NADH as a byproduct.

2. Step 2: Citrate Formation – Acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, a six-carbon molecule. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme citrate synthase.

3. Step 3: Isomerization and Decarboxylation – Through a series of enzymatic reactions, citrate is isomerized and undergoes decarboxylation, resulting in the release of two molecules of CO2. This step generates NADH and ATP.

4. Step 4: Regeneration of Oxaloacetate – The remaining four-carbon molecule undergoes a series of reactions, leading to the regeneration of oxaloacetate. This step generates more NADH and FADH2.

The Krebs Cycle is a crucial part of cellular respiration because it serves as a major source of high-energy electron carriers, NADH and FADH2. These carriers play a vital role in oxidative phosphorylation, the final step of cellular respiration, where ATP is produced through the electron transport chain.

In summary, the Krebs Cycle is an integral part of cellular respiration, occurring in the mitochondria and playing a key role in ATP production and the release of carbon dioxide. It is a complex metabolic pathway that involves several enzymatic reactions, contributing to the overall energy production and metabolic processes within the cell.

The Krebs Cycle in Different Organisms

The Krebs Cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, is a key component of cellular respiration in various organisms. It is a biochemical pathway that plays a crucial role in the production of ATP, the energy currency of cells. This cycle takes place within the mitochondria, the powerhouse of the cell, and is responsible for the conversion of glucose into carbon dioxide, generating energy in the process.

Do Plants Use the Krebs Cycle?

In plant biology, the Krebs Cycle is not directly involved in the process of photosynthesis. Instead, plants utilize a different set of metabolic processes known as the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle to convert sunlight into glucose. These light-independent reactions occur in the chloroplasts and are responsible for carbon fixation, where carbon dioxide is converted into glucose.

While the Krebs Cycle does not play a direct role in glucose production in plants, it is still an essential part of their overall metabolism. The energy produced through the Krebs Cycle in plants is used for various cellular processes, including growth, reproduction, and defense mechanisms. Additionally, the Krebs Cycle helps in the regeneration of molecules such as NADH and FADH2, which are crucial for other metabolic pathways.

Can the Krebs Cycle Occur Without Glycolysis?

The Krebs Cycle is closely linked to glycolysis, another metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose to produce energy. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of cells and is the first step in the process of cellular respiration. It converts glucose into pyruvate, which then enters the mitochondria to participate in the Krebs Cycle.

While the Krebs Cycle is typically preceded by glycolysis, it is possible for the cycle to occur without it under certain conditions. In some organisms, such as bacteria, the Krebs Cycle can be fueled by alternative carbon sources, such as fatty acids or amino acids. These organisms have evolved mechanisms to bypass glycolysis and directly enter the Krebs Cycle, ensuring energy production even in the absence of glucose.

In summary, the Krebs Cycle is a fundamental process in cellular respiration, occurring in various organisms. While plants do not directly utilize the Krebs Cycle for glucose production, it still plays a vital role in their overall metabolism. Additionally, the Krebs Cycle can occur without glycolysis in certain organisms, showcasing the flexibility and adaptability of metabolic processes.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, is not a part of photosynthesis. The Krebs cycle is a series of chemical reactions that occur in the mitochondria of cells, and it is involved in the process of cellular respiration. On the other hand, photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert sunlight into chemical energy in the form of glucose. While both processes are essential for life, they occur in different cellular compartments and serve different purposes. The Krebs cycle is part of the energy production process, while photosynthesis is responsible for capturing and storing energy from the sun.

Is Purine Included in the Krebs Cycle?

Purine is not directly included in the Krebs cycle, but it plays a significant role in cellular metabolism. The breakdown of purine-containing compounds from purine foods to know produces intermediates like AMP and GMP, which participate in energy production via nucleotide metabolism pathways. Furthermore, purine nucleotides serve as essential components of DNA and RNA synthesis, influencing various cellular functions.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is Krebs Cycle Light Dependent?

