Keerthana Srikumar

Resultant force and net force are fundamental concepts in physics, crucial for understanding equilibrium, motion, and the behavior of objects under the influence of multiple forces. This comprehensive guide will delve into the technical details, formulas, examples, and quantifiable data related to these essential topics.

Definition and Formulas

Net Force (Fnet)

The net force is the vector sum of all the forces acting on an object in a single plane. It is calculated using the formula:

$$F_{net} = F_1 + F_2 + \cdots + F_n$$

where $F_1, F_2, \ldots, F_n$ are the individual forces acting on the object.

Resultant Force

The resultant force is the vector sum of all the forces acting on an object. It is also referred to as the net force. The resultant force can be calculated by breaking down each force into its horizontal and vertical components and then summing these components.

Measurable Data

Magnitude of Net Force

The magnitude of the net force is the numerical value assigned to the force, measured in Newtons (N). The magnitude of the net force determines the impact it has on an object’s motion.

Direction of Net Force

The direction of the net force is determined by the sign of the force. In physics, motion going backwards or down is considered negative, while motion going forwards or up is considered positive.

Components of Forces

Forces can be broken down into their horizontal and vertical components using trigonometric functions. If a force $F$ acts at an angle $\theta$ to the horizontal, its horizontal component is $F \cos \theta$ and its vertical component is $F \sin \theta$.

Quantifiable Examples

Example 1: Elevator

• Upward force: 200N
• Downward force of gravity: 150N
• Net force: $F_{net} = 200N – 150N = 50N$ (upwards)

Example 2: Toy Car

• Applied force: 8N (forwards)
• Friction force: 2N (backwards)
• Net force: $F_{net} = 8N – 2N = 6N$ (forwards)

Example 3: Force Table

• Forces $A$, $B$, and $C$ acting on an object
• Horizontal components: $A_x = 3N$, $B_x = 2N$, $C_x = 1N$
• Vertical components: $A_y = 4N$, $B_y = 3N$, $C_y = 2N$
• Resultant force: $F_R = \sqrt{(A_x + B_x + C_x)^2 + (A_y + B_y + C_y)^2} = \sqrt{36 + 49} = 9.22N$ at an angle of $\tan^{-1}(7/6) = 49.4^\circ$ from the horizontal

Theorems and Principles

Newton’s First Law (Law of Inertia)

An object at rest will remain at rest, and an object in motion will remain in motion, unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. This law is directly related to the concept of net force, as an unbalanced net force is required to change an object’s state of motion.

Principle of Superposition

The net force acting on an object is the vector sum of all the individual forces acting on it. This principle is the foundation for calculating the net force using the formula $F_{net} = F_1 + F_2 + \cdots + F_n$.

Equilibrium Condition

An object is in equilibrium when the net force acting on it is zero, $F_{net} = 0$. This means that the vector sum of all the forces acting on the object is zero, and the object’s state of motion (either at rest or in uniform motion) remains unchanged.

Physics Formulas

Calculating Net Force

The net force acting on an object is the vector sum of all the individual forces acting on it, as expressed by the formula:

$$F_{net} = F_1 + F_2 + \cdots + F_n$$

Calculating Resultant Force

The resultant force can be calculated by breaking down each force into its horizontal and vertical components and then summing these components:

$$F_R = \sqrt{(F_{x1} + F_{x2} + \cdots + F_{xn})^2 + (F_{y1} + F_{y2} + \cdots + F_{yn})^2}$$

where $F_{xi}$ and $F_{yi}$ are the horizontal and vertical components of the individual forces, respectively.

Physics Examples

1. Equilibrium on an Inclined Plane: An object is placed on an inclined plane with an angle of $\theta$ to the horizontal. The forces acting on the object are the normal force ($N$), the force of gravity ($mg\sin\theta$), and the frictional force ($f$). The net force acting on the object is:

$$F_{net} = N – mg\sin\theta – f$$

If the object is in equilibrium, the net force must be zero, $F_{net} = 0$.

