Bromine Chemical Properties (25 Facts You Should Know)

Bromine is a liquid element that is found naturally in a mixed state. Let us talk about some bromine facts.

Bromine has brownish-red colour with a scent that is comparable to bleach. Bromine is a member of the halogen family of elements. Both salt lakes and seawater contain compounds that contain bromine. It does not taste foul and disintegrates in water.

Let us discuss bromine’s chemical properties, including block, ionisation energy, allotropic forms, oxidation states, ionisation energy and electron negativity.

Bromine symbol

The letter “Br” stands for bromine in the periodic table. The term “bromos” in Greek, which means “something that smells terrible,” is where the name “bromine” originates.

Bromine group in periodic table

As a halogen, bromine belongs to group 17^th or 7A (or VIIA) of the periodic table.

Bromine period in periodic table

Bromine is a member of the 4^th period of the periodic chart. It is situated between the elements iodine and chlorine in the group’s column and between the elements selenium and krypton in the row of the period.

Bromine block in periodic table

Bromine belongs to the p-block of elements since it has five p-orbital electrons and a 4p⁵ electronic configuration.

Bromine atomic number

The 35 protons and 35 electrons in the nucleus of bromine give it an atomic number of 35.

Bromine atomic Weight

The atomic mass of bromine is 79.904 g/mol.

Bromine Electronegativity according to Pauling

The electronegativity of bromine is 2.96 on the Pauling scale. Bromine is just less reactive than chlorine and much more reactive than iodine and is intermediate in electronegativity between the two elements.

Bromine atomic Density

Bromine has a density of 3.12 Mg/m³ or 3.1028 g/cm³. At room temperature, bromine is a liquid at 25°C.

Bromine melting point

The melting point of bromine in the form of Br₂ molecules is 265.8 K (-7.2°C, 19°F). It possesses this melting point as a result of its solid crystal structure. Between chlorine and iodine, bromine has intermediate melting points.

Bromine boiling point

The boiling point of bromine, when it is present as a solid Br₂ molecule, is 332.0 K (58.8°C, 137.8°F). Weak instantaneous dipole-induced dipole bonds are produced because F₂ is the halogen molecule with the fewest electrons.

Bromine Vanderwaals radius

The van der Waals radius of bromine is 185 pm(1pm=1*10^{‑12 m}).

Bromine ionic/covalent radius

The covalent radius of bromine is 120 pm, but its (-1) ionic radius is 0.195 nm. The table below demonstrates how many coordination ionic centres there are for bromine:

Bromine Ion(Brn+ )	Coordinating Structure	Ionic Radius (1pm=1*10‑12 m)
Br(VII)	4-coordinate, tetrahedral	39pm
Br(III)	4-coordinate, square-planar	73pm
Br(-I)	6-coordinate, octahedral	182pm
Br(VII)	6-coordinate, octahedral	53pm

Bromine isotopes

Isotopes, which are chemical elements with identical nuclei or nuclear charges, come in a variety of distinct sorts. Let us examine the bromine isotopes in detail.

There are 32 isotopes of bromine with known half-lives and masses ranging from 68 to 94. The two stable isotopes of bromine, 79-Br and 81-Br, which make up naturally occurring bromine, are present in the amounts of 50.7% and 49.3% respectively.

Below is a table listing of only common bromine isotopes:

Isotope of Bromine	Excitation energy	Half-life	Decay  Mode	Daughter isotopes
74Br	73.929891	25.4 min	β+	74Se
75Br	74.925776	96.7 min	β+	75Se
76Br	75.924541	16.2 h	β+	76Se
77Br	76.921379	57.036 h	β+	77Se
79Br	78.9183371	stable	stable	stable
81Br	80.9162906	stable	stable	stable

Bromine electronic shell

The energy level that corresponds to an electron is known as its electronic shell. Let us count the number of electronic shells in bromine.

Bromine’s electron structure consists of four electronic shells. It has 2, 8, 18, and 7 electrons in each of its electrical shells, respectively.

Bromine electron configurations

The electron configurations of bromine are as follows: 1s²,2s²,2p⁶,3s²,3p⁶,3d¹⁰,4s²,and 4p⁵ or [Ar] 3d¹⁰,4s²,4p⁵. Elements of period 4 are filled in their shells according to orders 3d, 4s, and 4p.

According to the electron configuration of bromine, five of the seven valence electrons are in the 4p orbital and two are in the 4s orbital.

Bromine energy of first ionisation

The first ionisation energy of bromine is 1139.9 kJ/mol. The initial electrons of bromine must be removed as follows: Br + IE → Br⁺ + e^– ([Ar] 3d¹⁰,4s²,4p⁵; Br→Br¹⁺).

Bromine energy of second ionisation

The second ionisation energy of bromine is 2103 kJ/mol. The amount of an electron ionised twice is much greater than it is the first time. The equation is as follows: Br⁺+ IE → Br²⁺ + e^– ([Ar] 3d¹⁰,4s²,4p⁴; Br¹⁺→Br²⁺).

Bromine energy of third ionisation

The third ionisation energy of bromine is 3470 kJ/mol. In order to remove the third electron from the partially occupied p-orbital, the following procedure must be followed: ([Ar] 3d¹⁰,4s²,4p³; Br²⁺→Br³⁺) Br²⁺+ IE → Br³⁺ + e^–. Because of Br²⁺(4p³), the third ionisation energy is relatively high.

Bromine oxidation states

The oxidation states of bromine from group VIIA are varied and include -1, +1, +3, +5, and +7. In its natural state, bromine, the element is in the most stable oxidation state, or -1. This oxidation state shows covalent bonding with these oxidation numbers. The table below shows the oxidation state of bromine:

Bromine compounds	Oxidation states
Elemental bromine, Br2	0
Hypobromite, BrO	+1
Bromite, BrO2	+3
Bromate, BrO3	+5
Perbromate, BrO4	+7

Bromine CAS number

The CAS registry number for bromine is 7726-95-6.

Bromine ChemSpider ID

Bromine’s ChemSpider ID is 4514586.

Bromine allotropic forms

Allotropes differ from their chemical counterparts in terms of how they behave physically. Let us talk about bromine’s allotropy.

Dibromine is the molecular form of bromine; it does not exist in any allotropic forms.

Bromine chemical classification

The following list includes several chemical classifications for bromine.

1. The reddish-brown liquid of bromine is sticky, deadly, and stifling, and it smells terrible.
2. At 20 °C, bromine has an electrical resistance of 7.8×10¹⁰ Ω⋅m.
3. In nature, bromine can be found in its original form.
4. The orthorhombic crystal structure, which involves layering Br₂ molecules, is used to form solid bromine.

Bromine state at room temperature

At normal temperature, bromine (Br), which is also present as a diatomic molecule (Br₂), is a liquid and solidifies at -7.2ºC. Among the nonmetals, bromine is the only nonmetal that can exist in liquid form at room temperature and pressure (the other being mercury).

Is Bromine paramagnetic?

Some materials experience paramagnetism, a form of magnetism when a weak magnetic field is applied from the outside. Let us check whether or not bromine is paramagnetic.

The elemental form of bromine, Br, has one unpaired electron and is diamagnetic in its molecule form. Molar magnetic susceptibility is −56.4×10⁻⁶ cm³/mol for bromine molecules.

Conclusion

Bromine may form diatomic molecules(Br₂) and has strong Van der Waals interactions that it is a liquid. Only 2.5 parts per million of the Earth’s crust rocks contain bromine, and even then it is only found as bromide salts.