No, the Krebs Cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle, is not light-dependent. It is a series of biochemical reactions that occur in the mitochondria of cells. The Krebs Cycle is an essential part of cellular respiration, which is the process by which cells convert glucose into ATP, the energy currency of the cell. Unlike the light-dependent reactions that occur in chloroplasts during photosynthesis, the Krebs Cycle does not require sunlight to proceed.

Is Krebs Cycle Substrate Level Phosphorylation?

No, the Krebs Cycle does not involve substrate-level phosphorylation. Substrate-level phosphorylation is a process in which ATP is directly produced by the transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP. While substrate-level phosphorylation does occur in other metabolic pathways, such as glycolysis, it does not occur in the Krebs Cycle. Instead, the Krebs Cycle generates energy-rich molecules, such as NADH and FADH2, which are then used in the subsequent oxidative phosphorylation step to produce ATP.

What is Krebs Cycle in Mitochondria?

The Krebs Cycle is a key component of aerobic respiration and takes place in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. It is a series of enzymatic reactions that play a crucial role in the metabolic process of converting glucose into usable energy. The cycle begins with the conversion of pyruvate, a product of glycolysis, into acetyl-CoA, which then enters the Krebs Cycle. Throughout the cycle, carbon dioxide is released, and energy-rich molecules such as NADH and FADH2 are produced. These molecules go on to participate in the electron transport chain, where they contribute to the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.

In summary, the Krebs Cycle is a fundamental part of cellular respiration, occurring in the mitochondria of cells. It is not light-dependent and does not involve substrate-level phosphorylation. Instead, it plays a crucial role in the conversion of glucose into ATP through a series of biochemical reactions.

Is Purine Included in the Krebs Cycle?

Purine is not directly included in the Krebs cycle, but it plays a significant role in cellular metabolism. The breakdown of purine-containing compounds from purine foods to know produces intermediates like AMP and GMP, which participate in energy production via nucleotide metabolism pathways. Furthermore, purine nucleotides serve as essential components of DNA and RNA synthesis, influencing various cellular functions.

Are the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain interconnected in photosynthesis?

In photosynthesis, the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain are integral processes that work together to generate ATP and produce energy. While the Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondria during cellular respiration, it also plays a role in the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis. These reactions take place in the chloroplasts, where the electron transport chain transfers high-energy electrons generated by the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria to produce ATP through chemiosmosis. To understand the interplay between the Krebs cycle and electron transport in photosynthesis, refer to the article on Krebs cycle and electron transport.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the location of the Krebs cycle in cellular respiration?

The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, takes place in the mitochondria of a cell during the process of cellular respiration. It is here where glucose is further broken down to produce energy in the form of ATP.

How does the Krebs cycle work?

The Krebs cycle works by breaking down acetyl CoA, derived from pyruvate, into carbon dioxide and hydrogen atoms. This process involves a series of reactions that are catalyzed by enzymes. The hydrogen atoms are then used to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.

Is the citric acid cycle part of photosynthesis?

No, the citric acid cycle is not part of photosynthesis. It is a part of cellular respiration, a process that occurs in the mitochondria of cells to generate ATP. Photosynthesis, on the other hand, occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells and involves the conversion of light energy into chemical energy.

Is the Krebs cycle part of cellular respiration?

Yes, the Krebs cycle is a crucial part of cellular respiration. It is the second stage of this process, following glycolysis, and it precedes the electron transport chain. The Krebs cycle is where most of the energy is harvested from the breakdown of glucose.

Is the Krebs cycle light-dependent?

No, the Krebs cycle is not light-dependent. It is a part of cellular respiration, which is a process that occurs regardless of the presence of light. In contrast, the light-dependent reactions are a part of photosynthesis, which only occur in the presence of light.

What is the Krebs cycle in cellular respiration?

The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into ATP and carbon dioxide.

Do plants use the Krebs cycle?

