Introduction
A differential Amplifiers are most extensively used building blocks in the analog integrated circuit design. A differential amplifier is basically an electronic circuit which consists of two inputs, inverting and non-inverting input operated in a negative feedback configuration. The differential amplifier basically amplifies the difference between the applied input voltages in these two input terminals and rejects any common signal to these two input terminals
Basically, all operational amplifiers are Differential Amplifiers because all of them have the same input configuration. If an input voltage signal is applied on one of the input pin and one more voltage signal is applied to the other pin rather than being grounded, the resultant output voltage proportionate to the variance between the two input voltages connected in the two respective input terminals.
Construction and working
Consider the circuit, which is shown in fig (a), with inputs Vi1 and Vi2. To analyze the circuit, we will use the concept of superposition and virtual short. Fig (b) demonstrate the circuitry with Vi2 = 0. No current will flow in R3 and R4; therefore, V2a = 0. The resulting circuit will behave as an inverting amplifier so,
The difference amplifier in the above circuit consists of both inverting and non-inverting amplifier configuration.
Whereas, if the inverting pin is grounded, the circuit acts as a non-inverting amplifier, as shown in the respective circuit diagrams. When the inverting input terminals are grounded, R2, and R1 functions as the feedback components connecting the output terminal and the inverting terminal and a suitable feedback condition is achieved for the non-inverting amplifier.
Fig (c) shows the circuit with Vi1 = 0. Now, the current of the op-amp is 0. So, R3 and R4 form a voltage divider. Therefore,
From the concept of virtual short we get, V1b = V2b and the circuit becomes a non-inverting amplifier, for which
Substituting in the above equations, we obtain
Or
Since the net output voltage is the sum of individual terms, we have
V0 = V01 + V02
Or
A property of an ideal differential amplifier is that the output voltage is zero when Vi1 = Vi2. On analysis of the last equation, this condition is met if
The output voltage is then,
We can appropriately add supplementary resistors in parallel connection with the input resistors as per our necessity, and the differential amplifier circuit can be configured to either add or subtract it as per our need.
Some important terms related to differential amplifier
Differential input resistance:
In the figure, we have set the condition that and have set R1 = R3 and R2 = R4. The input resistance is then defined as,
Taking into account the concept of virtual short, we can write the following loop equation,
Vi = iR1 + iR1 = i(2R1)
Therefore, the input resistance is Ri = 2R1
Common-mode input signal:
: In the ideal difference amplifier, a common mode input Vcm would make the inputs (Vi1 + Vcm) and (Vi2 + Vcm), i.e., gets added to each of the input applied voltages and hence, it will get cancelled out when the difference of the two input voltages are being taken and amplified.
The output V0 is zero when Vi1 = Vi2. However, if these resistor ratios are not precisely equal i.e.
, then, as a result, the common-mode voltage Vcm will not cancel out completely.
As practically it is impossible to have resistor ratios of perfectly exact values, it is likely that some common-mode output voltage will be present.
When Vi1 = Vi2, the input is called a common-mode input signal. The common-mode input voltage can be expressed as
the common mode gain can then be expressed as,
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR):
The CMRR can be explained as the modulus value of the ratio of differential gain to common-mode gain. Basically, it is the capability of a differential amplifier to reject input signals which are in common mode.
CMRR =
Generally, the CMRR is expressed in dB,
CMRR(dB) =
In an ideal world, the common-mode rejection ratio is infinite. In the actual differential amplifier case, we desire CMRR to be as large as possible.
Applications of Differential Amplifier
Wheatstone Bridge Differential Amplifier
In this case, the resistors are arranged in a Wheatstone (resistive) bridge such a manner, can works as a differential voltage comparator by comparing the input voltages.
When a fixed reference input voltage is applied on one end of the Wheatstone bridge network and a thermistor or a light-dependent resistor (LDR) on the other end of the network, then the circuit can be used to detect different levels of temperature or light intensity. The output voltage of this differential operational amplifier circuit is a linear function of the differences in the active end of the circuit in which is the thermistor or LDR.
A Wheatstone bridge differential circuitry utilized to calculate the value of the unknown resistance by pro tem as a comparator between the input voltages across the individual resistances.
LIGHT-SENSITIVE DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
The light-dependent differential circuit works as a light-dependent switch, which will either gives the output as “on” or “off” with the help of a relay. The applied voltage at V1 sets the amplifier’s trip point (provides the threshold value), and a variable resistance acting as a potential meter VR2 is used for hysteresis switching.
On the inverting terminal of the differential amplifier, a standard light dependant resistor is connected, which changes its value of resistance value depending on the amount of light on its incident on it. The photodiode resistance present in the LDR is proportional to the light level and decreases with increasing intensity of light, and hence, the voltage level at point V2 will also vary and depending on whether it is above or below the threshold point, the variable resistor VR1 will indicate its value.
Now, as the light incidents on the light-dependent resistor (LDR), on the basis of its intensity, whether it exceeds or remains below the set threshold value at the non-inverting input terminal V1, the output shows ON or OFF.
The light level trip or threshold value position can be adjusted with the help of the potentiometer VR1 and the switching hysteresis potentiometer VR2. Therefore in this way, a light-sensitive switch can be made using a differential amplifier.
The circuit can be configured to detect changes in temperature, by replacing the VR1 and the LDR, with a thermistor and a suitable variable resistor to detect heat or cold. The disadvantage of a differential amplifier is that the input impedance’s are much lower as compared to that of the other operational amplifier circuit configurations. A differential amplifier circuit works well for low impedance sources but not for high impedance sources. By using a Unity Gain Buffer Amplifier, this problem can be overcome.
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Hi, I am Amrit Shaw. I have done Master in Electronics.
I always like to explore new inventions in the field of Electronics.
I personally believe that learning is more enthusiastic when learnt with creativity.
Apart from this, I like to strum Guitar and travel.