The term “Total reflux” will be briefly discussed in this article. Reflux is a part of distillation process which is related to vapours condensation and also back to condensate to the source of the system.
Total flux can be explain as, the condition of a method where the two state of a matter liquid and vapor can pass through in the column although product will be not decreases. The law of mass conservation is state that the total reflux is not possible to happen.
Only for the continuous operation total reflux is accepted by the beginning up.
Total reflux ratio:
Reflux is used widely for apparatus setup in the laboratory distillation, continuous distillation columns in industries.
Total reflux ratio can be describe in this way,
Total flux ratio can be explain as, returning all the excess amount of product is again back to the column as the form of flux and the liquid of the system is again back to the reboiler for vaporisation and fed to the column.
So the total flux is,
F = 0, W = 0, D = 0
VN+1 = Ln
In the reflux ratio the total reflux ratio is represent as limiting value.
The method of total reflux is essential to determine the number of plates is needed in the minimum number.
Product withdrawal rate will be zero in the total reflux ratio.
Total flux formula:
Total flux can be derive as, the net amount of electric field lines which are passes through a certain area in a fixed time.
The total flux formula is derive below,
From where the electric field lines are passes the plane is normal then the total flux can be express as,
Now in the case if the plane is lifted with an angle of θ then the projected area will be A cos θ in that case the total flux foe the plane will be express as,
φ= EA cosθ
Where,
E = Magnitude for the electric field
A = Area by which the amount of electric flied will be determine
θ= The angle which is created by the surface of the plane and the direction of the electric field by which the electric field is flow parallel to the axis.
Image Credit – Wikipedia
How to calculate total flux?
The relationship between the total flux and the net number of lines of electric field is directly proportional to each other by which the surface area the total flux is flow.
Total flux can be calculated in three ways, they are listed below,
- Total flux through a small surface area
- Total flux through a surface
- Total flux through a closed surface
Total flux through a small surface area:-
If the field from where the total flux flow is uniform then total flux through a small surface area can be written as,
dφE = E.dS
Where, The Electric field which is express as E is multiplied by area component which is perpendicular to the given field.
Total flux through a surface:-
The total flux through a surface is S, for this reason surface integral can be express as,
Total flux through a closed surface:-
The dimensional formula for the total flux through a closed surface is L3MT-3I-1 and S.I unit of the through a closed surface is kg.m3.s-3.A-1
Total flux through a closed surface is discuss below,
Where,
E = Electric field
S = Any type of closed surface
Q = The total amount of electric charge inside the surface of S
ε0= Electric constant which is also known as Permittivity and value is
Total flux through a closed surface is also identified as, Gauss Law for the electric field in a surface area. The equation stays in integral form and the equation is form of the Maxwell’s equation.
Total reflux condition is possible?
No, total reflux condition is not possible.
The total reflux in general an operating situation in the column where the two states of a matter such as vapor and liquid are passes by each other and in this situation no product is reduced.
Where,
R = L/V = ∞ and D = 0
The slope value in the operating line is, L/V = 1.0
The slope value in the operating line is represent the mass balance for the each plate of y = x.
Total reflux in distillation:
Total reflux is used in a large of industrial fields such as distillation columns, fractionators like chemical plants, petroleum refiners, and natural gas and also in petrochemical processing industries.
Total reflux in distillation is the type of condensed vapor from which distillation method is done and after completing the process the vapor again back to the process. The liquid used in this that is recycled back to column’s top portion which is known as reflux.
Image Credit – Wikipedia
What is total luminous flux?
The term total luminous flux, luminous power or photometry derives as the measurement of the light of perceived power. The radiant flux and total luminous flux is not the same factors. The S.I. unit of the total luminous flux is Lumen.
What is total heat flux?
Total heat flux has both magnitude and direction for this reason total heat flux is a scale of vector. The S.I. unit of the total heat flux is watts per square metre.
The total heat flux or thermal flux can be derive as, the amount of heat flow density, rate of heat flow intensity or heat flux density is a expression of flow of energy of a particular space in a fixed time.