Yes, plants do use the Krebs cycle. It occurs in their mitochondria, just like in animal cells, as part of cellular respiration. This process allows plants to break down the glucose produced during photosynthesis to generate ATP, which is used for various metabolic processes.

Is the Krebs cycle part of photosynthesis?

No, the Krebs cycle is not a part of photosynthesis. It is a part of cellular respiration, a process that occurs in the mitochondria of cells to generate ATP. Photosynthesis, on the other hand, occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells and involves the conversion of light energy into chemical energy.

What is the role of the cycle substrate in the Krebs cycle?

The cycle substrate in the Krebs cycle is acetyl CoA, which is derived from the breakdown of glucose during glycolysis. This substrate enters the Krebs cycle and is further broken down through a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions to produce ATP, NADH, FADH2, and carbon dioxide.

What is the relationship between the Krebs cycle and phosphorylation?

The Krebs cycle and phosphorylation are related as they are both key stages in the process of cellular respiration. The Krebs cycle generates NADH and FADH2, which are then used in the process of oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP, the cell’s main source of energy.

Also Read:

• Calvin cycle process
• Krebs cycle steps krebs cycle process
• Water cycle
• Rock cycle process
• Rock cycle
• Evaporation water cycle
• Is krebs cycle aerobic or anaerobic
• Does the krebs cycle produce water
• Carbon cycle steps
• Nitrogen cycle steps

Krebs cycle is also called to be citric acid cycle or the TCA cycle that helps in making two of the carbon dioxide molecules.

The Krebs cycle steps include a chain of reactions with reduced form of NADH and FADH2. The Krebs cycle steps including the phases like condensation, isomerization, oxidative decarboxylations and oxidative decarboxylation.

There are four of the carbon molecule that is involved, oxaloacetate that helps start the cycle and is regenerated after all the eight steps of the citric acid cycle is done. The Krebs cycle steps is a chain of hydration, decarboxylation, redox and dehydration reactions. All of the enzymes involved in the Krebs cycle steps are soluble.

Each of the turn in the cycle is made to form one ATP or one GTP as well with other three NADH molecules and one FADH2 molecules is further on used up in the Krebs cycle steps for the method of cellular respiration to make ATP for all the cells. It in simple term is a chain of reaction that is chemical by nature and done by aerobic organism.

The Krebs Cycle can also be called the Citric Acid Cycle (CAC) or the Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle. This cycle takes place in the Mitochondrial matrix and is the primary step of aerobic processing within a cell. The process oxidises glucose derivatives, fatty acids and amino acids to carbon dioxide (CO₂) through a series of enzyme controlled steps.

The citric acid cycle keeps in the generation of energy along with having acetate oxidized and derived from fats, proteins, carbohydrates, proteins into the carbon dioxide. On the other hand, with being the same, Krebs cycle steps include the mechanism for oxidative analysis for acetyl units and then serves as the basic source for cellular energy.

There is a conversation of acetyl CoA, the Krebs cycle steps is seen in the matrix of mitochondria. In cellular biology, the mitochondria are an organelle that has a membrane which is often said to be the power house of the cell and also said to be cellular power plants as they are used up to make the maximum amount of ATP.

Cellular respiration Krebs cycle steps

There is only one enzyme for the Krebs cycle steps that is insoluble being the succinate dehydrogenase that is embedded inside the mitochondria.

The process of Krebs cycle steps includes 8 of the phases. Not like glycolysis, this cycle is not an open loop with the last stage of the path being regeneration of a compound that is used in the start step.

The eight of the steps are a complete chain of all the reactions that is possible and generates molecules of two carbon dioxide, NADH and FADH2, GTP or ATP. This pathway is said to be an aerobic one as the FADH2 and NADH is made and shall transfer the electrons to the next path in its system that makes the use of the gas oxygen.

Glycolysis produces pyruvate which, under aerobic conditions, gets moved into the mitochondria via a carrier protein within the membrane. There it is oxidatively decarboxylated by a huge enzyme complex called the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. This reaction is irreversible and requires coenzyme A as well as producing 1 CO₂ and picks up two electrons by NAD^.  