1. Circular Motion: An object is moving in a circular path with a constant speed. The forces acting on the object are the centripetal force ($F_c$) and the force of gravity ($mg$). The net force acting on the object is:

$$F_{net} = F_c – mg$$

The centripetal force is responsible for the object’s circular motion, and the net force must be directed towards the center of the circle.

1. Atwood’s Machine: An Atwood’s machine consists of two masses connected by a string over a pulley. The forces acting on the system are the weight of the two masses ($m_1g$ and $m_2g$) and the tension in the string ($T$). The net force acting on the system is:

$$F_{net} = m_1g – m_2g$$

The net force determines the acceleration of the system, which can be used to calculate the tension in the string.

Physics Numerical Problems

1. Elevator Problem: An elevator with a mass of 1000 kg is accelerating upwards at a rate of 2 m/s^2. The force of gravity acting on the elevator is 9800 N. Calculate the net force acting on the elevator.

Given:
– Mass of the elevator, $m = 1000 \text{ kg}$
– Acceleration of the elevator, $a = 2 \text{ m/s}^2$
– Force of gravity, $F_g = 9800 \text{ N}$

To find the net force, we can use the formula:
$$F_{net} = ma$$

Substituting the values, we get:
$$F_{net} = (1000 \text{ kg})(2 \text{ m/s}^2) = 2000 \text{ N}$$

The net force acting on the elevator is 2000 N, directed upwards.

1. Inclined Plane Problem: A block with a mass of 5 kg is placed on an inclined plane with an angle of 30 degrees to the horizontal. The coefficient of friction between the block and the plane is 0.2. Calculate the net force acting on the block.

Given:
– Mass of the block, $m = 5 \text{ kg}$
– Angle of the inclined plane, $\theta = 30^\circ$
– Coefficient of friction, $\mu = 0.2$

The forces acting on the block are the force of gravity ($mg\sin\theta$), the normal force ($N$), and the frictional force ($f = \mu N$).

The net force can be calculated as:
$$F_{net} = mg\sin\theta – \mu N$$

To find the normal force, we can use the formula:
$$N = mg\cos\theta$$

Substituting the values, we get:
$$N = (5 \text{ kg})(9.8 \text{ m/s}^2)\cos 30^\circ = 43.26 \text{ N}$$

The frictional force is:
$$f = \mu N = (0.2)(43.26 \text{ N}) = 8.652 \text{ N}$$

The net force acting on the block is:
$$F_{net} = (5 \text{ kg})(9.8 \text{ m/s}^2)\sin 30^\circ – 8.652 \text{ N} = 12.25 \text{ N}$$

The net force acting on the block is 12.25 N, directed down the inclined plane.

Figures and Data Points

Force Diagram for Elevator Example

   +--------+
   |        |
   |   Fnet |
   |        |
   +--------+
     |
     v
   +--------+
   |        |
   |   Fg   |
   |        |
   +--------+

Force Diagram for Inclined Plane Example

   +--------+
   |        |
   |   Fnet |
   |        |
   +--------+
     |
     v
   +--------+
   |        |
   |   Fg   |
   |        |
   +--------+
     |
     v
   +--------+
   |        |
   |   N    |
   |        |
   +--------+
     |
     v
   +--------+
   |        |
   |   f    |
   |        |
   +--------+

Data Points for Force Table Example

References

1. The Physics Classroom. (n.d.). Equilibrium and Statics. Retrieved from https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/vectors/Lesson-3/Equilibrium-and-Statics
2. The Physics Classroom. (n.d.). Determining the Net Force. Retrieved from https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-2/Determining-the-Net-Force
3. YouTube. (2016, July 11). Determine resultant force magnitude and direction clockwise from the positive x-axis. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1iyol1Trk7E
4. Study.com. (n.d.). Finding the Net Force | Equation, Examples & Diagram. Retrieved from https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-net-force-definition-magnitude-equations.html
5. Chegg.com. (2022, September 16). Purpose: we use force table to study net force, resultant force in equilibrium. Retrieved from https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/purpose-use-force-table-study-net-force-resultant-force-equilibrium-online-lab-data-collec-q101745028