Law of Fourier’s in one dimension:-
The total heat flux can be determined from Fourier’s law. Most of the matter which is stays in solid heat is transfer from one space to another space by convection method.
Mathematical form of law of Fourier’s in one dimension is given below,
Where,
k = Thermal conductivity
In the equation the negative sign represent that flow of the heat direction is from lower side to higher side.
What is total ion flux density?
Total ion flux density can be deriving as; the total amount of ion flux is passes by a particular fixed area to the perpendicular direction of the ion flux. The total ion flux density S.I. unit is Teslas or Webers per square meter.
Mathematically the total ion flux density can be written as,
B = μH
Where,
B = Flux density
μ = Ion flux density
H = Ion field
What is total radiation flux?
Total radiation flux can be any classification of radiation such as sound, particles radioactive, electromagnetic.
Total radiation flux is a measurement of physical parameter by which receiving of particle radiation can be determine through a matter from a particular given source.
Image Credit – Wikimedia Commons
The mathematical form of total radiation flux is given below,
Where,
L = Total radiation flux
r = The distance from the source of radiation
The units of the total radiation flux is watt per metre squared (W.m-2) and kilograms cubic metres (kg.s-3).
Total flux through a closed surface:
The dimensional formula for the total flux through a closed surface is L3MT-3I-1 and S.I unit of the through a closed surface is kg.m3.s-3.A-1
Total flux through a closed surface is discuss below,
Where,
E = Electric field
S = Any type of closed surface
Q = The total amount of electric charge inside the surface of S
ε0 = Electric constant which is also known as Permittivity and value is
Total flux through a closed surface is also identified as, Gauss Law for the electric field in a surface area. The equation stays in integral form and the equation is form of the Maxwell’s equation.
Frequent Asked Questions:-
Question: – Explain and classified distillation depends on the applications and techniques.
Solution: – Depend on the applications and techniques the distillation can be classified generally in four sections they are,
Simple distillation:-
In the method of simple distillation the matter which is already evaporated is passes by the tube which is made with plastic. This condition is happened when liquid mixture contains higher temperature means stays in heated situation. The process of condensation is completed that time end portion of the plastic tube is by cool chill water to outer wall of the plastic tube. After that the gas in condensed in the wall of the plastic tube and passes the heat to the chill cool water. Taking the heat the chill cool water became hotter and chemical matter is condensed in the end portion of the plastic tube.
Steam distillation:-
Steam distillation is a processby which we can separate heat-sensitive components from a mixture. For this reason steam distillation is used as a purification method for mixture having impurities. The components in the mixture should be volatile in order to do this separation. The principle behind steam distillation process is to separate the components by vaporisation precess them at temperatures below their actual boiling point. Unless otherwise, some compounds may decompose at their boiling points and the separation cannot be done accurately.
Vacuum distillation:-
In the process of the vacuum distillation the heat is not essential. In the method of vacuum distillation pressure stays at the above of the mixture of liquids. The value is decreases than the normal value of vapor pressure and evaporation took place of the most volatile particles.
Fractional distillation:-
Fractional distillation is the process used to separate hydrocarbon components in crude oil. The fractional distillation method includes the separation of important components according to the difference between their boiling points. In other words, it uses distillation for the fractionation of crude oil.
Question: – Explain about magnetic flux.
Solution: – Magnetic flux can be deriving as, the net amount of magnetic field lines which are passes through a certain area in a fixed time.
Image Credit – Wikipedia
Formula:-
The formula for the magnetic flux is,
φ B = B. A = BA cos θ
Where,
φB = Magnetic flux
B = Magnetic field
A = Area
Theta = The angle which is created by the surface of the plane and the direction of the magnetic field by which the magnetic field is flow parallel to the axis.
Hi..I am Indrani Banerjee. I completed my bachelor’s degree in mechanical engineering. I am an enthusiastic person and I am a person who is positive about every aspect of life. I like to read Books and listen to music.