The process of Krebs cycle steps includes-

Step 1

The very first phase of the Krebs cycle steps include the step for condensation that help combine the group of two-carbon acetyls.

This two carbon group is derived from the acetyl CoA that is linked with the oxaloacetate having four of the carbon molecule to make a molecule of citrate that has six carbon molecule.

CoA is said to link to a group called sulfhydryl and then makes it way to diffuse away that links eventually with the other group of acetyl. This process is said to be irreversible and the reason being is that it is too exergonic. The reaction rate for this step is observed by the not so positive feedback and the availability of the amount of ATP.

There is an increase in the level of ATP with a decrease in the rate of the reaction. Along with working for many steps this reaction releases their molecules of NAD which are reduced to NADH. There is never a short of any reactants that shall be a hindrance to have a run. This cycle helps in making of energy that is used up by the cells.

Step 2

Citrate is said to be tricarboxylic acid and is derived from the group of three of the carboxyl group of the citric acid.

Citrate seems to lose one of the molecule of water and on the other hand also gains another as the citrate is converted to its isomeric form called isocitrate. Thus with the involvement of citrate, Krebs cycle steps completes its second phase.

In the second reaction of the Krebs cycle, the isomerisation of citrate to isocitrate takes place. As an intermediate, cis-aconitate is formed. Therefore, it is a two-step reaction sequence. The Krebs cycle is the second stage of cellular respiration. During the Krebs cycle, energy stored in pyruvate is transferred to NADH and FADH₂, and some ATP is produced.

Once citrate has formed, the citrate then goes on to step 2 in which it is transformed into an isomer molecule called isocitrate. This step is carried out in two different reactions; a dehydrolysis reaction followed by a hydrolysis reaction. citrate is too stable for the reactions that follow. So, the Acontiase links to the Citrate to move one of its oxygen atoms to create a more unstable citrate isomer.

The compound citrate has its role in the fundamental metabolisms. It is the anion citrate and the acid of tricarboxylic and also a conjugate base of the compound citrate and the conjugate acid of citrate. This compound citrate is used to make the urine in the blood less acidic or alkaline. This helps in the prevention of developing stones in kidney. 

Step 3 and 4

In this phase of Krebs cycle steps, there is an involvement of oxidization for the isocitrate that makes a carbon molecule.

The compound isocitrate when is oxidized forms a molecule of carbon that has five carbons in it. It also has an alpha ketoglutarate along with a molecule of carbon dioxide and two of the electrons.

The release of two of the electrons that is released are reduced from NAD to NADH. This steps are made to regulate via the negative feedback from the adenosine triphosphate and NADH and also effected by the positive outcome of the ADP. The third and fourth Krebs cycle steps consists of both the decarboxylation and oxidation steps.

This helps in the release of the electron that help in getting the NAD reduced to NADH and also helps release the group of carboxyl that makes molecules of carbon dioxide. The product of the third phase in the Krebs cycle steps is alpha ketoglutarate and a group of succinyl is made from the phase four of the Krebs cycle steps.

CoA seems to bind with the product of the step 4 which is the succinyl group to make succinyl CoA. The enzyme that this cycle uses is all independent of each other and available all the time and thus an enzyme is sued to work out the step 4 and thus is determined by a feedback which is inhibiter of ATP, NADH and also succinyl CoA.

Step 5

Any group of phosphate is said to be a substitute for the coenzyme A and has a good bond with high energy made for itself.

The energy that is made is used up at the level of substrate phosphorylation. It is at the time of having the succinyl group converted to succinate. This is done for either of the two reasons- to form either adenine triphosphate or guanine triphosphate.

The reaction of succinyl-CoA to succinate (see figure) proceeds via the intermediate succinyl phosphate. In the first step, the coenzyme A, which is located at the succinyl group, is substituted by a hydrogen phosphate ion Succinyl phosphate remains bound in the enzyme an dis therefore not released. In the second step, succinyl phosphate transfers its phosphoric acid residue on guanosine diphosphate.

There are enzymes seen and are typically of two types called the isoenzymes for this phase of Krebs cycle steps. This step depends on the type of tissue used mostly been animal tissue that is found. One of the form is seen in the tissue that have large amounts of adenosine triphosphate just like in the skeletal muscle and the heart. GTP and ATP can be converted into each other by the enzyme nucleosiddiphosphatkinase.

The form seen inside the tissue is said to make ATP. The form that is second for the enzymes is seen in the tissue that have mote number of pathways that are anabolic in its nature just like in the liver. This from is said to make GTP. ATP and GTP is basically said to be equal in terms of its energy with also its use being much restricted. The method of protein synthesis sues up GTP.

Step 6

This phase in the Krebs cycle step is said to the process of dehydration and helps in the conversion of a compound called succinate to fumarate.

It consists of the transfer of two types of hydrogen atoms into FAD that makes FADH2. There is energy stored in the electrons and this energy kept in the atoms is not enough to get NAD reduced but is more than enough to have FAD reduced.

With not quite likely for NADH, the career shall stay attached to the enzymes and help in the transfer of electrons to have the electrons chain directly transferred up. This method is seemingly easy for work out with by the enzyme that is localized in the step within the inner membrane of the matrix of the mitochondria.

With the carbons removed, the rearrangement process begins manipulating the hydrogen. When the Succinate dehydrogenase links to the substrate, it releases two hydrogen atoms attaching them to a carrier, ubiquinone (Q), or FAD Flavin adenine dinucleotide. With the additional 2 electrons ubiquinone forms ubiquinol being QH2 or FADH2 which is then transferred to power the electron transport chain.

Step 7

Water is said to be added to the fumarate at the 7^th phase of the Krebs cycle steps along with the generation of malate.

The last and final stage of the Krebs cycle steps include the once again production of oxaloacetate by having malate oxidized. There is another molecule that is made called the NADH.

Two of the carbon atoms enter this cycle from the acetyl group that represents the four out of six carbons of the one molecule of glucose. There is a release of two carbon molecule with not needed for the carbo atoms to be carried. The atoms of acetyl carbon which are two in number shall be release later on with the original ones stays incorporated.

The overall is given by Acetyl CoA + 3NAD+ + FAD + GDP + Pi + H20
gives 2CO2 + 3NADH + FADH2 + GTP + CoA + 2H+

Finally, the Malate dehydrogenase recreates the Oxaloacetate substrate and moves electrons from the NAD+ to form NADH, the last energy produced by the Krebs cycle. Interestingly, this Malate–Oxaloacetate reaction is also used to move anaerobic energy from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria. While anaerobic reactions produce NADH, it cannot move from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria.

Krebs cycle vs fermentation

Both anaerobic respiration and fermentation are the two type of cell respiration methods that are use up for making of ATP for cell function.

Fermentation is the process that begins with the method of glycolysis but yet has no involvement of any steps of aerobic respiration unlike Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.

Fermentation is a metabolic process that produces chemical changes in organic substrates through the action of enzymes. In biochemistry, it is narrowly defined as the extraction of energy from carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen. In food production, it may more broadly refer to any process in which the activity of microorganisms brings about a desirable change to a foodstuff or beverage. The science of fermentation is known as zymology.

Both of the methods are made to function in without the use of oxygen gas. They use the hexose sugar as a form of substrate. This hexose sugar is said to first undergo the method of glycolysis. The ultimate difference for the two processes is that fermentation seems to not use the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain while the anaerobic process makes the use of citric cycle.  

Krebs cycle vs Ketosis

The time that the cell needs fuel, it shall pull up the ketone body from the blood and then turn in back into else.

After pulling up of ketone body and converting it to acetyl CoA it is transported via the method of Krebs cycle whet they make up energy in the form of ATP. The brain in quite fond of ketones that shall be increasing on along with keto diet.

Ketosis is the process that takes place when the body is not able to make carbohydrates enough to burn the energy down. Instead of it bringing out things called ketones and fats that shall help as aa fuel. Ketosis is the process that is mostly uses for Weight loss or the diabetic ones.

Ketosis happens when your carbohydrate intake is low. As your body breaks down fat, it produces an acid called ketones or ketone bodies, which becomes your body and brain’s main source of energy. Because ketosis shifts your metabolism and relies on fat for energy, your body can burn fat at a higher rate. In general, it should take you 2–4 days to enter ketosis. However, some people may find they need a week or longer. 

Also Read:

• Carbon cycle
• Cellular respiration cycle
• Krebs cycle function
• Nitrogen cycle steps
• Water cycle
• Does the krebs cycle produce water
• Carbon cycle steps
• Is krebs cycle part of photosynthesis
• Rock cycle process
• Rock cycle

Krebs cycle is also called to be the TCA cycle having its full name as tricarboxylic acid and also called as citric acid cycle (CAC).

The Krebs cycle function in many ways. In simple, terms all of the pathways for the metabolism of energy are linked to this cycle. Some of the Krebs cycle function are-

• Oxidation of the Acetyl residues
• Flow of many catabolic process
• Providing precursor for the paths
• Excretion of nitrogen

It is defined as a series of chemical reaction that helps release the energy that is kept via the process of oxidation of the compound Acetyl-CoA and is derived from the proteins, carbohydrates and the fats. This cycle is also seen to be used by the organism that respire or the ones that ferment to produce energy either by the method of aerobic or anaerobic type of respiration.

On addition, this method also helps the use of precursors for specific amino acids and also for the reducing agent called NADH which is used in any other reactions. It is of much vital central use for several biochemical paths that implies that it is one among the old methods or product for metabolism and shall develop abiogenically.

It is located in the matrix of mitochondria. One can be at comfort to help deduce each cell that possess the mitochondria and has quite a few physical conditions that is active in the TCA cycle. Despite all the cells need to perform this, there is one population of cell that has no mitochondria said to be the erythrocytes. Thus, there is no Krebs cycle or vitality of Krebs cycle function is this.

The Krebs cycle function makes the use of aerobic purpose for having a smooth path for it to work. The Krebs cycle that has the lack of the gas oxygen has quite of a limited velocity. There is a process of oxidation involved in this for the acetyl residues. This is the source for the reducing agents and yields FADH2 and NADH. It is said to be amphibolic pathway. Just like the method of electron transport chain (ETC), the process of transamination, then deamination if the amino acids and lipogenesis. 

Oxidation of the Acetyl residues

In the Krebs cycle function, the very first that comes up is having the residue of acetyl oxidized to carbon dioxide.

The method of Krebs cycle is an absolute for the source of the equivalents for reduction that are transferred for the cofactors said to be NAD and FAD. This results in FADH2 and NADH. This is called reduced coenzymes.

The reduced co-enzymes are made to enter the electron transport chain and the process of regeneration takes place. The method of regeneration is said to be the loss of electron or the loss of the reducing equivalents and thus this process is called the reoxidation.

The process of reoxidation is also called to be regeneration for the reduces coenzymes and is the one that links the TCA cycle with the main supply for the reduced coenzyme for the electron transfer chain and thus this cycle is very vital for the making and giving of ATP with having a turn over for making only one GTP.

Flow of many catabolic process

There are many of the catabolic ways that is a source to this. This is the second in the list for Krebs cycle function.

It can be a source to have the intermediates of TCA cycle, pyr, AcCoA. The fate for them can be having the carbon dioxide oxidizes and also to have the rest of the materials synthesized.

The oxidation number for C in the compound carbon dioxide is 4. This compound has a good and high TLV which is basically more and is quite inexpensive while compared to rest of the solvents. It is nonflammable and thus cannot be kore oxidized and thus it is an advantage.

The two of the carbon molecules of the Acetyl-CoA are made to release and thus make a molecule of carbon dioxide, Thus, for this reason they are made to enter the cycle in form of Acetyl-CoA with making a two of the molecules of carbon dioxide and oxidation takes place 4 times.

Providing precursor for the paths

The word precursors mean a substance from which any other alternative can be made mainly concerned with the metabolic path.

Some of the example for the Krebs cycle function as a precursor for many pathways are glycogenesis, having the amino acids synthesized, getting the tetrapyrroles biosynthesized and as a source of AcCoA for synthesizing of the fatty acids.

Glycogenesis is the method for having the glycogen formed and then the basic carbohydrates shall be kept in lover and the muscle cell for the animals and then makes glucose. Glycogenesis takes placed within the blood glucose while the level is sufficient more to have glucose and liver muscle.

Excretion of nitrogen

Alanine and the rest of the amino acids are seen to travel to the organ lover. It is the place of conversion.

In the liver, the conversion of the carbon to ketone body and the glucose is initiated and then nitrogen is converted to the urea which is then made to be extorted by the kidney. Urea takes place via nitrogen cycle.

Urea cycle is said to be the major path for having the nitrogen disposed from the humans. More than 90% of the protein that is ingested is made to metabolize to the urea and then is excreted via the urine. Ammonia is said to be derived from the various precursor of the protein sources.

Krebs cycle Equation

Krebs cycle was named after Hans Krebs, who postulated the detailed cycle. He was awarded the Nobel prize in 1953 for his contribution.

The overall reaction for the citric acid cycle is as concerned- acetyl-CoA + 3 NAD+ + FAD + GDP + P + 2H2O = CoA-SH + 3NADH + FADH2 + 3H+ + GTP + 2CO2. Many molecules in the citric acid cycle serve as key precursors for other molecules needed by cells.

The citric acid cycle also produces 2 ATP by substrate phosphorylation. At the end of the Krebs cycle, the final product is oxaloacetic acid. This is identical to the oxaloacetic acid that begins the cycle. Now the molecule is ready to accept another acetyl-CoA molecule to begin another turn of the cycle. Reduced high energy compounds, NADH and FADH₂ are also produced.

It is a series of eight-step processes, where the acetyl group of acetyl-CoA is oxidised to form two molecules of CO₂ and in the process, one ATP is produced. Reduced high energy compounds, NADH and FADH₂ are also produced. It is a series of eight-step processes, where the acetyl group of acetyl-CoA is oxidised to form two molecules of CO₂ and in the process, one ATP is produced.

Where does Krebs cycle function?

The Krebs cycle is said to the main and vital source for the cells to have its energy and is vital for aerobic type.

The cycle is actually harmless and also has several chemical energies for acetyl coenzyme that is reduced to the power of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. The Krebs cycle function side the matric of the mitochondria.

It is actually a cycle for respiration that yields the making of ATP is large amounts and then consumes oxygen to work. It is actually for having the organism respire. Citrate is made in the Krebs cycle from oxaloacetate condensation and thus called the citric acid cycle.

The TCA cycle plays a central role in the breakdown, or catabolism, of organic fuel molecules that is glucose and some other sugars, fatty acids, and some amino acids. Energy is produced in a number of steps in this cycle of reactions. In step 5, one molecule of adenosine triphosphate also said to be ATP, the molecule that powers most cellular functions, is produced. 

Other functions include–

What are the products of the Krebs cycle?

TCA cycle is the other name for Krebs cycle and is a portion for the large pathway where glucose is said to be oxidized.

At the start of this cycle, a molecule of glucose is first converted to the Acetyl-CoA. This method outcome in the yield of the 2 molecules of Acetyl-CoA to indulge into the cycle. Thus, the Krebs cycle function yields 7 in number of products-

• NADH
• FADH2
• CO2
• GTP

Pyruvate is said to a molecule in biology and yield glucose as its product that reacts with ATP and also carbon dioxide that converts Acetyl-CoA a then ADP at the start of the Krebs cycle. It is generally included in the start or the first step of the cycle. It is derived from the method of glycolysis that dissociate quick.

NADH

It stands for the compound called nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide along with hydrogen and is seen in body.

It is a vital element in the chemical methods that is used to make energy. People also seem to use this element as a supplement for antibiotics with the base of NADH. Krebs cycle function yields 3 of it.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is said to be a coenzyme that is located at the central part and is vital for metabolism. It is seen in all the living cells and NADH is called to be a nucleotide as it has two of the nucleotides linked via the phosphate groups. One of the nucleotides have adenine and the other has nicotinamide.

NADH is a coenzyme found in all living cells; consists of two nucleotides joined through their 5′-phosphate groups, with one nucleotide containing an adenine base and the other containing nicotinamide. It has a role as a fundamental metabolite and a cofactor. NADH is necessary for cellular development and energy production: It is essential to produce energy from food and is the principal carrier of electrons in the energy-producing process in the cells

FADH2

This element stands for Flavin adenine dinucleotide. It has its use in the metabolite of E. coli and also for a mouse.

In terms of biochemistry Flavin adenine dinucleotide is a coenzyme related to redox activity and is linked with several proteins that is concerned with many other reactions. Krebs cycle function yields one of it. FADH, also known as 1,5-dihydro-fad or FADH2, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavin nucleotides.

The element of the Krebs cycle function is Flavin adenine dinucleotide and has many of the reactions that have enzymes included with it. A flavo protein is said to be protein that has the group of Flavin and may be in the form of Flavin mononucleotide or FAD. It has its chemical formula as C27H33P2N9O15 and is made by the reaction of reduction and oxidation.

A flavoprotein is a protein that contains a flavin group, which may be in the form of FAD or flavin mononucleotide (FMN). Many flavoproteins are known: components of the succinate dehydrogenase complex, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and a component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Both NADH and FADH₂ are high energy/unstable compounds, like ATP.

CO2

In general carbon dioxide is a most common word in the product of Krebs cycle function and is a gas that has no color.

Krebs cycle function yields two of this element. There are two of the carbon atoms for the Acetyl-CoA that is released and each is made to form a molecule of carbon dioxide. Thus, for each acetyl that enters two of CO2 is made.

The energy that is made in the molecules of ATP, FADH2 and NADH is captured by them and is along with another compound that captures energy. CO2 is releases as a product that is a waste of the reactions. The final stage of the Krebs cycle function regenerates a compound called OAA which starts the Krebs cycle. Two carbon dioxide molecules are released on each turn of the cycle; however, these do not contain the same carbon atoms contributed by the acetyl group on that turn of the pathway.

GTP

It stands for guanine 5 triphosphate. It is a base of purine and is one of the building block that is needed to get the RNA synthesized.

The structure of GTP is said to be same as that of guanosine nucleoside with having only one difference being that the nucleotides in this like GTP that have the group of phosphates in the ribose sugar. Krebs cycle function yields one of this.

It is a molecule that is rich in the nucleotide analogue to adenosine triphosphate and is made up of guanine, three of the phosphate and ribose and is much vital during the time of protein synthesis. It is termed as guanosine triphosphate. It has its chemical formula as C10H16N5O14P3.

Guanosine triphosphate also called as GTP with chemical formula: C10H16N5O14P3 is a nucleoside phosphate comprised of a ribonucleotide and three phosphate groups. It means it has a ribose as its sugar and three phosphate groups attached. Heterotrimeric G-proteins are composed of three distinct subunits. There are many different α, β, and γ subunits, allowing a bewildering number of G-protein permutations.

Also Read:

• Is krebs cycle aerobic or anaerobic
• Carbon cycle steps
• Is krebs cycle part of photosynthesis
• Nitrogen cycle steps
• Water cycle process
• Calvin cycle process
• Carbon cycle
• Nitrogen cycle
• Rock cycle process
• Water cycle